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By the Song Dynasty, Luoyang City had changed from the original separation system of Fang and city to a new integration system of Fang and city. Due to the superior soil and water climate conditions and historical and political reasons, the prosperity of Luoyang gardens in Song Dynasty became a major feature. In the Song Dynasty, Luoyang was also a city with many bureaucrats. Some people with the same political views in the bureaucratic group use clubs to form political forces to control the political situation. Actively organizing clubs is another feature; In Song Dynasty, Luoyang's economy was far less important than its position in politics and gardens, but compared with other cities except Kaifeng, it was relatively developed and a typical consumer city.
Before the Northern Song Dynasty, nine dynasties established their capitals in Luoyang. In China's long feudal society, such as the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty, when Luoyang was established as the capital, it was the first city of Luoyang as well as an extremely glorious historical period. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chang 'an and Luoyang were both capitals of the East and the West, and their urban population and economic development level were comparable. Standing on the same commanding height were the two most important cities in China at that time. Judging from the development history of China's capital, from the Zhou and Qin Dynasties to the Five Dynasties ago, the choice of its capital was mainly between Chang 'an and Luoyang, which was determined by the social and economic development and political situation at that time.
After the war in the late Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an and Luoyang were devastated, and their former glory was gone forever, especially Chang 'an. At the beginning of the Five Dynasties, Zhu Wen established the Liang Dynasty, known as Hou Liang in history. Instead of the Tang Dynasty, the capital was chosen in Kaifeng, Bianzhou. However, in the early days, Kaifeng was the capital, Zhu Wen Kaifeng was the east capital and Luoyang was the west capital, and they stayed here for a long time, so Luoyang still maintained its status as the capital. As for Chang 'an, it was reduced to Yongzhou and became a local city. In the late Tang Dynasty, Luoyang was the capital, and Chang 'an was the capital, but it was actually just a name. During the Jin, Han and Zhou Dynasties of the Five Dynasties, according to the system of the Houliang, Kaifeng and Luoyang were called East and West Beijing together, that is, Kaifeng was the capital, Luoyang was the capital, followed by the Northern Song Dynasty. Therefore, in the Five Dynasties, the capital was chosen between Kaifeng and Luoyang, and Kaifeng was finally decided, which was also determined by the economic development and political situation at that time.
During the Five Dynasties, from the perspective of the urban evolution of Luoyang itself, it was still the capital on the whole, so it was constantly restored after being destroyed at the end of the Tang Dynasty, which could not be compared with Chang 'an. Because of this, the Northern Song Dynasty put this position as the capital above Nanjing (Shangqiu, Henan) and Beijing (Daming, Hebei), and continued to support it, which made Luoyang have a special historical position in the country. About the specific features and characteristics of Luoyang city in this period, this paper will be divided into several parts to discuss.
The great destruction of Luoyang in the late Tang Dynasty and the initial restoration of Luoyang in the Five Dynasties
Luoyang, the eastern capital of Sui and Tang Dynasties, has three floors: Miyagi, Imperial City and Capital City. Within Kyoto, there are ten streets in vertical and horizontal directions, which are uniform and present an extraordinary imperial city style. According to the records of Shu Wei in the Tang Dynasty, as the south gate of the capital, the width of Yudao Dingdingmen Street is 100 step, while other streets are 75 steps as wide as Shangdong Street and Jianchun Street, 62 steps as wide as Changxia Street, Houzai Street, Yongtong Street, Hui 'an Street, Anxi Street and Zuoyemen Street, and the rest are 3 1 step. [1] Between the streets, there is 103 Li, the Three Cities of Sui. Tang changed Li into a square, and there was a square 1 13 and. [2] (Volume 5) Each square is 300 steps long, with a cross road in the middle and doors on four sides. Judging from the square of the same size, there are more rules than Chang 'an's square.
At that time, the three cities of Luoyang were prosperous in business and developed in economy. For example, Nancheng in the Tang Dynasty, that is, the peak city of Sui Dynasty, is located in the east, west, north and south, with four walls 120 rows and more than 3,000 shops, with goods and bribes piled up. Suiyuan Zhitong City, four miles on Saturday; On Thursday, Datong opened four doors, located in 14 1 area, with 66 goods. [1] It should be affirmed that during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Luoyang was a very prosperous city, and a strict enfeoffment system was implemented.
Since the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, Luoyang was constantly destroyed by war, and by the end of the Tang Dynasty, the world was in chaos. In the fourth year of Zhonghe (884), Qin Zongquan and Cai Zhou sent Sun Ru to attack Henan Yin and left Li behind. "According to" Beijing Moon ",the Forbidden City was burned and its residents were plundered", [3] (Volume 5) various crimes. Li temporarily retired from Mianchi, Sun Ru and Zhuge Shuang "criticized each other", and the people were restless. So after several years of war and destruction, "the capital was in ashes and hazelnuts were everywhere". In the third year of Guangqi (887), Zhang was stationed in the old city. "A poor scene, less than 100 households", [3] (Volume 63) "Chicken and dog are silent". [3] (Volume 5) It can be said that Luoyang has suffered a devastating blow again and is no longer like a city.
When Zhang entered Luoyang, he took more than 100 people, together with hundreds of poor families, and established a solid foundation for the North City in the original area of the city. Later, Jiashanfang was built in the south of the city as the South City, where people worked hard to cultivate, recruit people and plant art. After several years of efforts, "Gyeonggi has no idle fields, and the number of households is 50,000 to 60,000" and "several rich". [4] (Volume 2) Obviously, the "prosperity" mentioned here is not the prosperity of the city, but the countryside on the ruins of the city, so there are no idle fields.
In the fourth year of Tang Zhaozong (904 BC), Zhu Wen prepared to move to Luoyang and ordered Zhang to "repair Luoyang Miyagi for many years". [3] (Volume 63) In the first month of this year, Zhao Zong moved eastward. In order to enrich Luoyang, Zhu Wen ordered "Chang 'an residents to follow the book, tear down houses and move trees, and even cry on the Weihe River for more than a month". [5] (Volume 20) In February this year, Zhu Quanzhong also went to Luoyang, urging laborers to sacrifice Chang 'an and restore Luoyang's capital status. It is unknown how many people moved from Chang 'an to Luoyang this time, but judging from the time of the "endless month", it seems that there is a considerable scale and a considerable number. However, Zhang turned Luoyang ruins into farmland. This has caused great difficulties for urban restoration. Tang Aidi days yòu② (2) two years (905) in October, the letter said:
In the music of Los Angeles Square, since the renovation of Hazel and Zhang, the houses of the old courtiers and departments have been cultivated, not only for military taxes, but also for the commons, or for fear of being arrogant. They think that the world industry must be troubled by inspection, so they are lucky. People of all colors can't recognize the square music of its capital and the cultivated land of the capital. If you want a field, you can buy it at any time, and whoever recognizes it is not limited to giving it back. If you have the activity of sending people by yourself, you are not subject to this restriction. If there is no owner in the barren field, I will know and accept the Henan government. [6] (Volume 14)
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, it was first attacked by the peasant uprising led by Huang Chao, and then suffered from years of infighting among warlords. A large number of bureaucrats and civilians in Luoyang fled or died, and houses were burned. The city turned into a white land. The Tang government recognized the land reclaimed by Zhang as public land, and did not allow the original owner to claim it, that is, it did not recognize its industrial ownership. The original owners are allowed to regard the uncultivated wasteland as their own business, and they must go through the formalities again in Henan Province. On the basis of such a fact, it is quite difficult to rebuild Luoyang city. The so-called imperial edict of the Tang Dynasty was actually promulgated by Zhu Wen. Therefore, when Zhu Wen replaced the Tang Dynasty, the change of Luoyang City was not very significant.
From the historical investigation of the Five Dynasties, it was the late Tang Dynasty that really rebuilt Luoyang. In the first year of Tongguang (923), in October, the Tang Zhuang clan destroyed the beam, and at the end of the year, Luoyang was established as its capital. In August of the following year, in an imperial edict, he recalled the prosperity of Luoyang since the Han and Tang Dynasties, reprimanded the fact that Houliang did not attach importance to Luoyang, and then expressed his determination and methods to rebuild Luoyang. There is such a passage in the imperial edict:
..... Since the large-scale flattening, the compilation of maps, the revival of the capital of Buluo, and the eternal opening of sects' meetings, it will be a long time and need to be discussed and repaired. It's really extravagant. There should be an academy in Gyeonggi Province where people of all colors can shoot and build. Hou Bo is a vassal and has a courtier in Beijing, so he has no place to live. He can also ask for an injection and repair it alone. Its vacant land still has a term of half a year, and the owner must build it himself. If you haven't seen the house after the deadline, let others occupy it. Success is the most important thing, and it is not allowed to wait for nothing. [6] (Volume 14)
Compared with the last years of the Tang Dynasty, the content of this imperial edict has been greatly improved. All the idle land in Beijing, all kinds of people can apply for building houses and take them for themselves. Because the later Tang government could not find suitable housing for them in the capital, bureaucrats at all levels inside and outside the capital had to allow them to apply for open space and build their own houses. Originally, there was an open space for the owner, who built his own house within six months. If it doesn't move after the expiration, others are allowed to own it. The government of the later Tang Dynasty put forward a principle that "success is the most important thing, and it cannot be occupied in vain". This provision will accelerate the recovery of Luoyang. In order to carry out this imperial edict, the later Tang Dynasty also promulgated an imperial edict "to make all roads diligent, prudent, prudent, rehearsed and secretariat, etc." , and should make Luo Jing to complete the first residential area, not only shows the grandeur of the imperial palace, but also advocates whether local officials can carry out this imperial edict, which is the "sincere festival of loving the king" [6]. In this way, local officials have invested in building houses in Luoyang, which has accelerated the construction of Luoyang. However, due to the lack of unified urban construction planning, the construction is in a blind state, which soon exposes its own weaknesses.
In June of the third year of Tongguang in the late Tang Dynasty (925), Yongtong and Houzaimen II were opened in Henan Province, which once again reiterated the method of establishing camps in Neihu Town, the capital. At that time, Dr. Cui Hu (3) once pointed out:
When I saw Luodu rebuilt in the early years, it was desolate and everywhere. At this time, when everyone gets together to start farming, they will give priority to farming or nursery for more than 30 years. In recent years, more and more people live in the alley, and the alley is quite narrow. Houses need to be added, so it is appropriate to be a neighborhood. The capital system has been established, and China has a bright future. Instead of changing, the pollution has deepened. It's just this side of the old palace. No evil things are allowed. Today, it is connected with the vegetable garden. The ancestral temple is filthy and steaming in public houses, which is not clean. Please discuss the system so that all four parties can do it. [6] (Volume 14)
It can be seen that before this, the cultivation of farmland has approached Miyagi, and the road is narrow, "only people can pass." Urban areas are full of filth and evil things used in farmland and vegetable gardens. In view of this situation, Cui Hu (3) only asked for a plan, not only for the reconstruction of Luoyang, but also in all directions. This is really an emergency.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, in order to restore the face of Luoyang Imperial City, in August of the third year of Tongguang (925), Zuo Bukui played Yang Tu, thinking that "a wise monarch should follow the rules of the previous dynasty" and demanded to destroy the old fortress built by Zhang in the city and change it to "the vast holy capital, bypassing the Qingtian wandering barrier and leaning close to the imperial house" (6) In September this year, according to Yang Tu's final performance, the later Tang Dynasty Please still limit it to January. If it is impossible to level kuī④④ and ④ ④, many powerful households will occupy it and fill it. " . [6] (Volume 14) From here, we can know that when Luoyang was restored at the end of the Tang Dynasty, its roads, lanes and alleys were basically filled in according to the old system of the Tang Dynasty, and the towns and villages built by Zhang and others were all filled in. At this time, the Xingjiao gatehouse was re-established in the later Tang Dynasty to increase the glory of the south of Miyagi.
However, the fact that Luoyang has been formed for many years cannot be corrected immediately by a piece of paper in the later Tang Dynasty. "Book House Yuan Gui" Volume 14 "Imperial Department? Du Yi recorded in "Chen Wu Pian" the 2nd year of Changxing in the Ming Dynasty in June (93 1);
We should allow people to build houses on Sixth Avenue and Zhu Wenfang in Beijing. If the land is occupied too much, they won't even open to traffic. When it is finished, it must be opened to traffic, or more people must be pulled in, and it must be dismantled at the right time. Outside the orchard pavilion, there are more than one kind of vegetable garden open space. If you run by yourself, you will have to build it in March. If you don't do it yourself, you can buy it out. Imperial edict: the capital of Ilo, the residence of the emperor, is the land where summer returns to the heart and non-agricultural mulberry gains. When it was desolate, it was never quiet, but it was mostly quiet. As the home of Yong 'an Tianyi, it is perfect to spread the system of China. Yushitai, Liang Jieshi and Henan Mansion cut the first row in turn, which shows many things and can't be occupied, or for convenience, or you can listen carefully for the time being. In June, the Henan government played: Allow the people to buy vegetable fields in the capital square, and worry about the owner for more than a year, rich in vegetables. How can he build it? Afraid that the powerful capital will hurt the poor, the purpose is: between the city and the town, yin and complexity, if you want to make nine things proud, you will enjoy all kinds of obstacles, do things without doubt, and make the line unified. According to the application of the patrol company, in order to shoot the earth at will, we made rules to make it worth it. As long as we build more houses and add more benefits, the price will make the scenery of China magnificent. Based on the plan of rejuvenating the country, the court ensured the plan, and the government department was afraid of hurting the poor because of the example of garden price, so it had to be discussed and agreed. If powerful families, situation minister Cao Si and others have already occupied the second place in Beijing, they can buy vegetable gardens or even houses in other places, let the owners of vegetable gardens rent them out or rent them to others, and allow them to sell them at the previous price, without violating them. It is true that those who are poor and in need of help, who buy a garden, irrigate it with their hands and sell their own vegetables to provide food and clothes, will add special value to others. Those who still buy are not allowed to buy widely. We should discuss the camp repair according to our own strength and take into account the situation.
This record is very important for studying the restoration of Luoyang in the late Tang Dynasty, which can explain the following problems:
(1) In the past, residents were allowed to build houses on idle land. Due to blindness and lack of planning, builders occupied too much land and occupied the original streets, making the roads narrow from wide to "even closed traffic", causing traffic difficulties.
(2) In view of the above situation, formulate corresponding measures, keep the width of the road when building houses, and "open to all traffic"; If it does not conform to this system, it will be demolished.
(3) Put forward the principle of "Ilo land, the land of imperial residence, the land of returning to the heart in summer, and the land of benefiting non-agricultural mulberry crops" again, and declare that the original cultivated fields and vegetable gardens will not be protected. The original owners have the conditions to build their own houses, allow unconditional builders to sell their land, and only take proper care of the land prices of poor farmers.
(4) According to the needs of urban construction, the later Tang government ordered Yushitai, Liang Jieshi and the Henan government to cooperate in planning, so that Luoyang gradually entered a planned recovery stage.
(5) After the early efforts, the bureaucratic situation took charge of Cao Si and powerful households, and built a living area in Luoyang, adding to the grandeur of the city. In order to prevent them from occupying more land, some corresponding restrictions have to be put forward, and they are not allowed to have vegetable gardens in other places or even in their houses.
(6) The so-called "between cities, wealth becomes more expensive", following this guiding ideology, we should try our best to do better in construction, "making China look majestic" and "making the best use of everything" all reflect the characteristics of Luoyang City in the late Tang Dynasty.
However, judging from the actual construction at that time, it was impossible to completely restore the system of Luoyang Street in the late Tang Dynasty. Until the Northern Song Dynasty, when Song Min asked for a chronicle of Henan, he quoted Luoyang Street recorded by Shu Wei and said with emotion: "It is no longer the old system." [1] The practical significance of this sentence is that during the Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties, the streets in Luoyang changed from wide to narrow, which should be the inevitable result that the urban planning in the later Tang Dynasty could not keep up with the development of the situation.
During the Jin, Han and Zhou Dynasties, Luoyang was the capital, and many bureaucrats settled here. Although there is no great innovation in this city, bureaucrats are enriching their families and building comfortable homes. In other words, the city is still strengthening its construction, the population has also increased, and the economy has continued to recover.
At the beginning of Song Dynasty, Luoyang was subordinate to two counties in Henan Province, one was Henan County, which governed 4 townships and 54 squares. One is Luoyang County, which is in charge of 3 towns and 43 squares. There are 93 squares in the two counties except the village, which generally reflects the restoration of Xijing Square system. [7] (Volume 3) In the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, there were 120 workshops in Xijing, of which 88 were assigned to Henan County and 32 to Luoyang County. The formation of these squares, "since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the bow has thorns, and the agreement is still in the clouds." As Luoyang City is very big, it is impossible to fill it in a short time. It was not until the year of Y2U (1050) that Zhang Kuicai learned about the affairs of Henan government, and felt that "houses have not been listed for a long time" and "arranged in order", [1] "houses are listed according to the streets of the Tang Dynasty". [8] (Volume 32) As can be seen from these records, the establishment or restoration of many squares is generally based on the streets and lanes of the Tang Dynasty. As for the list of Fangs, it was not unified until 90 years after the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty.
The "city" of Luoyang in Sui and Tang Dynasties gradually disappeared in Song Dynasty. If the Sui Dynasty set Fengcheng, the Tang Dynasty changed it. The land originally occupied by the Second Square lasted until the ninth year of Zhenguan (935), accounting for half of the Second Square, and the other half was named Tonglifang. After the rebellion at the end of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang was in charge of Luoyang, which was changed to the temporary office of Henan government, making it the northern and southern cities of Tonglifang residential area. It is impossible to restore the "city" of Fang and Shi in the Song Dynasty, but only along the old one. Shitaifang in Luoyang in Song Dynasty was originally Tong Yuan in Sui Dynasty. On Saturday, the city was adjacent to Luoshui in the south and was later abandoned. During the reign of Tang Xianqing, the old city was changed into a square, and Song was also named Datong Square. In the Song Dynasty, there was a North Square in Luoyang, which was adjacent to the land. During the reign of Tang Xianqing, it was founded as the North City. Later, the abandoned city was changed to North City, including the neighboring Fangde. By the Five Dynasties, the area of the city had been greatly reduced. Although the death penalty was still executed in the northern city in the late Tang Dynasty, [3] (Volume 40) retained the name of the northern city, but it was actually abandoned by bureaucrats building houses and setting up temples, and it became a day in the Song Dynasty. [ 1]
As can be seen from the above, from the late Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, Luoyang's original special "city" was not mentioned, but was divided into squares with many buildings and residential areas. This historical fact shows that in the Song Dynasty, Luoyang city changed from the original separation system of Fang and city to a new system integrating Fang and city. The residents in the square live next to each other and become a city along the street, which is a great progress in the evolution of Luoyang city.
Two or three city walls and palaces
According to the 85-volume Geography of History of Song Dynasty, Luoyang in Song Dynasty had three floors: Miyagi, Imperial City and Capital City (Outer City), all of which came from Sui and Tang Dynasties, but the circumference was slightly different.
Miyagi, with a circumference of 9 miles and 300 steps, is located in the northwest of Beijing. In the Sui Dynasty, the old name was Wei Zi, which was interrelated in the Tang Dynasty. Its circumference is thirteen miles and 24 1 step, and its height is four feet and eight feet. (Note: Regarding the length of Luoyang Miyagi in Tang Dynasty, the book of Old Tang Dynasty, Volume 38, Geography, is written as "180 steps east, 40 miles west, 15 steps north and south, 13 miles south and 30 steps." The book of the New Tang Dynasty, Volume 38, Geography is recorded as "The circumference is 4,921 steps, the height is 4 feet 8, and the length is 13 miles and 241 steps". The circumference of Miyagi recorded by them is different from that recorded in Song Dynasty, which shows that Luoyang Miyagi may have shrunk in Song Dynasty. Therefore, "Henan Tongzhi" recorded in Song Cheng: "Miyagi, three hundred steps in nine miles a week." The note reads: "I suspect that I have lost the western and northern meridians." This is correct. )。 In Song Dynasty, there were three gates in the south of Miyagi, with Wufeng Tower in the middle, Xingjiao in the east and Zheng Guang in the west. There are black dragons in the east, Hu Jin in the west, Chen Gong in the north, Miyagi in the east and west, with two gates in the east, Yao Bin in the south and Qi Ming in the north. West Gate 2, with Jinyao in the south and Gantong in the north.
With regard to the Wufeng Pagoda, the vicissitudes of life can well reflect some changes in Miyagi during the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. The Wufeng Pagoda, built in the Tang Dynasty, ceased to exist at the end of the Tang Dynasty. When Zhu Wen forced him to move eastward to Luoyang, he ordered Luo to rebuild the Wufeng Tower and the Temple. "The giant carpenter did not return at that time and stood on the ground. The stream of S 2499 stood in the old site of the west, and Zhang set up embroidery, all of which were vice." [3] (Volume 14) History of the New Five Dynasties? Luo also recorded: "Shao Wei took Wei as the five peaks tower and temple, floating on the river and standing as the capital." Luo is China's ambassador to China. He is powerful and has a group of skilled craftsmen, who have completed some construction tasks in Luoyang Miyagi.
The buildings in Luoyang Miyagi were relatively less damaged in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, so Zhu Wen lived here for a long time after building the beam, and recovered slightly in the late Tang Dynasty. In the eighth year of Song Kaibao (975), in order to welcome Mao Xixing, it was overhauled from October of this year to the following spring, and Wang He went to Beijing under the supervision of Zhuang Zhai. After the restoration, the "magnificent palace" made Song Taizu very satisfied. [9] (Volume 17) At that time, there were more than 9,990 districts in Luoyang Miyagi, and [9] (Volume 16) had more buildings than in Kaifeng Miyagi. There is a city in Miyagi. There are barracks in the city and north of the city, all around the imperial army. In the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, due to the disrepair of Quedian, Zhang Kui, the governor of Yuzhou, carried out a large-scale renovation. [8] (Volume 324) In the second year of Jingdezhen (1005), in August, Zhenzong will sweep the grave in Gongxian County and send a letter to the Eighth Division of Xijing to repair the buildings in ouchi (1 1). [10] (Fang 124) to the second year of Zongshen Xining (1069), the transportation department of Jingxi said that there were more than 4,000 damaged houses in Xijing, and it was required to "tear down and repair one room every two" when it was repaired in the spring of the following year. [10] (Square 124) It can be said that before Song Zhezong, the buildings in Xijing Miyagi were basically inherited from the old system, or slightly repaired, but they were not created, or even severely damaged, and could not be repaired. There used to be a large number of palaces here, but the emperor seldom went to Luoyang. Over time, he was too lazy to repair it, so he repaired the old house by 20%, which made the Miyagi building shrink day by day. It was not until the first year of Zheng He (11) that Song Huizong was prepared to pay homage to the Mausoleum, which made Song Bi 'an (12) "rule Miyagi, and build 440 corridors in a wide area, which was too expensive to win". [8] (Volume 356) In addition, the History of Song Dynasty (Volume 85) and Geographical Records recorded that this time it was "a thousand rooms decorated with real lacquer, which was very heavy and labor-consuming". When painting, "the ground needs ashes, and the price of ashes is getting higher and higher, rising to thousands." Animal bones are insufficient. "The ashes are based on human bones, and the weight is thousands." Ancient tombs within 20 miles of the suburbs outside Luoyang, "anyone who wears clothes and ridges may be violently excavated." [8] (Volume 356) It can be seen that at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Huizong once carried out an overhaul of Luoyang Palace, and the wall was expanded to 16, exceeding the previous generation. At the same time, hundreds of new corridors have been built, making the number of buildings in Miyagi reach thousands, and the painting and decoration are more exquisite than in the past. According to historical records, underground cultural relics suffered a catastrophe for the decoration of buildings and even ancient tombs, and the losses were quite serious.
The architecture of Luoyang Miyagi is not very important in the history of urban development in Song Dynasty, but as Luoyang itself, it should be paid attention to, which is a necessary condition for it to be the capital city. The quality of its architecture shows that Song Ting attached great importance to Luoyang, which must be discussed.
Luoyang Imperial City, with a circumference of 18 miles and 258 steps, [8] (Volume 85) The Sui and Tang Dynasties called Taiwei City, also known as Cheng Nan, with a height of three feet and seven feet. According to geographical records, the circumference of the imperial city is 4,930 steps, which should be 13 with 250 steps, which seems to be smaller than the circumference of the imperial city in the Song Dynasty (Note: Henan chronicles say: "The imperial city is sandwiched between Miyagi, and the city has 258 steps in 80 miles a week ..." Obviously wrong, because the imperial city is within the capital, and the circumference of the capital is only more than 52 miles. )。 Imperial City is a city outside Miyagi, and of course it is also located in the northwest of Beijing. South Sanmen: the middle is called the end door, and the east and west are called the left and right doors. East Gate is called Ren Xuan. West Sanmen: there are beautiful scenery in the south, Jinyao in the straight, civilization in the middle, and dry communication in the straight; The north should be blessed. It's all in the Ministry. [8] (Volume 85)
Outside the city, the circumference is fifty-two miles and ninety paces. There are three doors in the south, a tripod in the middle, a long summer in the east and a thick load in the west; There are three doors in the east, Luomen in the middle, Jianchun in the south and Shandong in the north. A door to the west is closed; There are two doors in the north, Anxi in the east and Huian in the west. The city was built in the first year of the great cause of Sui Dynasty (605), and it was named Cheng. Built in the Tang Dynasty, it lived for two years (693) and was named Jincheng. The height of this city is eight feet. According to archaeological investigation, the circumference is 27 165 meters, or 27.52 kilometers. [1 1](p46) This should be an accurate figure, but it is still not completely consistent with Cheng Tang's records. Moreover, in Cheng Tang's records, there are also contradictions recorded in historical books, which need further textual research (Note: Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Volume 38, Geography says: the capital has 280 steps from north to south, 70 steps from east to west, and 320 steps around. The New Book of Tang Dynasty (Volume 38) and Geographical Records recorded that the circumference of the outer city was 25,050 steps, which was 69 Li 2 10 step, which was slightly different from the total recorded in the old records. Shu Wei recorded in the annals of Henan that there are 210 steps in the east of the city, 70 steps in the south of the city, 120 steps in the west of the city, 20 steps in the north of the city, and 210 steps in the week. This total is consistent with the new chronicle, but different from the surrounding total. It can be seen that the records of each book are different, or there are mistakes in copying and publishing, or the records are different in time, which needs textual research. )。
The height of the outer city of Luoyang in Tang Dynasty was far less than that of Miyagi and Imperial City. After the war in the late Tang Dynasty, it was "destroyed" and the damage was extremely serious. When Zhou Shizong was in office, "Luoyang City lacked its head, so it was built". Wu Xingde, then the secretariat, "led more than 10,000 people and finished his city". [8] (Volume 25) How was the repair this time? The chronicle of Henan called it "very shabby", and even the south wall was not partially built or not built at all. Until September 15th (1034), yòu② Zongjing was the first in the world, and Wang Zengyou, the prime minister, said, "Xijing is south of the water, with a vast territory. There are many residents and no cities. I hope to build it gradually. " To this end, Song Ting sent a letter to the government Li to handle this matter. [10] (Fang 124) As a result of this renovation, according to the "Henan Tongzhi" cloud: "The city pheasant will be finished." In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), Sima Guang once said that Luoyang was an outer city, "humble and weak, dogs can be arrogant." [12] (Volume 48) obviously lacks the grandeur of the past.
From the above facts, we can see that although Luoyang City maintained the pattern of triple city in the Sui and Tang Dynasties in the Song Dynasty, it was actually far from the old view, which not only simplified many buildings in the city during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, but also made the outer city quite crude and fundamentally lacked defensive functions. From the height of triple city, Miyagi is four feet eight feet, Imperial City is three feet seven feet, and Outer City is only one foot eight feet, mainly to show royal majesty. From the function of the whole city, it can't be compared with Song and Tokyo. But as far as the whole country is concerned, the outer city of Luoyang is the largest city, which is not comparable to other cities in the Northern Song Dynasty and is fully qualified as the capital. At the same time, Luoyang city still occupies an important position on the whole, and it is worthy of serious study to maintain its many characteristics.
Three Luoyang gardens are the best in the world.
The prosperity of Luoyang gardens in Song Dynasty is a major feature of this city, which is unmatched by other cities. There are many reasons for this, including natural factors, that is, superior conditions of water, soil and climate, as well as historical and political reasons, that is, since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, many important bureaucrats have settled in Luoyang, so the speed of garden restoration is particularly fast. Su Zhe once said:
Luoyang, the ancient imperial capital, was used to the custom of dressing in Han and Tang dynasties. He managed garden pools, built pavilions and plants at home, thinking that it would be good to see when he was old. Its mountains and rivers are clear and beautiful, and it is coke. The extension of Pingchuan, hundreds of miles from east to west, is the royal residence of Tianan (13). The attached drawings (pictures) are all mountains and leaves, so you can look around. Ilo (pictured) has a stream that rises from the ground, so its mountains win and its springs flow clean. Although it is heartless, its princes are * * *. An acre of palace, overlooking the castle peak, listening to flowing water, beautiful flowers and bamboo, surrounded by cloth, its huge room and garden can be called the first in the world. [13] (Volume 24)
Su Zhe, a native of Sichuan, is an official in many places and is well informed. He thinks that Luoyang Garden is "the best in the world", which is not an exaggeration. The "ancient imperial capital" and "customs of Han and Tang dynasties" mentioned in this paper can be regarded as historical factors; The so-called "mountain climate" refers to natural factors; As for the so-called "big room of your ministers", it is related to political factors. It is the comprehensive effect of these factors that enabled Luoyang gardens to recover and develop rapidly in the Song Dynasty, lasting for a long time and maintaining a leading position in the country.
As far as the above historical factors are concerned, the advantages are quite obvious and important. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, between Zhenguan and Kaiyuan, officials and nobles opened warehouses in Dongdu, with thousands of names. [14] (Volume 25) Although most of these bureaucratic halls were completely burned after the rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, their sites still exist, especially the remains of gardens and stones, which have become considerable cultural heritage. Many gardens in Song Dynasty were built on this basis. Therefore, it is an undeniable fact that Li asserted in Luoyang Famous Garden that most of the gardens in Song Dynasty were old in Sui and Tang Dynasties. In terms of natural factors, in addition to what Su Zhe mentioned above, Li Fu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, also said, "Spring is fragrant and fertile, and the wind and air are comfortable. From the past, people like to live there. Castle Peak is home, flowing water surrounds the house, and bamboo and wood are hundred (14). " [15] (Volume 6) It can be seen that among the natural factors in Luoyang, the most important feature is that there are mountains and water, and the soil is harmonious, which is suitable for the growth of flowers and trees. In terms of political factors, Luoyang was Xijing in the Song Dynasty. Since the Five Dynasties, many bureaucrats have settled here and formed their own comfort zone. By the early Song Dynasty, many bureaucrats were officials in Kaifeng, and their homes were still in Luoyang. It can be said that the degree of bureaucratic settlement is second only to Kaifeng. Bureaucrats or their families living in Luoyang took advantage of the situation that the land was barren and ownerless since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties to expand their possession of the land as much as possible. The way to do this is to build gardens. The combination of houses and gardens will form an atmosphere that keeps pace with each other, and the prosperity of gardens will rise accordingly. Fan Zhongyan once said: "Western literati confronted each other in the garden." [16] (Volume 24) Mu Xiu has a poem "Crossing Xijing": "Xijing has an infinite garden since ancient times. I hate that it is not a peach and plum day, and the mangroves in the city are autumn. " [17] (Volume 1) Sima Guang, who has lived in Luoyang for a long time, knows Luoyang gardens like the back of his hand. He also has a poem: "There are countless famous gardens in Luoyang, and the doors and alleys are connected like a comb." Bamboo pruning is long and tortuous, which makes people feel uncomfortable. "[12] (Volume 4) There are quite a few such poems, and I won't repeat them, which can prove that there are many gardens in Luoyang, which is well known.
Of course, when it comes to Luoyang gardens, people will think of Li's Luoyang Famous Gardens, in which 19 famous gardens are mentioned, which is particularly eye-catching. Because these gardens are not only prosperous, but also have their own characteristics, which are enough to represent the style of Luoyang gardens in the Song Dynasty. Here is a brief introduction.
Luo Yang Garden in Northern Song Dynasty was the first garden of former Prime Minister Fu Bi. Li said to him, "Only Fuzheng's garden is the nearest and the scenery is the most prosperous." Dongshi is a "rich Luoyang", and its home has two gardens, East and West. Although barren and hopeless, its scale is "admirable enough" The East Garden faces south, and the entrance is covered with Li Guo, which is roughly ten squares, and there are pavilions and fountains. Guiren Garden, named after Guiren Square, is a square land. "There are thousands of peonies in the north, including 100 mu of bamboo and peaches and plums in the south. The prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, Niu Sengru Garden, has seven leaves and belongs to its old wood. Now it belongs to assistant minister Li of Zhongshu, and Fang Chuangting is one of them. More than 50 miles in Henan, there is a big garden pool, which is the crown. " Luoyang city has 120 squares, and this noble garden has its own square. The so-called "how big is the garden pool", then the proportion of gardens in the city is quite large.
Miao Shuai Garden in Luoyang, "the best place again", was originally the house of Wang Puyuan. "The garden is old and the scenery is pale. After restoring the power of algae decoration, there is a desire to follow the mausoleum. " There are two aesculus trees in the garden that are over 100 feet tall. "Spring and summer look like mountains." There are more than ten thousand bamboo poles in the garden, all surrounded by two or three walls. Other buildings are "institutionally luxurious", but they are not up to the level of their hometown in wang pu.
Li Renfeng Garden was originally Pingquan Village, Li Deyu in Tang Dynasty. There are many kinds of flowers and trees. In addition to local flowers and trees, a large number of exotic flowers have been transplanted, which has become a major feature of the park. Tianwangyuan was originally a Buddhist temple, famous for cultivating peony. Pine, cypress, Chinese fir, Chinese fir, juniper and cypress planted in Song Dao Garden are all beautiful trees. Luoyang people only love Song, but respect Song. Song Dao Garden has a century-old Gu Song, and Song Shuang Right Banner is located in the southeast corner. This garden was originally the home garden of Yuan Xiangxian in Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, it belonged to Premier Li, and later it was Wu's garden. After several generations of operation, the park has built pavilions and ponds, planted bamboo and wood, built platforms in the south, built halls in the north and halls in the east.