Inner Mongolia has three leagues: Alashan, Xilingol and Xing 'an. 49 flags, and three autonomous flags of Oroqen, Ewenki and Molidawa.
Then, why does Inner Mongolia have a unique administrative unit, Meng Qi? Let's start with Genghis Khan's unified grassland.
First, the grassland in the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties
During the Song and Jin Dynasties, there were various tribes on the grassland: Begging for Yan, Tatar, Kelie, Naiman and so on. These tribes go their own way and attack each other. It was not until 1206 that Genghis Khan unified the grassland that this situation ended.
Genghis Khan scattered the original tribes, organized people into hundreds of families and sealed them to their families and heroes on the principle of ten into one.
This is the beginning of Mongolia's administrative system.
By the time the Yuan Dynasty unified the whole country, the hometown of grassland became Lingbei province, and the administrative system of Lingbei province was also different from other provinces in the mainland. There are no counties in Lingbei province, only the fiefs of princes and nobles? Emma. Composition, Emma set up 10 households, 100 households and 1000 households or less. In essence, it is not much different from Genghis Khan.
In this system, leaders are hereditary, and there is a very strict subordinate relationship between superiors and subordinates. Mongolian riders are organized and organized, so they are organized and disciplined, and their combat effectiveness is also reflected, which is one of the reasons why they can overthrow the whole world.
Second, the chaotic North Yuan.
Later, the Mongols were driven back to Saibei by Zhu Yuanzhang.
With the decline of the Yuan Dynasty and constant internal disputes, we are all descendants of the Golden Family and have mastered many resources. Some people control a lot? Emma. , call it? Otto? .
These nobles refused to obey anyone and fought with each other. And originally attached to Khan? Forest man? The rise of the Walla forces will compete with the Mongolian headquarters, and the grassland will be in chaos.
During the reign of Hongzhi and Zhengde in Ming Dynasty, a man named Borjijin-Batu Munk finally appeared in the gold family, who was called the little prince of Ming Dynasty. The little prince beat back the Walla people and reunified the Mongolian ministries. He was called? Dayuan zhongxing? Father, known as Dayan Khan.
Dayan Khan abolished the teacher position occupied by the Walla people for a long time. Settings? Ji Nong? Wang Jin was in charge of Khan's younger son or brother, which strengthened Khan's authority.
At the same time, Mongolian ministries have been reorganized.
The Great Goose Khan divided the main parts of Mongolia into 60,000 left and right wings, which were owned by the Prime Minister. Otto? . 30,000 households on the left: Chahar Department, Uhaliang Department and Gurkha Department; There are 30,000 households in the right wing: Ordos Department, Tumote Department and Yongxie Department. Ten thousand households in Chahar are directly under the jurisdiction of Khan, while those in Erdos are directly under the jurisdiction of agriculture, and the heads of other ministries are also the sons of Dayan Khan. The division of these 60,000 households has a far-reaching impact. Until now, Mongolia has always claimed to be Khalkha Mongolia, which is one of the left-wing households divided by Dayan Khan.
However, after the death of Dayan Khan, Mongolian ministries fell into melee again because the centralized measures adopted by Dayan Khan were not thorough enough. The ministries are just like the vassal states granted by the Zhou Emperor. The leader is hereditary, there is only one Khan, and his strength is similar to that of a vassal. After a long time, then what? After being alienated, they attacked each other like enemies, and the princes even criticized each other. Can the emperor forbid it? Yes
Secondly, Dayan Khan did not unify the Walla Department in his system, and some smaller tribes in Mongolia were not included in his bag. For example, the Horqin Ministry, which later made great contributions to the reunification of the Qing Dynasty.
Therefore, it is necessary to have stronger political power, wider control scope and more binding system to ensure the stability of the Mongolian Plateau.
Third, the Qing dynasty: the establishment and implementation of the flag league system.
The Qing Taizu Nurhachi established a set of eight banners system. Take 100 people as one record, five records as one record and five records as one solid mountain. Gushan means flag. There are always eight flags: yellow, white, blue, red, yellow, blue, red and white. Ding Zhuang, a subordinate, was a civilian in peacetime and a soldier in wartime, and was firmly controlled by the Manchu nobles.
During the development of Manchu forces, many Mongolian tribes were either conquered by Manchu or voluntarily defected to Manchu.
At first, the Qing government included them in the Manchu Eight Banners. Later, more and more Mongols surrendered to the Qing court, and the original Eight Banners could not be installed. Especially in 1634, after Huang taiji defeated Chahar Khan and Ligedan Khan, he gained countless able-bodied men. So he specially made a Mongolian Eight Banners. Which one is it? Flag? It began to be implemented among Mongolians.
The Eight Banners of Mongolia is an integrated military and political organization under the Eight Banners system of Manchuria, similar to the later local administrative regions. Flag? Still different. 1636 In May, Huang Taiji United forty-nine princes of sixteen tribes in Mongolia in Shengjing, and divided Mongolia into forty-nine flags. The original prince was Zasak (flag bearer). What the hell is going on here? Administrative flag? . These? Administrative flag? It is transformed from the original Doerke imitation eight banners system, and several flags hold group meetings regularly, so it is called? Flag alliance system? .
1640, Huang taiji announced the abolition of the original? Ten thousand households? 、? Auddock? Like other units, all of them are managed according to the flag area, and the flag league system is fully implemented in the desert area controlled by the Qing army.
With the expansion of Qing power in Mongolia, the Qi-Meng system has been continuously promoted.
In the 30th year of Kangxi (169 1), Mobei Mongolia belonged to the Qing Dynasty, and outer Mongolia began to implement the system of flag league.
In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Erut Mongolia in Qinghai and other places began to implement the flag league system. When Zhungeer was destroyed by Qianlong, mongolia local, which belonged to the Qing Empire, basically adopted the flag league system.
Fourth, the organizational form of the flag group.
The Qing Dynasty divided Mongolian tribes into three management types:
Eight Banners Mongolia, Waifan Mongolia, Inner Mongolia. The Eight Banners Mongolian system, like Manchuria, is stationed in the whole country and has its own system. The Mongolian part of grassland mostly belongs to the latter two kinds. Most of them are Mongolians.
Mongolian flag league.
The so-called foreign princes in Mongolia are all autonomous by tribal leaders. Mongolian lords are hereditary standard-bearers. They are called Prince Zasak. All the territories in the flag are his fiefs, and all the people in the flag are his subjects. Zasak's office is called Heshuo Yamen, with two assistants, 1 supervisor, 1 Meilin (company commander). Together, they are called the five ministers. The first level is Sumu, and the chief of Sumu is Sumu Zhang Jing. The next level of Sumu is called Kundu.
Several adjacent flags meet once every three years, and the flag-bearer designated by the central government serves as the chief and deputy flag-bearers. The President of the League and the Commissioner of the Central Committee convened a meeting of the League, assigned central tasks to each flag, conveyed the instructions of the imperial court, counted and counted the population and economic data of each flag, summarized and solved judicial cases and reported them to the Central Committee. In the Qing Dynasty, the League itself had no administrative organization, nor was it a first-level administrative unit, but a committee that played a supervisory and coordinating role with the League flag.
A flag belonging to Mongolia.
Inner Mongolia is governed by officials directly appointed by the central government. Appoint the general manager, deputy commander-in-chief and junior ministers as standard bearers. It has officials such as assistant leaders and generals. The Mongolian flag is almost non-aligned and directly under the jurisdiction of government officials such as generals and commanders. It can be said that Mongolia is completely autonomous, and Inner Mongolia is directly under the central government.
Many Inner Mongols were suppressed by the former Outer Mongols because of rebellion. Change the soil and return to the flow? Come on. The largest ministry in Inner Mongolia is the Chahar Ministry. In the 14th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi, Bourny, Prince of Chahar, felt that he was a direct and orthodox descendant of Genghis Khan. How can he be worse than others? So he used the San Francisco rebellion to fight against the Qing Dynasty. The result was suppressed by the Qing court in less than two months. Kangxi set the Chahar Department as the interior of the Eight Banners, using the name of red, yellow, white and blue flags, which was called the Eight Banners of Chahar.
Fifth, the goodwill behind the flag league.
Banner League system is a basic political system implemented in Mongolia in the Qing Dynasty, from which we can see that the Qing Dynasty's strategy for Mongolia is to win over, guard against restrictions, and combine intimacy with alienation.
Let's look at manners first. Rich Jia, a senior official, will win over the upper class.
The Qing court gave Prince Zasak a very high treatment. Give them super titles, from princes to princes, and marry them as in-laws. Other officials of Mongolian Banner League are also senior officials. The size of the flag is equivalent to that of inland counties. However, the assistant manager in the flag is a first-class official, and the assistant manager and Merlin are two or three products, which is much higher than the seven sesame officials in the mainland.
Let's talk about prestige first. The Qing court set up two teams at the central and local levels to control and contain Mongolia.
In the central government, there is a sanatorium that specializes in Mongolian affairs.
Li Fanyuan is in charge of the tribute and reward to the marquis of the Mongolian king. All important affairs in the banner must be reported to Li Fanyuan for approval, and the pasture, population, cattle, horses and land in the banner must be reported to Li Fanyuan. Li Fanyuan is also responsible for formulating laws and regulations, such as Li Fanyuan's Regulations and Mongolian Law, to bind Mongolian princes.
Send big shots and set up heavy troops in the local area. On the vast land of Mongolia, deputy commander-in-chief of Hulunbeier, commander-in-chief of Jehol, General Urya Tai Su, Minister Kulun, General Sui Yuancheng and Counsellor Cobdo were established to control and supervise Mongolian tribes, and once there was rebellion, they were punished and eliminated immediately.
Under the combination of kindness and prestige, the system of flag alliance firmly binds the Mongolian tribes.
There are strict boundaries between flags. Herdsmen with different flags cannot graze across the border. The boundary between the flag land and the Han land is also very clear, and Mongolia and Han can't travel freely. This can prevent the Mongolian ministries and the Mongolian and Han nationalities from growing bigger and bigger, posing a threat to the court.
Sixth, the conclusion.
The implementation of the Qi League system almost ran through the whole Qing Dynasty, and it was not until the invasion of the great powers in the late Qing Dynasty and the decline of the Qing Dynasty that he gradually collapsed. The flag alliance system has its positive side:
He ensured the peace and stability of the grassland frontier and greatly reduced the disputes and wars among Mongolian ministries.
But after all, it was the feudal product of the Qing court's maintenance of rule, which had the limitations of the times.
Due to the long-term implementation of the flag league system, the flag league has also become a conventional regional title. From 65438 to 0947, after the establishment of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the old system in Meng Qi was completely eliminated by history. However, according to the custom, the flag and the league were left as the names of some administrative divisions.