How to correctly understand the concept of matter? Physical matter is stable and relatively static, and it is often encountered that it has a static mass stable structure.
How to correctly understand the concept of "innovation" and what is innovation? To put it simply, it is a human behavior that makes use of existing natural resources or social factors to create new contradictions, and it can also be considered as a substitute and cover-up for all old contradictions.
Innovation is a conceptual process, characterized by new thinking, new inventions and new descriptions. Originated from Latin, its original meaning has three meanings: one is renewal; Second, create new things; Third, change. Innovation is a unique cognitive and practical ability of human beings, an advanced expression of human subjective initiative and an inexhaustible motive force to promote national progress and social development. If a nation wants to be at the forefront of the times, it can't be without theoretical thinking for a moment and can't stop theoretical innovation for a moment. Innovation plays an important role in the research of economy, commerce, technology, sociology and architecture. In spoken language, the word "innovation" is often used to express the result of reform. Since reform is regarded as the main driving force of economic development, the factors that promote innovation are also regarded as crucial.
How to correctly understand and teach mathematical concepts is the key to improve the quality of mathematics teaching. In the teaching of mathematical concepts, teachers should pay attention to stimulating students' initiative in learning mathematical concepts, so that students can master mathematical concepts in practical learning activities such as questioning, exploring, cooperation and communication. Mathematical concepts are the reflection of the essential attributes of numbers and shapes in objective things, and a correct understanding of mathematical concepts is the premise of mastering the basic knowledge of mathematics. Middle school mathematics contains a large number of mathematical concepts. Understanding mathematical concepts well is the basis of improving problem-solving ability.
How to correctly understand the concept of finance? Finance is "the politics of financial management". The word "finance" has two meanings:
In practical sense, it refers to an economic sector of the country (or * * *), that is, the financial sector, which is a comprehensive sector of the country (or * * *) to raise and supply funds through its revenue and expenditure activities to ensure the realization of the functions of the country (or * * *).
From the perspective of economics, finance is an economic category. As an economic category, finance is an economic activity with the country as the main body, and it is a revenue and expenditure activity that concentrates a part of national income to meet the needs of the public, so as to achieve the goal of optimizing resource allocation, fair distribution and stable economic development. Finance is a theory to study "finance" and an important part of economics.
How to correctly understand the concept of consciousness Dialectical materialism holds that the essence of consciousness includes two aspects:
① Consciousness is the function of human brain;
② Consciousness is the reflection of objective existence.
How to correctly understand the concept of business negotiation The definition of business negotiation refers to the behavior and process that people try to reach a business transaction through negotiation and dialogue in order to coordinate their business relations and meet their business needs. Principles of Business Negotiation Under the conditions of socialist market economy, business negotiation activities should follow the following principles: (1) the principles of equality, voluntariness and consensus; (2) The principle of paid exchange and mutual benefit; (3) the principle of legality; (4) the principle of timeliness; (5) The principle of minimum target. The role of business negotiation (1) Business negotiation is a means for enterprises to achieve economic goals; (2) Business negotiation is an important way for enterprises to obtain market information; (3) Business negotiation is an important force for enterprises to explore the market. Business negotiation has three characteristics: first, economic interests are the purpose of negotiation; Different negotiators participate in negotiations for different purposes, and diplomatic negotiations involve national interests; Political consultation concerns the fundamental interests of political parties and groups; Military negotiations are mainly related to the security interests of opposing sides. Although these negotiations inevitably involve economic interests, they are often conducted around a basic interest, and their focus is not necessarily economic interests. On the other hand, business negotiation is very clear. The basic purpose of negotiators is to obtain economic benefits and involve other non-economic benefits on the premise of meeting economic benefits. Although, in the process of business negotiation, negotiators can mobilize and use various factors, and various non-economic interests will also affect the outcome of the negotiation, but its ultimate goal is still economic interests. Compared with other negotiations, business negotiations pay more attention to the economic benefits of negotiations. In business negotiations, negotiators pay more attention to the cost, efficiency and benefits of weight or technology involved in negotiations. Therefore, people usually evaluate the success of a business negotiation by obtaining economic benefits. Business negotiations that do not pay attention to economic interests will lose their value and significance. Second, take economic interests as the main evaluation index of negotiations; Business negotiation involves many factors. The needs and interests of negotiators are manifested in many aspects, but the value is the core content of almost all business negotiations. This is because the price is the embodiment of the value in business negotiation, which directly reflects the interests of both parties. Many times, the gains and losses of both sides in other interests can be converted into a certain price more or less, which is reflected by price fluctuations. It should be pointed out that in business negotiations, on the one hand, we should focus on price and stick to our own interests, on the other hand, we should not be limited to price, we should broaden our thinking and strive to win our due interests from other interests. Because, instead of arguing with the opponent on the price, it is better to let the other side make concessions unconsciously on other interests. This is what people engaged in business negotiations need to pay attention to. Third, take price as the core of negotiation. The result of business negotiation is reflected by the agreement or contract reached by both parties through consultation. The terms of the contract essentially reflect the rights and obligations of all parties, and the strictness and accuracy of the terms of the contract is an important prerequisite to ensure the negotiation to obtain various benefits. Some negotiators have made great efforts in business negotiations and finally achieved favorable results for themselves. In order to get the contract, the other party also made many concessions. At this point, the bidder seems to have won the negotiation. However, if the terms of the contract are taken lightly and the integrity, rigor, accuracy, rationality and legitimacy of the terms of the contract are not paid attention to, the result will be that the negotiators will fall into the pie in terms of wording or expression skills. Therefore, in business negotiations, negotiators should not only pay attention to verbal commitments, but also pay attention to the accuracy and rigor of contract terms. The concept of "trilogy of business negotiation" means that the negotiation steps should be three processes: declaring value, creating value and overcoming obstacles to reaching an agreement. 1, declare the value. This stage is the primary stage of negotiation. Both sides of the negotiation should fully communicate their respective interests and needs and state the methods and advantages that can meet each other's needs. The key step of this stage is to find out the real needs of the other party, so its main skill is to ask more questions to the other party and explore the actual needs of the other party; At the same time, we should also state our own interests according to the situation. Because the more you know each other's real needs, the more you can know how to meet each other's needs; At the same time, the other party knows where your interests are, so as to meet your needs. 2. Create value. This stage is the intermediate stage of the negotiation. The two sides communicate with each other, often state their interests and understand each other's actual needs. But the agreement reached in this way is not necessarily to maximize the interests of both parties. In other words, interests are often not effectively balanced here. Even if a balance is reached, this agreement is not necessarily the best solution. Therefore, in the negotiation, both sides need to try their best to find a better plan and find the best interests for both sides. This step is to create value. The stage of creating value is often the most easily overlooked stage in business negotiation. 3. Overcome obstacles. This stage is often the key stage of negotiation. The obstacles to negotiation generally come from two aspects: first, the conflict of interests between the two sides; The other is that negotiators themselves have obstacles in the decision-making process. The first obstacle is the need for both sides to coordinate their interests according to the objective principle of fairness and reasonableness; The latter requires the barrier-free party to take the initiative to help the other party make a smooth decision.
How to correctly understand the concept of matter in philosophy? Matter refers to the objective reality that can be reflected by people's consciousness without relying on it. How to understand it?
First of all, grasp the only characteristic of matter: objective reality. "Objective reality" is the only feature that * * * abstracts from everything, that is, it does not depend on people's consciousness and exists outside people's consciousness. It overcomes the shortcomings and limitations of the old materialism, and defines matter and its concrete forms. The concept of matter in natural science is related to and different from that in philosophy.
(1) Understand the relationship between "objective reality" and "objective existence"
Lenin said: "Matter is a philosophical category that marks objective reality. This objectivity is what people really perceive through feeling. It exists independently of our feelings and is copied, photographed and reflected by our feelings. " (Selected Works of Lenin, Volume 2, page 128) The "objective reality" mentioned in this famous definition of matter summarizes the * * * nature of all concrete forms and substances with different structures. This "objective reality" can never be equated with what we often call "objective existence".
What is "objective reality"? According to Lenin's material definition, the connotation of objective reality is a category that does not depend on human consciousness and can be reflected by human consciousness. Its extension refers to the sum of everything except consciousness, including both natural phenomena and social phenomena. Everything and phenomena outside consciousness are objective reality.
Objective reality is the fundamental feature of matter, which has nothing to do with the form of matter. Structure and attribute are changeable, but its objective reality attribute is constant at any time and any place, so it is eternal and absolute, and objective reality is the characteristic of all things.
When Lenin explained the nature of the world and the relationship between matter and consciousness, he defined matter as "a philosophical category that marks objective reality". Is the world born from the spirit, the embodiment of people's feelings, thoughts or some illusory "objective" spirit, or something that can be perceived and recognized without relying on people's consciousness? These are two fundamentally opposite world views. It is from the fundamental problem of the relationship between matter and consciousness that Lenin made a scientific conclusion that matter is "objective reality" in view of the fiction and distortion of idealism, pointing out that "objective reality" is the only feature of matter, thus blocking any gap between matter and feeling, psychological elements and concept "ordinary substitution".
Lenin also pointed out: "This objectivity is really perceived by people through feeling." It shows that the objective reality of matter is knowable and can be reflected by human consciousness.
To sum up, objective reality is a very definite concept, the essence of everything except consciousness, and the fundamental and unique characteristics of matter, which can be embodied by human consciousness.
The "objective existence" in our daily life refers to both the existence of all objective things and the existence of consciousness. The objectified consciousness, that is, consciousness, as the object of the subject's understanding and transformation, is an object to the subject, so it exists objectively. For example, we often say: "In a socialist society, the influence of the exploiting class ideology exists objectively and is independent of our will. "The objective existence here refers to a phenomenon of consciousness. The objective reality does not contain any conscious phenomenon.
Things that exist objectively are concrete, changeable and perishable, and different things have different states of existence, different properties and characteristics, while objective reality is the fundamental feature and the only * * * of matter, the * * * of everything except consciousness, and it is absolute, unchangeable and eternal.
The difference between objective existence and objective reality as understood by materialists can be summarized as follows: the latter does not depend on the consciousness of "man", while the former does not depend on the personal consciousness of "me". The objectivity of the former is relative and changeable to the subjectivity of "I"; The objectivity of the latter is aimed at the subjectivity of "people" and is absolutely unchanged. There are both differences and close connections between them. The extension of objective existence is the sum of all things, including the extension of the sum of all things except consciousness. Because both can be summed up as the sum of all things, it is easy to be confused.
It is dangerous to confuse objective reality with objective existence in philosophy, and it is easy to be used by idealism. Because "existence" is an ambiguous concept, existentialists (an idealist) use "existence" to deny the objective reality of the material world. They think that everything that is realistic is realistic because of "my existence" and "excluding human existence". Everything is untrue and will "fall into nothingness". It is not difficult to see that this view of taking individual existence and "individual subjectivity" as the starting point of all existence and deducing the existence of the whole world from it is naked individualism and subjective idealism. To adhere to the materialistic view of matter, we must criticize this idealistic view and avoid equating objective reality with objective existence.
Infinitely diverse natural phenomena and social phenomena are concrete forms of matter. On the one hand, they are different and have their own characteristics, on the other hand, they have the same characteristics, that is, they exist independently of human consciousness. Philosophy is called objective reality. Dialectical materialism defines matter as "objective reality", which is the highest generalization of the same essence of all material forms in the world. It is not equal to any specific material form, but it is related, because without specific material form, there can be no "material".
(2) Understand the relationship between matter and specific forms of matter.
Connection: Matter is generalized and abstracted from the concrete form of matter. Without concrete forms of matter, there is no matter. Matter can only exist in the concrete form of matter, and the concrete form of matter is the expression of matter.
Differences: ① Philosophical substance refers to the * * * nature of various concrete forms of substance-objective reality. The concrete form of matter is the concrete expression of the philosophical concept of matter, which has its own personality characteristics besides the unique characteristics of * * *-objective reality. We can neither replace the concrete form of matter with matter without seeing the diversity of the material world, nor replace matter with concrete form of matter without seeing the materiality of the world. (2) Philosophical matter is an abstract concept, which cannot be created, changed and destroyed, while the concrete form of matter can be created, changed and destroyed by people. Matter is eternal and immortal, but only changes in its specific form; But everything in the world is concrete. As far as the concrete form of matter is concerned, everything has its life and death.
In a word, the relationship between them can be regarded as the relationship between generality and particularity, and the relationship between * * * and individuality.
(3) Understand the relationship between the concept of matter in Chu philosophy and the concept of matter in natural science.
(1) is also the concrete form of the relationship between matter and matter. The philosophical concept of matter summarizes everything in the whole world and refers to the unique characteristics of * * in the concrete forms of various substances in nature and society. The concept of matter in natural science involves only a part of nature in the material world and only the specific characteristics of material form. Even if a person admits the objectivity of various things in nature, it does not mean that he can certainly admit the objectivity of things in the social field. ② The concept of matter in natural science is the basis and proof of the study of the concept of matter in philosophy, which provides guidance for the concept and research of matter in natural science.
For example, the word "vacuum" is often used in science and people often hear it. Isn't vacuum a space without matter? Actually, it is not. It just reflects people's understanding in a certain historical stage. The development of modern science shows that "vacuum" is not empty, but full of matter. It turns out that there are two forms of matter in the world: continuous and discontinuous. Celestial bodies, stones, bricks, molecules, elements, nuclei, etc. Have a certain size, which is a discontinuous form of matter; Gravity field, electromagnetic field, etc. What diffuses in space is the continuous form of matter. The whole material world is the dialectical unity of continuous and discontinuous material forms. These two forms are always interrelated. For example, objects are made up of molecules and atoms, which are full of gravitational fields. In the original object, the volume of electrons and nuclei only accounts for one trillion or even one trillion of the whole original object, and a large gap is filled with electromagnetic and gravitational fields; In the nucleus, the volume of nucleons (protons and neutrons) accounts for only a few tenths, and its problems are full of gravitational field, electromagnetic field and meson field; And so on. Since these fields are also matter, there really is no "space without matter".
During the period of 1979, researchers at the State University of New Mexico in the United States detected 28 antiprotons at an altitude of 35 kilometers by using helium-filled balloons. It is pointed out that this is the first time that antimatter has been found outside the laboratory on earth. What is so-called antimatter? Does it contradict the basic philosophical principle that "the world is material"?
We know that any substance is composed of atoms, including positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons; The nucleus consists of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons of the same mass. Scientists refer to all microscopic particles smaller than the nucleus, such as electrons, protons and neutrons, as "elementary particles". According to the principle of symmetry, scientists who study elementary particles concluded decades ago that every normal particle may have corresponding antiparticles with opposite charges, such as negatively charged electrons, positively charged antiparticles and positively charged protons. 1932 and 1955, scientists discovered antiprotons ("positrons") and antiprotons in experiments. It is found in laboratory experiments that when particles collide with antiparticles, both will disappear (annihilate) and produce energy and new particles. Therefore, according to the laws of modern physics and the fact that antiparticles exist, some scientists believe that there are various objects in the universe, named anti-atom, antimatter, anti-planet and even anti-universe. This time, American scientists also found antiproton flow in the atmosphere, which proves that antiproton is stable as the main form of antimatter, and also shows that there may be various objects composed of antiparticles in the universe.
It can be seen that the concept of "antimatter" refers to all kinds of antiparticles and objects composed of antiparticles. Therefore, it is also an objective reality that is not transferred by human consciousness. The difference between particles and antiparticles is extremely relative, which only involves some local material characteristics such as their charge symbols and magnetic moments, and other characteristics are the same. Moreover, scientists have long classified all kinds of antiparticles into the category of "elementary particles", so "antimatter" is just a form of matter.
Secondly, matter is knowable, that is, matter can be reflected by human consciousness. Admitting this not only overcomes the agnosticism of metaphysical materialism, but also adheres to the dialectics of material view.
How to correctly understand the concept of gender equality? When discussing gender equality, we should consider not only physiological gender, but also social gender, as well as sexual orientation, gender identity and other related factors; Everyone is equal and should not be treated unfairly because of gender, sexual orientation and other factors; Gender equality does not mean absolute equality in form, but people have equal rights and development opportunities based on physiological gender considerations.
How to correctly understand the two concepts of "aging" and "transformation" of Pu 'er tea? In my understanding, aging and transformation have the same meaning, both of which are changes brought about by post-fermentation.