1689 On September 7th, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nibchu Peace. According to historical records, the treaty recognized the Heilongjiang and Wusuli river basins, including Sakhalin Island, as China's territory, which objectively prevented Russia from expanding eastward in a certain period. In the treaty, the terms "China" and "China people" are used to describe the boundary division and ownership of the two peoples. This is the proper name of "China" as a sovereign country, which first appeared in international treaties.
From1June 25th, 685, the Qing army captured jaxa and captured tolbukhin, the warlord leader, to1July 8th, 686, when it attacked jaxa again and besieged the city for half a year, the Russian army lost all its fighting capacity. At this time, Qing was in an active position in diplomacy. As early as before the first jaxa war, Kangxi sent a message to the tsar, proposing to hold border peace talks.
When jaxa was besieged by the Qing army for the second time, that is, 1685, 16, on February 26th, the czar laid down the basic principles for negotiations with China and selected Golovin as the Russian negotiator. The bottom line of Russian negotiations is that China and Russia take jaxa as the boundary, and Heilongjiang and Gyeonggi Province in Bestla as the boundary for fishing and hunting. If China doesn't agree, it can go to war with China.
At that time, the strategy of China and Russia was to avoid bloody conflicts as much as possible and try to resolve border disputes through peace talks, but never give up the use of force. 1686 65438+ 10, the composition of Russian diplomatic missions was negotiated. Starting from Moscow on February 5, there were as many as 500 guards and 270 wagons of ammunition and food. When passing through Tobolsk, Cossack cavalry 1400 people, infantry, musketeers and dragoons, with a total number of more than 2,000 people, three quarters of whom are soldiers.
According to the records of the Qing Dynasty, in April of 1688, China also formed a negotiating team list with Russia, which was composed of the ministers who led the Guards, Suoetu, Tong Guogang, arani, the Minister of History, and March, the commander of the Guards. After it left, the troops stationed in Nebuchadnezzar included 200 Eight Banners forward soldiers and 400 guards. Emperor Kangxi was ordered, and his "loyal and reliable" Jesuits in the palace, Thomas Pereira of Portuguese origin (1645-I 708) and Jean-Fran? ois Gebilon of French origin (1654- 1707) went with the delegation.
On May 30th, Kangxi made clear the bottom line of the negotiation. First, Nebuchadnezzar Chu, jaxa, Heilongjiang, and the rivers leading to this river all belong to China and cannot be handed over to the Russians. Secondly, Russia must repatriate the Daur leader Ghentpur who will defect.
According to Mr. Zhang's diary, on July 3rd165438, China's mission arrived opposite Nebuchadnezzar Chu before the Russians, and the China Water Army, which arrived first, anchored ships by the river, and sailors camped on the shore, accounting for more than 3000 people. At the same time, China's diplomatic mission arrived with about 1 4,000 troops, plus 800 troops from Qin Bing and Soto's Fufu.
On August 18, Golovin led the Russian delegation to Nibchu. The next day, Golovin sent someone to see the demand map, demanding that, first, the negotiation place be drawn up by Russia. Second, during the negotiation, the number of guards on each side shall not exceed 300. On the 20th, the Chinese representative agreed that Russia should choose the location and the number of guards, but stressed that guards should not carry any weapons except swords. China and Russia reached an agreement, and representatives of China and Russia each brought 260 sword guards into the venue. Soldiers from both sides searched each other to prevent hiding other weapons, and then retreated to their posts at a certain distance. But later, Golovin himself admitted in the Mission Report that there were Cossack Musketeers among the guards sent by Russia. Although they don't have guns, they have a few extremely lethal grenades hidden on them. Golovin also ordered the soldiers who stayed in Nebuchadnezzar Chu to load their guns and draw their bayonets every day during the negotiations.
On August 22nd, the Sino-Russian boundary demarcation negotiations between Nebuchadnezzar Chu began in two closely connected tents, which are equal in distance to both sides, being 5 Li. On the first day of the negotiation, it was full of gunpowder from the beginning. Golovin accused China of suddenly sending troops to Russia and provoking border troubles. China's imperial envoy, Soetu, elaborated on the criminal act of Russian aggression against China and told Golovin that all territories, such as jaxa and Mongolia east of Lake Baikal, have belonged to China since ancient times. On the first day, both sides did not show their cards, but repeatedly beat about the bush to test the bottom line of the other party's signing.
On August 23, representatives of the two countries continued to meet. Golovin proposed that Heilongjiang be the boundary, with Hebei allocated to Russia and Henan allocated to China. Mr. Tu Tu retorted that both sides of Heilongjiang are China's territory, and Russia has seized China's land. He asked Russia to return Nebuchadnezzar and jaxa. He stressed that the Sino-Russian border should be in Lake Baikal. After hearing this, Golovin accused China of lacking sincerity, and then proposed to delimit the Niuman River, so that China could compensate the Russian attack on jaxa and hand over all the prisoners and traitors to the Russian side. After listening, the Chinese side said that it was unacceptable. Seeing that Russia made some concessions, Suoyutu told Golovin that China could accept drawing the border in Nebuchadnezzar Chu. Sototo lacked experience in international negotiations, and even showed Kangxi's card prematurely, and Golovin was confident. Then, while sneering at China's proposal to delimit Nebuchadnezzar Chu, he threw out a more shameless motion that "the left bank of Heilongjiang belongs to Russia and the right bank belongs to China, with Gyeonggi Province as the boundary", testing China again. However, Mr. Tu Tu has no retreat at the moment, and his heart is full of resentment. At last, he couldn't bear it anymore and withdrew with a calm face. After he returned to the station, he loudly reprimanded the Russian side for "not treating the people well and it is difficult to handle them satisfactorily", so he ordered the dismantling of some tents and prepared to evacuate.
On the 24th, the negotiation atmosphere between the two countries further deteriorated. Golovin continued his diplomatic offensive. When he saw China's demarcation plan for him, he continued to oppose China's proposal, and at the same time took tough measures to adjourn the meeting, hoping that the representatives of the two countries would sign a "declaration of dissolution". However, after being rejected by China, Golovin ordered an additional 300 Russian musketeers to strengthen the defense against Nebuchadnezzar, and at the same time sent a letter to jaxa Cossack, ordering him to prepare for war and seize crops.
On 25th and 26th, Rizo, a Jesuit sent by Suoetu, met with Golovin on 26th, telling China to make concessions again, that is, to take the Gerbiz River on the Schleka River as the boundary. On the 27th, Xu Risheng also met Golovin. Russians said that even if China made such concessions, Russians were still unwilling to give up jaxa. Xu Risheng was so angry that tears filled his eyes and left. On the same day, Suoetu ordered the Qing army preparing to cross the river to cross the river, blocked Nebuchadnezzar Chu, and sent 500 people to surround the Kazakhs again to destroy the crops outside the Cossack. At this time, the residents of Buryatia and Wincourt around Nebuchadnezzar could not bear the rule of the czar, and an uprising against the Russian army broke out, demanding a joint attack on Nebuchadnezzar with the Qing military mission. Soto's military deployment and the local tribal uprising finally made Golovin sit still. He was worried about another war with China, and even more worried that the talks would break down, and he could not make a difference when he returned to Moscow. On the night of 27th, representatives of Russian emissaries came to China camp to find out the truth. On the 28th, at the invitation of Golovin, Zhang went to Nebuchadnezzar Chu to meet with the main Russian representatives. The Russian side indicated that it basically agreed with China's demarcation proposal.
From August 30 to September 2, the Chinese and Russian negotiators still did not meet, and bilateral information was conveyed by their assistants. After tortuous communication, bargaining and infighting between Chinese and Russian representatives, China made several concessions and finally signed the Nebuchadnezzar Chu Border Treaty on September 7th.
The signing of this treaty is the product of China's unprincipled concessions. Tu Tu handed Nebuchadnezzar, a fertile area east of Lake Baikal in China, to Russia, which caused great land losses. Furthermore, the treaty clearly stipulates that the vast territory from Beishan in the north, between the southern branches, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Bering Strait in the east, including kamchatka peninsula and the whole Wudi River basin, is an area to be discussed, with an area of not less than 3 million square kilometers, or even more. However, the drastic changes in the world political structure have never been discussed and will never be discussed again. Therefore, the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu is a lost territory treaty.