Land resources refer to the land that can be used by agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry or other industries at present or in the foreseeable future. It is the basic data and object of labor for human survival, with equal emphasis on quality and quantity. In the process of its utilization, it may be necessary to take different types and different degrees of transformation measures. Land resources have certain spatial and temporal characteristics, that is, under the economic and technological conditions of different regions and different historical periods, the content may be inconsistent. For example, a large area of swamp is difficult to control because of waterlogging, which is not suitable for agricultural use in the historical period of small-scale peasant economy and cannot be used as agricultural land resources. But today, it is agricultural land resources that have the technical conditions for governance and development. Therefore, some scholars believe that land resources include natural and economic attributes of land.
Under the current socio-economic and technical conditions, land resources can be used by human beings. It is a natural complex composed of topography, climate, soil, vegetation, rocks and hydrology, and it is also the product of human past and present productive labor. Therefore, land resources have both natural and social attributes and are the "mother of wealth". There are many ways to classify land resources, among which topographic classification and land use type classification are commonly used in China:
(1) Land resources can be divided into plateaus, mountains, hills, plains and basins according to topography. This classification shows the natural basis of land use. Generally speaking, forestry and animal husbandry should be developed in mountainous areas, and planting should be developed in plains and basins.
(2) According to the types of land use, land resources can be divided into used land, such as cultivated land, woodland, grassland, industrial and mining traffic and residential land. Land suitable for development and utilization, such as wasteland suitable for reclamation, wasteland suitable for afforestation, wasteland suitable for grazing, swamp and tidal flat waters, etc. Land that is temporarily difficult to use, such as Gobi, desert and mountains. This classification focuses on the development and utilization of land, focusing on the social, economic and ecological benefits brought by land use. Evaluate the way and production potential of land resources that have been used, investigate and analyze the quantity, quality and distribution of land resources that should be used, and the direction of further development and utilization, find out the quantity and distribution of land resources that cannot be used at present, and explore the possibility of conversion and utilization in the future, so as to provide basic scientific basis for deeply tapping the production potential of land resources and rationally arranging production layout.
It has the following seven characteristics:
(1) Land resources are natural products.
(2) The location of land resources is fixed and cannot be moved.
(3) The location of land resources is different.
(4) The total amount of land resources is limited.
(5) Sustainable utilization of land resources.
(6) The economic supply of land resources is scarce.
(7) It is difficult to change the direction of land use.
China's inland land area is more than 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world, second only to Russian and Canadian.
According to the survey results of land use change, the national cultivated land 122082700 hectares; Garden 1 1549000 hectares; Woodland 23574. 1 1 10,000 hectares; Grassland 262 143800 hectares; Other agricultural land is 25.5309 million hectares; Residential areas and independent industrial and mining land 260 1.5 1 10,000 hectares; The traffic land is 2,308,500 hectares; The land for water conservancy facilities is 3,598,700 hectares; The rest is unused land. Compared with 2004, the cultivated land area decreased by 0.30%, the garden area increased by 0.3 1%, the woodland area increased by 0.30%, the grassland area decreased by 0.2 1%, and the residential area and independent industrial and mining land area increased by1.1%. In 2005, the cultivated land in China decreased by 3610.6 million hectares. Among them, the construction occupied 654.38+038.7 thousand hectares of cultivated land, in addition, it was found that the construction occupied 73.4 thousand hectares in previous years but the report was not changed; The disaster destroyed 53,500 hectares of cultivated land; Ecological conversion of farmland to 390,400 hectares; Due to the adjustment of agricultural structure, the cultivated land decreased by 1.23 million hectares, and the cultivated land was supplemented by land consolidation, reclamation and development by 306,700 hectares. The area of supplementary cultivated land for land consolidation, reclamation and development is 144.56% of the cultivated land occupied by construction.
432,000 hectares of new construction land were added throughout the year. Among them, 15 10438 hectares of independent industrial and mining (including various development zones and parks), 98,200 hectares of urban construction land, 66,600 hectares of village construction land and10.76 million hectares of infrastructure construction land were added.
Effectively strengthen the protection of cultivated land, especially basic farmland. The General Office of the State Council issued the "Measures for the Assessment of the Responsibility Target of the Provincial Government for the Protection of Cultivated Land", clarifying that the governments of all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) are responsible for the amount of cultivated land and the protection area of basic farmland within their respective administrative areas. In conjunction with the Ministry of Agriculture, the Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Construction, the Ministry of Water Resources and the State Forestry Administration, the Opinions on Further Improving the Work Related to the Protection of Basic Farmland were formulated and issued. Issued the "Notice on Establishing a Demonstration Zone for Basic Farmland Protection", played a typical demonstration role, and comprehensively improved the level of basic farmland protection. In 2005, the Notice on Strengthening and Improving Land Development and Consolidation and the Guide to Land Development and Consolidation Projects Invested by the State were issued. In the whole year, there were 1326 state-invested land development and consolidation projects, with a total construction scale of12910.2 million hectares, of which the number of projects and the construction scale in major grain producing areas accounted for 47% and 53% respectively. The Notice on Carrying out the Basic Work of Converting the Quantity and Quality Grades of Supplementary Cultivated Land was issued, and stricter measures were taken to improve the balance between occupation and compensation of cultivated land.
Vigorously promote economical and intensive land use. By the end of 2004, there were 72,000 hectares of idle land, 54,800 hectares of idle land, and135,600 hectares of land were approved but not supplied. The total amount of three types of land was 262,400 hectares, accounting for 7.8% of the total urban construction land. Effectively implement the requirements of "six no approvals" and "eight requirements" for construction land, and reduce the construction land by 463 1.9 hectares. Summarize and vigorously promote 100 typical cases of economical and intensive land use, and formulate new policies to promote economical and intensive land use. Strictly control the total land supply, and strictly investigate 24 development zones, export processing zones and bonded zones.
Land management serves economic construction. In the whole year, 346,800 hectares of construction land were approved, including149,300 hectares in the State Council and197,500 hectares in provincial level. Land for industrial, mining, storage and housing construction160,000 hectares, and land for transportation and water conservancy facilities construction186,800 hectares.
The basic business construction of land management has been significantly strengthened. The national standard of land use classification has been formally reported to the National Standardization Administration Committee. Formulate the work plan for the second national land survey. 18 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) conducted land renewal surveys, 1526 counties (municipalities) established land use status databases, and urban cadastral surveys were completed by 82.24%. The issuance rate of state-owned land use certificate is 76.38%, collective land ownership certificate is 33. 19%, and collective land use certificate is 70.69%. Twenty-five provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) carried out agricultural land grading evaluation, of which 13 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) passed the acceptance.
Improve the land market system and system. Continue to expand the coverage of paid land use. Continue to improve the system of transferring state-owned land. * * * land area of China is 65.438+0.632 million hectares, and the transfer price is 55.058+0.5 billion yuan. Among them, the transfer area and transfer price of bidding, auction and auction are 57,200 hectares and 392.009 billion yuan respectively, accounting for 35.06% and 76.5438+0.265.438+0% of the total transfer area and total price respectively. Strengthen the construction of land reserve system. Strengthen land market monitoring and land price management. According to 1000 county (city, district) land market dynamic monitoring results, 56% of the land supply source structure belongs to the existing land and 44% belongs to the new land; 43.33% of the use structure belongs to industrial and mining storage land, 30.56% belongs to real estate development land and 26. 1 1% belongs to other land; Among the land for real estate development, commercial service houses account for 29.2%, ordinary commercial houses account for 48.7%, affordable houses account for 9.3%, high-grade apartments account for 0.2%, and other houses account for 12.6%. Put forward the land supply policy of the real estate market systematically.
At present, the land problem in China is very serious, mainly in the following two aspects:
1. Vegetation destruction. Forest is an important pillar of ecosystem. A benign ecosystem requires a forest coverage rate of 13.9%. Although large-scale afforestation activities have been carried out since the founding of New China, forest destruction is still very serious, especially the volume of mature and over-mature forests available for logging has been greatly reduced. At the same time, a large number of woodlands are occupied, from 1984 to 199 1, with an annual average of 8.37 million mu, showing an upward trend year by year, which largely offsets the effect of afforestation. Grassland is facing serious degradation, desertification and alkalization, which intensifies the soil erosion and sandstorm damage of grassland.
2. Land degradation. China is a country with serious land desertification in the world. In the past decade, land desertification has developed rapidly. In 1950s and 1970s, the average desertification area was 1.56 square kilometers, and in 1970s and 1980s it expanded to 2 1.00 square kilometers, with a total area of 20 1.00 square kilometers. Over the years, China has initially managed more than 500,000 square kilometers, and the current soil erosion area has reached 6.5438+0.79 million square kilometers. The problem of farmland degradation in China is also very prominent. For example, in the fertile northern wilderness area, the soil organic matter decreased from 5% ~ 8% to 1% ~ 2% (the ideal value should not be lower than 3%). At the same time, due to the imbalance of agricultural ecosystem, about 2 million mu of cultivated land in China is damaged by disasters every year.
Desertification in China has a large area, wide distribution and many types. At present, the area of desertified land in China exceeds 2.622 million square kilometers, accounting for 27.3% of the total land area, of which the area of desertified land is 654.38+0.689 million square kilometers, mainly distributed in 65.438+03 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities such as northwest, north China and northeast China.
Desertification and land desertification caused by it are called "global canker disease", which harms many aspects and has become a major environmental problem that seriously restricts the sustainable development of China's economy and society. According to statistics, the direct economic loss caused by desertification in China reaches 54 billion yuan every year, which is equivalent to three times the total fiscal revenue of the five northwest provinces 1996, and the average daily loss is nearly15 billion yuan. Since the founding of New China, 65.438+million hectares of cultivated land have been desertified to varying degrees, resulting in grain losses of more than 3 billion kilograms every year. In areas with serious sandstorm hazards, many farmland is destroyed by sandstorm, and the grain output is low and unstable for a long time. The masses vividly called it "planting a slope, pulling a cart, beating a reed and steaming a pot". In Otog Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, more than 2,200 houses were buried by quicksand in 30 years, and nearly 700 villagers were forced to move.
At present, the characteristics of cultivated land in China are:
1. The per capita cultivated land area is small. Although the total cultivated land area in China is relatively large, the per capita cultivated land area is relatively small, only 1/4 of the world's per capita cultivated land area. By 1995, the provinces and regions with per capita cultivated land area exceeding 0. 13 hectares were mainly concentrated in the northeast and northwest of China, but the hydrothermal conditions in these areas were poor and the cultivated land production level was low. In areas with relatively good natural and production conditions, such as Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Hunan, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Fujian, the per capita arable land area is less than 0.07 hectares, and in some areas, such as Shanghai, Beijing, Guangdong and Fujian, it is even lower than the minimum of 0.05 hectares per capita proposed by FAO. The organization believes that even with modern technical conditions, it is difficult to ensure food self-sufficiency below this limit.
2. Uneven distribution is based on climate, biology, soil, topography, hydrology and other factors. China's cultivated land is generally distributed in the southeast humid area, semi-humid monsoon area, northwest semi-arid area, western arid inland area and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area. More than 90% of the cultivated land in China is concentrated in the humid and semi-humid monsoon areas in the southeast.
3. Poor natural conditions The quality of cultivated land in China is generally poor, with high and stable yield fields accounting for about 1/3 and low yield fields accounting for about 1/3. Among them, the waterlogged depression is about 400× 104 hectares, the saline-alkali land is about 400× 104 hectares, and the soil erosion land is about 670× 104 hectares. Moreover, the rapid degradation of cultivated land fertility and serious pollution caused by sewage irrigation and large-scale application of pesticides have aggravated the shortage of cultivated land.
This feature makes the pressure on cultivated land in China enormous: China relies on 7% of the world's cultivated land to feed 22% of the world's population, which is a great achievement with world significance. But on the other hand, this reality also shows that China's cultivated land resources are facing a severe situation, and the shortage of cultivated land is the biggest contradiction in China's resource structure.
In a word, the population pressure per unit area of cultivated land in China is huge, which is 2.2 times of the world average. Therefore, the sustainable development of our country depends on the protection of cultivated land to a great extent.