Material and cultural heritage is a cultural relic with historical, artistic and scientific value; Intangible cultural heritage refers to various forms of traditional cultural expressions that exist in intangible forms, are closely related to people's lives and are passed down from generation to generation.
China's world cultural heritage can be said to look around the world, and few can match it.
the Forbidden City
The Forbidden City is also called the Forbidden City.
In ancient China, the planning concept of "harmony between man and nature" was emphasized, and the stars in the sky were used to correspond to the capital planning, so as to highlight the legitimacy of political power and the supremacy of imperial power.
The Emperor of Heaven lives in Wei Zi Palace, and the emperor on earth claims that he is the "son of heaven" ordered by God. His residence should be a symbol of Wei Zi Palace, so as to conform to the Heaven Emperor. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty records that "there is a Wei Zi Palace in the sky, which is the residence of God". The king built a palace and liked it. "
Wei Zi, Ziyuan and Zigong have become synonymous with the Forbidden City. Because the feudal palace was forbidden in ancient times, ordinary people could not enter it, so it was called "Purple Forbidden". In the early Ming Dynasty, it was called "Imperial City" together with the outer forbidden wall, but it was different from the outer forbidden wall in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, that is, Miyagi was called "Forbidden City" and the outer forbidden wall was called "Imperial City".
Second, the Great Wall of Wan Li
The Great Wall, also known as the Great Wall of Wan Li, was an ancient military fortress in China. It is a tall, solid and continuous long wall, which is used to limit the enemy's actions.
The Great Wall is not a simple isolated wall, but a defense system with the wall as the main body and a large number of cities, obstacles, pavilions and landmarks.
The history of building the Great Wall can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty, from which the famous allusion "bonfire drama princes" happened in Haojiang (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi)? .
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, countries competed for hegemony and defended each other, and the construction of the Great Wall entered its first climax, but the construction length at this time was relatively short. After Qin destroyed the six countries and unified the world, Qin Shihuang connected and repaired the Great Wall of the Warring States Period, which was called the Great Wall of Wan Li. The Ming Dynasty was the last dynasty to overhaul the Great Wall, and most of the Great Wall seen by people today was built at this time.
The Third Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and Terracotta Warriors Pit
Terracotta warriors and horses are a category of ancient tomb sculptures. In ancient times, human sacrifice was practiced, and slaves were accessories of slave owners before their death. When they die, the slaves will be buried with the slave owners as sacrifices. Terracotta warriors and horses were made into sacrifices in the shape of troops (chariots, horses and soldiers).
Four Historic Buildings of Potala Palace in Lhasa
The Potala Palace was built in the 7th century A.D. during the period of Songzan Gambo, the king of Tibet, with a history of 1300 years.
In the 1930 s, the 33rd generation Tubo Zampa Songtsampa moved to Lhasa, and the Potala Palace was built as a palace. According to historical records, there are three besieged cities inside and outside Hongshan, and there is a silver-copper bridge between Songzan Gambu and Princess Wencheng Palace. Outside the east gate of Potala Palace, there is a horse farm in Songzan Gambu. When the Tubo dynasty established by Songtsan Gampo perished, most of the Potala Palace was destroyed by war.
Five Chengde summer resort and its surrounding temples
The first stage: from the forty-second year of Kangxi (1703) to the fifty-second year of Kangxi (17 13), the lake area was opened, islands and dikes were built, and then palaces, pavilions and palace walls were built, so that the summer resort took shape. Emperor Kangxi chose the beautiful scenery in the garden and wrote "Thirty-six Scenes" in the name of four words.
The second stage: From the sixth year of Qianlong (174 1) to the nineteenth year of Qianlong (1754), Emperor Qianlong expanded the summer resort on a large scale, adding palaces and many beautiful large-scale garden buildings. Qianlong imitated his grandfather Kangxi and wrote "36 Scenes" in the name of three characters, which are collectively called 72 Scenes of the Summer Resort.
In the 20th year of Kangxi (168 1), in order to strengthen the management of mongolia local and consolidate the northern border defense, the Qing government established Mulan paddock in Mongolian grassland more than 350 kilometers away from Beijing. Every autumn, the emperor will lead tens of thousands of princes, eight banners troops, even harem concubines, royal descendants and others to go hunting in Mulan paddock, so as to train the army and stabilize the border. In order to solve the problem of food and shelter for the emperor along the way, 2 1 palaces were built between Beijing and Mulan paddock, and Jehol Palace-Summer Resort is one of them. The Summer Resort and its surrounding temples were built in the 42nd year of Kangxi (1703), and the last project was completed in the 57th year of Qianlong (1792), which lasted 89 years. When the British and French allied forces attacked Beijing, Emperor Xianfeng fled here with a group of ministers.
Liupingyao ancient city
Pingyao ancient city is located in the middle of Shanxi Province. It was built in Zhou Xuanwang period and expanded in the third year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1370). It has a history of more than 2700 years. It still retains the basic features of the county seat in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and is the most complete existing ancient city in the Han area of China.
Pingyao is known as one of the "four best preserved ancient cities", and it is also one of the only two ancient cities in China that have successfully declared the world cultural heritage with the whole ancient city.
The World Heritage Center described Pingyao ancient city as an outstanding model of China ancient city in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Pingyao ancient city preserved all its features. In addition, in the historical development of China, a complete picture of extraordinary cultural, social, economic and religious development is presented to people.
Seven classical gardens in Suzhou
Suzhou's classical gardens and homes are integrated, which can be appreciated, traveled and lived. The formation of this architectural form is a creation of human attachment to nature, the pursuit of harmony with nature, and the beautification and improvement of their own living environment in a densely populated city with scarce natural scenery. China's philosophy, history and humanistic customs contained in Suzhou classical gardens are the symbol and condensation of Jiangnan's humanistic historical traditions and local customs, which show the essence of China culture and have a unique historical position and great artistic value in the world gardening history. Suzhou classical gardens, represented by Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden, are known as "recreating Gankun at close range" and are the leaders and pride of China garden culture.
Eight ancient towns in Lijiang.
Old Town of Lijiang was founded in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty (1late 3rd century). The Mu ancestors in Lijiang moved their ruling center from Baisha ancient town to Lion Mountain and began to build houses and cities, which were called "Dayetian".
The origin of the name of the ancient city is said to be because the hereditary ruler of Lijiang is surnamed Mu, so the construction of the city must be like the word "sleepy" framed in wooden characters.
The name of Naxi nationality in Old Town of Lijiang is Miyamoto Branch, which is the granary and Branch is the market. Old Town of Lijiang used to be the place where granaries were distributed.
Jiu Summer Palace
The Summer Palace, the imperial garden in China in the Qing Dynasty, was originally named Qingyi Garden, located in the western suburb of Beijing, 0/5km away from the urban area/kloc-0. The whole park covers an area of 3.009 square kilometers (including 2.97 square kilometers of the World Cultural Heritage Area of the Summer Palace), and the water surface accounts for about three quarters.
Adjacent to Yuanmingyuan. It is a large-scale landscape garden with Kunming Lake and Wanshou Mountain as the background and Hangzhou West Lake as the basis, drawing lessons from the design techniques of Jiangnan gardens. It is also the most well-preserved royal palace and is known as the "Royal Garden Museum".
Before the Qing Emperor Qianlong succeeded to the throne, there were four large royal gardens in the western suburbs of Beijing. In the 15th year of Qianlong (1750), Emperor Qianlong spent 4.48 million taels of silver to honor his mother, Empress Dowager Chongqing, and converted it into Qingyi Garden, forming a royal garden area 20 kilometers from Tsinghua campus to Xiangshan. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Qingyi Garden was burned by the British and French allied forces. In the 14th year of Guangxu (1888), it was rebuilt and renamed the Summer Palace as a summer amusement park. In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), the Summer Palace was destroyed by "Eight-Nation Alliance" and its treasures were looted. After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, the Summer Palace was destroyed again during the period of warlord melee and Kuomintang rule.
Ten Temple of Heaven
Tiantan Park is a place where emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties offered sacrifices to the emperor and prayed for a bumper harvest.
The Temple of Heaven is the floorboard of two altars, Qiuqiu and Gucci. It has double altar walls, forming an inner altar and an outer altar. The altar wall is round in the south and round in the north, which symbolizes the round place. The main building is in the inner altar, the ball altar is in the south and the valley prayer altar is in the north. The two altars are on the same north-south axis, separated by a wall. The main buildings of the ball arena include the ball arena, the Imperial Palace, etc. The main buildings of the Valley Altar include the Hall of Praying for the Year, the Palace and the Gate of Praying for the Year.
That's about it. Finally, add a knowledge point:
World cultural heritage is an international convention initiated by the United Nations and implemented by UNESCO, aiming at protecting natural or cultural sites with outstanding universal value to human beings all over the world.
World cultural heritage is the highest level of cultural protection and inheritance and belongs to the category of world heritage.
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What are the World Cultural Heritage Lists in China?
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How many world cultural heritages are there in China?
As of July 20 17, China has included 52 world cultural and natural heritages in the World Heritage List, including 36 world cultural heritages, 4 world cultural and natural heritages, and 2 world natural heritages 12, ranking second in the World Heritage List countries after Italy (53 items). World Cultural Heritage: The Great Wall (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, 1987.438+02 World Cultural Heritage) Mogao Grottoes (Gansu,1987.438+02 World Cultural Heritage). July 2004 1 World Cultural Heritage) Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit (2004 World Cultural Heritage 1994. 12 World Cultural Heritage) Confucius Temple in Qufu, Kong Lin and Confucius House (Shandong 1994.5438+02 World Cultural Heritage) Wudang Mountain Ancient Architecture Complex (2004 World Cultural Heritage) 2 World Cultural Heritage) Lushan National Geopark (Jiangxi 1996. 12.6 World Cultural Heritage) Old Town of Lijiang (Yunnan1998.1World Cultural Heritage) Dazu Stone Carvings (Chongqing,199) 2000. 1 1 World Cultural Heritage) imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties (Ming Tombs (Hubei Ming Tombs (Jiangsu), Ming Tombs (Beijing), July 2003; Shengjing Sanling (Liaoning) 2004.7 World Cultural Heritage) Qingchengshan-Dujiangyan (Sichuan, 2000.1/World Cultural Heritage) Ancient villages in southern Anhui-Xidi and Hongcun (Anhui, 2000. 1 1 World Cultural Heritage) Yungang Grottoes (Shanxi 2006.5438+0. 12 World Cultural Heritage) Koguryo Imperial City, Mausoleum and Noble 2009 World Cultural Heritage) was inscribed as "World Heritage" (Henan 2010. .6.24 World Cultural Heritage) Yuanshangdu Site (Inner Mongolia 20 12.6.29 World Cultural Heritage) Red River Hani Terrace Cultural Landscape (Yunnan 20 13.6.22 World Cultural Heritage) Grand Canal (Beijing and Tianjin 20 17.7.8 World Cultural Heritage) 1987. 12 World Cultural and Natural Heritage) 1990. 12 World Cultural and Natural Heritage) Emei Mountain-Leshan Giant Buddha (Sichuan, 1996. 12 World Cultural and Natural Heritage) Wuyishan Mountain.
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Up to now, 4 1 projects in China have been listed in the World Heritage List, including 29 world cultural heritages, 8 world natural heritages and 4 world natural and cultural double heritages. Hangzhou West Lake successfully applied for the World Heritage on June 24th this year.
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What are the World Cultural Heritage Lists in China?
At the 39th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, the "Tusi Site" in China was successfully listed in the World Heritage List. Up to now, China has 48 world cultural heritages, ranking second in the world. The 48 World Heritage Sites in China have been included for 5,000 years. /kloc-From the 3rd century to the beginning of the 20th century, the central government of China in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties implemented the "Tusi system" in southwest minority areas, and the central government appointed local governors as "Tusi". The remains of Tusi castle and government buildings preserved to this day were once the administrative and living center of Tusi. Including Yongshun Tusi City Site in Hunan, Hailongtun Site in Bozhou, Guizhou and Tangya Tusi City Site in Hubei. These are the unique management wisdom of China, as a unified multi-ethnic country, in the multi-ethnic inhabited areas in the southwest mountainous areas, that is, "uniting politics to educate people and governing the people with customs". The Silk Road, or "Silk Road", was founded in ancient China. The ancient trade routes to Asia, Africa and Europe are the main channels for economic, political and cultural exchanges between East and West. Its original function was to transport ancient silk in China, which was called the "Silk Road". The Grand Canal consists of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, the Sui-Tang Canal and the East Zhejiang Canal, with a total length of 2,700 kilometers, spanning more than ten latitudes, across the southeast coast of China and the North China Plain, and connecting the five major water systems of the Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River, Qiantang River and Haihe River. It is the ancient north-south transportation hub of China and the earliest and largest canal in the world. The cultural landscape of Hani terraced fields in Honghe, Yunnan Province is a miracle of agricultural civilization created by Hani people, which has been recorded for more than 300 years. The terraced fields in Yuanyang, Lvchun and Jinping counties on the south bank of the Red River are huge, reaching 6.5438+0.9 million mu in Yuanyang county alone. Rich water, humid air and changeable fog make valleys and terraces look subtle and vivid. Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang, 48 World Heritage Sites in China, with a history of 5000 years. As one of the seven mountain systems in the world, Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang has a total length of 1760 km, accounting for 3/4 of the total length of Tianshan Mountain. It spans the whole territory of Xinjiang and nine prefectures and cities including Kashgar, Aksu, Yili, Bortala, Bayinguoleng, Changji, Urumqi, Turpan and Hami, and is unique in Xinjiang. Chengjiang Fossil Area in Yunnan, located near Maotianshan Mountain in Chengjiang, Yunnan, China, vividly reproduces the spectacular marine life landscape and the original features of living animals 530 million years ago. Yuandu Site in Inner Mongolia, 20 kilometers northeast of Zhenglan Banner Government in Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, is located on the north bank of Lightning River. This grassland capital, established by the riders in the north of China, is considered to be the product of the perfect combination of farming culture in the Central Plains and nomadic culture in the grassland, and is called "Pompeii Capital" by historians. Hangzhou West Lake, located in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, is the "cultural landscape of Hangzhou West Lake" and adheres to the concept of "harmony between man and nature". With its rich landscape elements, unique design techniques, long historical development and profound cultural connotation, it has become a "famous lake of oriental culture". Danxia landforms in China are mainly distributed in Taining, Fujian, Xinning, Hunan and Renhua, Guangdong. It is a unique landform and a unique red landscape, such as "rosy clouds" or "crimson". Its main components are red sandstone and conglomerate, which reflects the sedimentary environment of continental lake basin under dry and hot climate conditions. "Tianya Haijiao" ancient architectural complex in Dengfeng, Henan Province. Among them, there are 8 Shaolin Temple buildings, including Sanque and Zhongyue Temple in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Song Yue Temple Tower, Huishan Temple, Songyang Academy and Xingtai Temple, with buildings of * * 1 1, which have experienced the Han, Wei, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and are the buildings with the longest span, the most architectural types and the richest cultural connotations in the history of China. Wutai Mountain in Shanxi echoes the names of Putuo Mountain in Zhejiang, Jiuhua Mountain in Anhui and Emei Mountain in Sichuan, and is known as the four famous Buddhist mountains in China. Known as the "Golden Wutai, Silver Emei, Copper Putuo and Tiejiuhua", it is also known as the five Buddhist holy places in the world together with Nepal Lumbini Garden, India Rokuyan, Bodhgaya and Naga. Sanqingshan Mountain in Jiangxi has created a unique aesthetic effect of world landscape with its unique granite pillars and peaks, rich granite molding stones combined with various vegetation, changing landscape and shocking climate wonders. Fujian Tulou, as a pearl in the oriental civilization, has a long history, various types, large scale, exquisite structure, complete functions and rich connotations. It is called "Oriental Castle", "World Architecture Miracle" and "World Mountain Architecture Model". Guangdong Kaiping Diaolou and Gucun are located in the southwest of the Pearl River Delta. At its peak, there were more than 3,000 Kaiping watchtowers, of which there are 1833. Their number, exquisite architecture and diverse styles are really rare in local buildings at home and abroad. Karst and karst landforms in southern China refer to landforms developed on carbonate rocks dominated by limestone and dolomite. China's karst, which consists of Shilin in Yunnan, Libo in Guizhou and Wulong in Chongqing, has a large area, diverse landforms, strong representativeness and rich biological ecology. Yinxu Site in Anyang, Henan Province is the capital site of China in the late Shang Dynasty, and is listed as one of the "Top 100 Archaeological Discoveries" in China in the 20th century. Sichuan giant panda, the habitat of Sichuan giant panda is the largest and most complete giant panda habitat in the world, and it is also the most abundant plant area in all temperate regions except tropical rain forest. The historic district of Macau is located in China. Macao Historic District is the oldest, largest, most complete and most concentrated architectural complex in Macao. Yunnan's "Three Parallel Rivers" and "Three Parallel Rivers" are rare natural geographical landscapes in the world where rivers converge but do not meet. Eurasia, with its unique geological structure, the richest biodiversity and beautiful natural landscape, is the only unique world wonder in this region. Datong and Yungang Grottoes, together with Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Luoyang Longmen Grottoes and Tianshui Maijishan Grottoes, are called the four major grottoes in China. Xiao Lao Peak, the main peak of Qingcheng Mountain in Sichuan, is 1 0,260 meters above sea level, enjoying the reputation of "Qingcheng Mountain is still in the world", one of the cradles of Taoism in China, and is called "the fifth mountain in the world". In the world, Dujiangyan is a large-scale water conservancy project with a long history, well-preserved and no dam to divert water. Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province were excavated in the period of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. There are 2,345 caves with more than 654.38 million statues and more than 2,800 inscriptions. It has made important contributions to the development and innovation of China Grottoes. In 2000 (Xianling Mausoleum, Qing Dongling Mausoleum and Qing Xiling Mausoleum), in 2003 (Ming Tombs) and in 2004 (Shengjing Sanling Mausoleum), they were selected into the royal tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties is located in Beijing, Hebei, Liaoning, Anhui, Jiangsu and Hubei. Its main buildings are well preserved, reflecting the original appearance of imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties. Ancient villages in southern Anhui: the street structure, architectural decoration, house layout and artificial water system of Xidi, Hongcun Xidi and Hongcun remain the same. Wuyi Mountain in Fujian is a famous tourist and summer resort in China. Wuyishan is a typical Danxia landform, which is known as "clear water and Danshan" and "southeast of Qixiujia". Tianyou Peak has the reputation of "the first peak in the world". The Summer Palace in Beijing is an ancient royal garden. The Summer Palace is located in the western suburbs of Beijing, adjacent to Yuanmingyuan. It absorbed the design techniques of Jiangnan gardens and built a large-scale landscape garden. It is also the most well-preserved royal palace and is known as the "Royal Garden Museum". Together with chengde mountain resort, Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden, it is called the four famous gardens in China. The Tiantan in Beijing is a place where emperors of Ming and Qing dynasties prayed for blessings. It is famous for its rigorous architectural layout, unique architectural structure and colorful architectural decoration. The outer altar and cypress trees are lush and surrounded by the inner altar, making the main building more magnificent. Old Town of Lijiang, Yunnan Province, located in the traffic arteries of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet, had frequent commercial activities in ancient times, which promoted the prosperity of local residents and soon became a veritable market town and an important town. It is also a relatively well-preserved and rare ancient town of ethnic minorities in China. Pingyao ancient city, with a history of more than 2,700 years, is an outstanding model of Han cities in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the historical development of China, an extraordinary picture of culture, society, economy and religion has been displayed. Suzhou classical gardens Suzhou gardens are mainly private gardens, which matured in the Song Dynasty and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master of Nets Garden and Huanxiu Mountain Villa have become the models and representatives of many classical gardens because of their profound artistic conception, exquisite structure, elegant art and rich cultural connotation. Lushan Mountain, a scenic spot in Lushan Mountain, Jiangxi Province, is famous for its majestic, steep and beautiful scenery, which has high scientific value and tourism ornamental value and is known as "the first wonder of Kuanglu". Emei Mountain in Sichuan-Leshan Scenic Area, Emei Mountain is a famous tourist attraction with steep terrain and beautiful scenery, enjoying the reputation of "the best show in the world". It is one of the four famous Buddhist mountains in China, with 26 monasteries and eight monasteries, and Buddhist ceremonies are often held. Selection time of Potala Palace in Tibet: 1994 (Potala Palace), 2000 (Jokhang Temple) and 200 1 (Norbulingka). Potala Palace is located in Mount Maburi in Lhasa. It is a palace-castle-style building complex, which was originally built by Zambezi Songzangambu of Tubo Dynasty to marry Bhrikuti Devi and Princess Wencheng. The temples around chengde mountain resort, Hebei Province are the ancient palaces of China, and chengde mountain resort is the place where the Qing emperors spent their summer holidays and handled government affairs. Built in 1703, it took 89 years to build after three generations of Qing Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong. Confucius Temple, Confucius House and Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province, and Confucius House and Confucius Forest in Qufu, Shandong Province, are typical representatives of China who commemorate Confucius and advocate Confucianism in the past dynasties. They are famous for their rich cultural accumulation, long history, huge scale, rich cultural relics and historical sites and scientific and artistic value. The Gongque Temple in Wudang Mountain, an ancient architectural complex in Hubei Province, embodies the architectural artistic achievements of three generations of secular architecture and religious architecture in China in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and represents the highest level of art and architecture in China in the past thousand years. Jiuzhaigou in Sichuan is a national nature reserve. The main peak of Jiuzhaigou is more than 4000 meters above sea level, and the southern edge is more than 4500 meters. The top of the mountain and the peaks on both sides are basically covered with snow all year round. Jiuzhaigou is dominated by plant karst travertine deposits, forming gorgeous and elegant lakes, swift streams, Zhuyu Waterfalls, quaint and quiet Lin Mang and rolling snow peaks. Wulingyuan National Scenic Spot in Hunan is a combination of Zhangjiajie Forest Park in Zhangjiajie City, Suoxiyu Nature Reserve in Cili County and Tianzi Mountain in Sangzhi County, followed by Yang Jiajie Scenic Spot, with a total area of.