1. Organization Principles of Safety Science Management 1. Planning principle 2. Effect principle effect, 3. Feedback principle 4. Step principle 5. Systematic principle 6. Principle of non-mixing and coexistence 7. Single solution principle 8. Principle of equality 9. Responsibility principle 10. The principle of combining spiritual encouragement with material encouragement 1. cadre
Two, the five laws of production safety 1. Safety production law under socialist conditions
The essence of this law is to recognize the potential dangers in production and create the possibility for the formulation of safety regulations and their implementation in principle. The function of this law is restricted by the basic economic law of socialism, and it will be realized in organized and systematic labor protection institutions and purposeful activities. 2. The working conditions adapt to the laws of human characteristics
There is a limit to the possibility of people adapting to the environment. This law requires that when conceiving a new technology or designing a new process, as well as solving other tasks, a people-centered view must be established, and the activities of the operator must be designed first, and then the technology used by the operator must be designed. We should focus on the dangers in the energy system with people as the main body and its elimination measures.
3. Constantly and systematically improve the labor conditions law. This law refers to the unswerving reform of labor safety management to reduce harmful consequences in production with the socialist modernization and the improvement of production methods. This law can be regarded as a partial embodiment of the general law of planned and proportional development of the national economy under socialist conditions.
4. The law of material and technical foundation adapting to working conditions. Scientific and technological progress has fundamentally improved working conditions, but it does not rule out the possibility of new important risk factors or expanding their harmful effects. Violation of this law will lead to the decline of the effect of new technology. The essence of this law is that the improvement of working conditions should adapt to the development stage of material and technical foundation in time.
5. Scientific safety management law Accident prevention science is an empirical science. It is based on experience. Experience is a necessary condition for mastering objective things. Scientifically sort out the proven experience of individuals, clarify the relationship between empirical facts, and form a knowledge system. This scientific system is a human behavior science with human energy system as the main body and external energy as the subsidiary aspect. Things related to accident prevention science are quite extensive. First of all, it is an in-depth discussion of human physiology and psychology in action; Secondly, the probability theory in mathematics is applied to study the probability of accidents; The third is the system as a means of labor, including mechanical, electrical, chemical and other engineering technologies, as well as the "system safety project" to make the equipment environment safe. In addition, it is necessary to develop ergonomics, which is also the gateway to further study safety management. Scientific management of safety, the purpose of which is to discuss human behavior); Scientifically regard individuals or collectives as a system; Eliminate unsafe factors that hinder the completion of safe production tasks, and make the safety probability of planned production the highest.
The realization of safety management must be based on science, planning, clear procedures and correct methods.
According to the law, the indicators of labor safety plan can be formed. Indicators (targets) must conform to reality, with clear objectives, clear quantification, objective conditions, economy and effectiveness, which can be checked as a whole and show the integrity of their functions for the purpose of ensuring safety. In short, the above five laws show that labor protection at different stages of development is planned and has clear established goals. In all stages of scientific research, experimental design, formal design, production, enterprise transformation and production reform, it is only on the basis of understanding and applying safety principles that it is possible to truly ensure safe production.
Three, the five principles of accident prevention (a) possible prevention principle
The characteristics of man-made disasters are different from natural disasters. If we want to prevent man-made disasters, we should base ourselves on nip in the bud. In principle, man-made disasters can be prevented. Therefore, we should not only consider the countermeasures after man-made disasters, but also consider the countermeasures before them.
Safety engineering focuses on nip in the bud, which is based on the basic point that disasters can be prevented.
However, it is actually difficult to prevent all man-made disasters. Therefore, we should not only explore the material reasons, but also explore the human reasons. In the final analysis, to implement the principle that man-made disasters can be prevented, the goal must be to prevent them before they happen.
In the accident cause investigation report, it is often seen that the cause of the accident is irresistibly recorded. The so-called irresistible may mean that it is inevitable for the victim himself, not from the standpoint of the victim. If we consider from the standpoint of preventing this kind of accident from happening again, there should be another reason, which is by no means irresistible, but by implementing effective countermeasures, we can nip in the bud.
Therefore, based on the principle of possible prevention, the word "irresistible" cannot be used when investigating the causes of man-made disasters.
In the past, accident countermeasures often took after-the-fact countermeasures. For example, the countermeasures of fire and explosion are: fire prevention structure of buildings, limiting the storage of dangerous substances, safe distance, explosion-proof walls, oil dikes and so on. , in order to reduce the loss of the accident; Set fire alarm, fire extinguisher and fire extinguishing equipment to find and put out fires at an early stage; Set up refuge facilities and first aid facilities. Used for emergency treatment after the disaster expands.
Even if these after-the-fact countermeasures are fully implemented, they may not be able to prevent fires and explosions before they happen. In order to prevent fire and explosion, it is necessary to properly manage the sources and dangerous substances, and it is possible to prevent fire and explosion through these proper management. Of course, in an emergency, it is necessary to take adequate measures afterwards. The prevention of disasters only focuses on the countermeasures afterwards, which can be said to be from the perspective of the inevitability of accidents. All these are based on equal consideration of possible man-made disasters and natural disasters.
In short, as a man-made disaster, it is a preventive measure, which is more important than post-accident disposal. The focus of safety engineering should be the countermeasures before the accident.
(2) the principle of accidental loss
The concept of analyzing disasters contains two meanings: accidents and losses caused by them, which are discussed as follows.
As mentioned earlier, an accident is an event that is not recorded in the normal flow chart. For example, leakage or ejection of contents from pipelines, rupture of high-voltage devices, explosion of combustible gas, ignition of combustible gas, overheating of boilers, leakage of electrical equipment, breakage of wire ropes, collapse of stacked articles, falling of objects from a height, derailment of freight cars and other incidents are all accidents.
The result of these accidents will cause losses. The so-called loss includes death, injury, harm to health, mental pain and so on. In addition, it also includes material losses such as burning or fouling of raw materials and products, equipment damage, output decline, compensation payment and market loss.
Accidents that cause human losses can be called human accidents, and accidents that cause material losses can be called material accidents.
Man-made accidents can be divided into the following categories:
(1) Accidents caused by human activities: such as tripping, falling from high altitude, collision between people and objects, human twisting, etc.
(2) Accidents caused by object movement: such as people being hit by flying objects, heavy objects being crushed, rotating objects being caught, vehicles being hit, etc.
(3) Accidents caused by contact or absorption: such as electric shock caused by contact with live wires, radiation exposure, contact with high and low temperature objects, inhalation or contact with harmful substances.
Due to accidents, diseases or injuries of these people, such as fracture, dislocation, trauma, electric injury, burn, frostbite, chemical injury, poisoning, suffocation, radiation injury, etc. Are caused by part or whole body, and sometimes cause death.
For man-made accidents, there is Heinrich's law. For example, accidents such as falls, if repeated, will abide by such a ratio: no injuries for 300 times, minor injuries for 29 times, and serious injuries 1 time. This is the well-known "1: 29: 300 rule".
This ratio was summed up by Heinrich, a scholar, from the statistics of many injury accidents. In fact, this ratio varies according to the types of accidents, such as falling, electric shock and other accidents with a very high proportion of serious injuries. Therefore, this law is not only the meaning of mathematical ratio, but also means that there is a probability principle of contingency between accidents and the degree of injury.
Therefore, there is the following relationship between accident and loss: "The size or type of loss caused by accident consequences is determined by contingency". Repeated similar accidents often do not necessarily produce the same losses.
In the event of a gas explosion accident, the types of damaged equipment, the number of injured persons or persons, the position or degree of injury, whether there is a fire after the explosion, and the positions, staffing and combustible materials around all the explosion accidents at that time are determined by accident and cannot be predicted.
There are also cases where there is no loss at all in the event of an accident. This kind of accident is called near miss. Even if a dangerous event like this avoids losses, if it happens again, how much losses will be produced can only be decided by chance and cannot be predicted. Therefore, in order to prevent big losses, the only way is to prevent accidents from happening again.
Therefore, it can be said that whether there is any loss afterwards, the most fundamental and important thing in disaster prevention is to nip in the bud, because if the accident is completely prevented, the loss will be avoided.
The concept of disaster consists of two parts: accident and its loss. The principle that the loss of the same accident is accidental is of great significance.
(3) the principle of secondary cause
As mentioned earlier, the focus of disaster prevention is to prevent accidents. Accidents happen for a certain reason. That is, there is an inevitable causal relationship between the occurrence of accidents and their causes. The relationship between accidents and causes is inevitable, and the relationship between accidents and losses is accidental and can be scientifically clarified.
Generally speaking, the causes of accidents can often be divided into direct causes and indirect causes. The direct cause, also known as the primary cause, is the cause closest to the accident in time, which is usually further divided into two categories: (1) the cause of the incident; (2) Human factors.
The cause of the incident refers to poor equipment and environment; Human reason refers to people's unsafe behavior.
Secondly, there are five indirect causes of the accident, which are listed as follows:
The technical reasons of (1) include: the design of main devices, machinery and buildings, the imperfect technology of inspection and maintenance after the completion of buildings, the layout of mechanical equipment, the design and maintenance of lighting, ventilation and mechanical tools on the ground and in the workshop, protective equipment and alarm equipment in dangerous places, and the maintenance and equipment of protective appliances.
(2) The reasons for education include: lack of safety-related knowledge and experience, ignorance, contempt and incomprehension of the dangers in the operation process and its safe operation methods, insufficient training, and insufficient bad habits and experience.
(3) Physical reasons include physical defects, such as headache, dizziness, epilepsy and other diseases, myopia, deafness and other disabilities, fatigue due to lack of sleep and drunkenness.
(4) Mental reasons include: bad attitudes such as neglect, resistance and dissatisfaction, mental states such as anxiety, tension, terror, discord and absence of mind, personality defects such as paranoia and stubbornness, and intellectual defects such as stupidity.
(5) The management reasons include: the safety responsibility of the main leaders of the enterprise is not in place, the operating standards are not clear, the inspection and maintenance system is missing, the staffing is not perfect, and the labor will is depressed.
Generally speaking, investigating the cause of the accident is nothing more than one of the above five indirect reasons, or two or more reasons exist at the same time.
In fact, most of these reasons are (1), (2) and (5), while (3) and (4) are relatively few. In other words, technology, education and management account for the majority, which can be said to be the extremely important cause of the accident.
In addition, the following reasons must be considered:
(6) The reason of school education is that the safety education in primary schools, middle schools, universities and other educational institutions is incomplete.
(7) Social or historical reasons, such as imperfect safety regulations or management institutions, uncivilized social thoughts, historical process of industrial development, etc.
Therefore, the above two reasons (6) and (7) have far-reaching influence, and it is difficult to put forward countermeasures directly. But we must deeply realize that these problems are also important issues to prevent accidents.
Among the indirect causes (1) ~ (7), we can divide them into two categories, (1) ~ (4) is the secondary cause and (5) ~ (7) is the basic cause.
Among the secondary reasons, (1) is technical, and (2) ~ (4) is man-made. Among the basic reasons, (5) is the reason for disposal in enterprises, and (6) and (7) are the reasons that need to be further widely solved in society.
As mentioned above, by analyzing the causes of the accident, we can understand the process of the accident according to the following chain relationship:
Loss/accident/1 cause (direct cause) /2 cause (indirect cause)/basic cause
Regarding the relationship between direct cause and indirect cause, there are the following combinations:
(direct cause) (indirect cause)
Material reasons-technical reasons.
The reason of things-the reason of education
The reason of things-the reason of management.
Man-made reasons-technical reasons.
The reason of people-the reason of education
Man-made reasons-management reasons
If any reason is removed, the chain will be cut and the accident will be prevented. This is called implementing preventive countermeasures. Therefore, as mentioned above, the selection of appropriate preventive measures depends on the correct analysis of the cause of the accident.
Even if the direct cause is removed, as long as the indirect cause still exists, it cannot prevent the direct cause from happening again. Therefore, as the most fundamental countermeasure, the cause of the accident should be analyzed, traced back to the secondary and basic causes, and further studied.
What needs to be emphasized here is that "negligence" is often an evasive word for the cause of accidents, but it is only carelessness and evasion of responsibility that leads to the word "negligence". It cannot be used when correctly analyzing the cause of the accident.
Principle of choosing countermeasures
Among the above reasons, (1) technical reasons, (2) educational reasons and (5) management reasons are the most important reasons for the accident. The corresponding countermeasures are (1) technical countermeasures, (2) educational countermeasures and (3) legal countermeasures. Technical (engineering), educational (education) and compulsory (execution) countermeasures are usually called "3e" safety countermeasures, which are considered as the three pillars of accident prevention.
Using these three pillars can achieve the effect of preventing accidents. If one-sided emphasis is placed on any one of these pillars, such as the rule of law, it is impossible to achieve satisfactory results. It can only play a role with the progress of technology and education, and the order of improvement should be (1) technology, (2) education and (3) rule of law. Only when the technology is rich can the educational effect be improved; Only after technology and education are enriched can a reasonable legal system be implemented.
(1) Technical countermeasures Technical countermeasures are inseparable from safety engineering countermeasures. When designing mechanical devices or projects and building factories, we must carefully study and discuss the potential dangers, predict the possibility of some dangers, and technically solve the countermeasures to prevent these dangers. It is included in the blueprint at the beginning of the project, and the mechanical devices or facilities designed safely like this should be inspected and maintained to ensure the realization of the original plan.
In order to implement this fundamental technical countermeasure, we should know all the related chemicals, materials, mechanical devices and facilities, and understand their dangerous nature, structure and specific control methods.
Therefore, it is necessary not only to summarize all kinds of known data, but also to determine all kinds of dangerous properties of related substances with unknown properties. In order to obtain other information needed for the safety design of mechanical devices, various experimental studies should be carried out repeatedly to collect information about accident prevention. It can also be said that these are the necessary conditions for the sound development of the safety engineering discipline system.
(2) As a safety countermeasure, educational countermeasures need to implement safety education and training not only in the industrial sector, but also in various schools organized by educational institutions.
Safety education should start as early as possible, instill good safety knowledge and habits from childhood, and implement specific safety education and training in middle schools and universities through chemical experiments, sports competitions, hiking, cycling and driving cars.
On the other hand, the unit that trains teachers must train teachers who can serve as safety education in schools.
Industrial colleges, industrial colleges or university engineering departments, as specialized educational institutions, should systematically impart necessary safety engineering knowledge to students who take up technical posts in the future; Technical personnel of companies and factories should be educated on safety technology and management methods according to specific business contents.
(3) Legal countermeasures Legal countermeasures are subordinate to various standards.
As standards, in addition to the provisions of national laws, there are also safety guidelines and industry standards compiled by academic groups, as well as internal working standards of companies and factories.
Among them, mandatory standards are called mandatory standards, and advisory and non-mandatory standards are called recommended standards.
Laws and regulations must be mandatory. If the provisions are too detailed, some projects will be suitable for their provisions and some projects will not be suitable, which will inevitably hinder production; Therefore, only the laws and regulations with the lowest standards shall prevail and can be applied to all occasions.
There is no doubt that laws and regulations should be observed. In fact, if the above laws and regulations are not implemented, accidents cannot be effectively prevented, which must be fully borne in mind.
In other words, this shows that in addition to mandatory regulations, a large number of recommended standards are also necessary.
To sum up, when choosing countermeasures to prevent accidents, if you don't choose the most appropriate countermeasures, the effect will not be good. On the basis of cause analysis, the most appropriate countermeasures are obtained. The results of cause analysis are compared with the countermeasures that only focus on direct causes; The third reason and the basic reason are the fundamental countermeasures, and if possible, the basic reason should be chosen.
More importantly, we must implement the selected countermeasures as soon as possible, don't waste time, and be sure.
(5) Protection principle of risk factors
1. Principles of eliminating potential hazards
The essence of this principle is oriented to scientific progress, and its appearance in some form can eliminate dangerous and harmful factors in people's surrounding environment, thus ensuring the greatest possible safety.
One of the tasks of safety technology is to develop a device to ensure safety under specific production conditions, or a fail-safe device to increase the reliability of the system. Even if someone illegally operates due to unsafe behavior, or individual components fail, casualties will be completely avoided due to the role of this safety device.
2. The principle of reducing the value of potential risk factors
This principle can improve the safety level, but it can't protect the risk factors to the maximum extent. In essence, this principle can only get a compromise solution.
For example, in a man-thing (environment) system, it is not as easy to install a fail-safe system as a man-machine system. If there are harmful gases with chemical energy when working outdoors or in the environment, it is necessary to reduce the amount of inhaled dust and poisons and strengthen individual protection from the perspective of protecting people. This is called the second fail-safe device.
3. Distance protection principle
The role of dangerous and harmful factors in production is weakened according to certain laws related to distance. This property of many factors can be effectively utilized. For example, the principle of distance protection can be applied to the protection of ionizing radiation such as radioactivity and noise to weaken its harm.
Using automation and remote control to keep operators away from the work site and realize high automation of production equipment is the future development direction.
4. Time protection principle
This principle is to shorten people's time in an environment where dangerous and harmful factors affect the safety limit.
5. Shielding principle
This principle is to set up obstacles within the scope of dangerous and harmful effects to ensure the protection of human body. Obstacles are divided into mechanical type, photoelectric type and absorption type (such as lead plate absorbing radiation).
6. The principle of stability
This principle is related to improving the structural strength for the purpose of safety, and is usually called the strength safety factor. Such as steel wire rope for lifting and transportation, solid explosion-proof motor shell, etc.
7. The weak link principle
Contrary to the above principle, fragile components, such as fuses and safety valves, etc. Destroy in advance before the dangerous factors reach the dangerous value.
8. The principle of no entry
This principle is to prevent people from falling into areas where dangerous and harmful factors act, or to eliminate dangerous and harmful factors from falling into areas where people operate. Such as security fence, etc.
9. Locking principle
This principle is to ensure that some components are forced to interact in some way to ensure safe operation. For example, explosion-proof electrical equipment will automatically cut off the power supply when the explosion-proof performance is damaged, and the safety door of the hanging cage cannot be closed and opened.
10. Principles of changing operators
When the dangerous and harmful factors can be eliminated, robots or automatic controllers can be used instead of people to get rid of the harm caused by unsafe workers.
1l。 Warning and prohibition information principle
Main systems for people and their components, organizations and technologies, such as light and sound information and signs, signals with different colors, safety instruments, training workers, etc. , used to ensure safety in production.
Section 2 Ten Axioms of Safety Management
I. Three Basic Principles for Preventing Casualty Accidents
1. Establishing and safeguarding interests: To do a good job in labor protection and realize safe production, we must improve the consciousness and consciousness of leaders, professionals, safety engineers and workers. And interested in working hard for the safety and health of employees, which we call professionalism. In addition, we must persevere and have the determination to develop the science of labor protection and strive for the welfare of the people for life.
2. Discover the facts: carry out investigation and study, analyze the essential causes of industrial accidents, and predict unsafe factors.
3. Take action according to the facts: according to the law of unsafe factors, use control technology, take preventive measures and remedial actions to prevent similar accidents from happening again and realize safe production.
Second, injuries are serious consequences of accidents, and accidents without injuries are also accidents. Accidents are mainly caused by unsafe actions of people and unsafe conditions of things.
Third, people's unsafe behavior, that is, human error, is the direct cause of most industrial accidents, which involves behavioral science.
Fourth, people have been exposed to unsafe factors many to 10 million times before being injured. Most serious injuries are accidental events, but there are also many hidden dangers or accidents without injuries or near misses as precursors.
Accident analysis proves that every unfortunate accident may cause casualties, but many other similar accidents have not caused injuries (near misses). Judging from the casualty probability, among the 330 similar accidents of the same worker, 300 caused no injuries, 29 caused minor injuries, and 1 caused serious injuries. Figure 2- 1 shows the results of this study.
The ratio of 1:29:300 shown in Figure 2- 1 shows that among the 330 similar accidents that happened to the same person, 300 were not injured, 29 were slightly injured, and only 1 was seriously injured. On average, the first event or any event in a group of events can cause serious injury. There are tens of millions of unsafe instances and unsafe situations at the bottom of the rectangle under the triangle. 2- 1
In 300 attempted accidents, the worker encountered the following situations: he lost his balance on the wet floor and almost fell down, but he grabbed a nearby post and survived; On another occasion, although he really fell, he was not injured when he fell on the soft foam pile; Once he was wearing a cotton-padded coat and was hit by flying grinding wheel fragments, and he was not injured; Finally, I was injured by lathe chips, and the injury was serious. Facts clearly point out that serious injury is often not the first accident in a series of events, but may be the result of the last event, or it may occur at any intermediate point.
The ratio of 300: 29: 1 mentioned above is only a statistical example. It is difficult to use mathematical probability to calculate the actual proportion, because there is a lack of information about minor injuries and minor injuries, and there is also a lack of data on harmless incidents.
Determine the proportion of no injuries, minor injuries and major casualty accidents, which can be illustrated by the following two examples:
Example 1. A worker slipped on the wet floor and broke his kneecap, causing serious injuries. For six years, he used to wet a large piece of floor at a time instead of drying it. Men's mistakes almost always happen. The calculation ratio is 1800: 0: 1.
Example 2. A mechanic tried to hang a 5-inch-wide belt on a 24-hour rotating pulley by hand, but because he didn't use a drawbar, he stood on a swaying ladder and wore a wide long-sleeved overalls. Finally, he was caught by the pulley and was crushed to death. The accident investigation shows that he has been using this method of tying his belt every day for several years. I checked the medical records (emergency medication records) for four years and found that he had treated 33 arm abrasions. All his workers admire his clever strategy. The estimated ratio is 1200: 33: 1.
Serious injuries and deaths are accidents. Unsafe factors or actions have been exposed for thousands of times before the accident, which provides many opportunities for supervision, control and prevention. If enterprise leaders, section chiefs, squad leaders and full-time safety technicians do a good job in management, technical transformation tasks and safety ideological education in time, many major casualty accidents can be completely avoided.