(A) the overall level of land circulation in our province
Rural land circulation is the product of the development of productive forces to a certain stage, and its occurrence and development have a profound social and economic background. Farmers have long-term and stable land contractual management rights. Through the transfer of land use rights, the land utilization rate can be improved, and they can participate in industrialized management and increase their income. Since the implementation of the rural household contract responsibility system, the rural land circulation in our province has shown the characteristics of small scale, small quantity and narrow scope, and most of them are sporadic and scattered. At present, agriculture has gradually become a new investment field, and large professional households, leading agricultural enterprises, industrial and commercial enterprises and institutions, scientific and technological personnel, re-employment personnel, etc. have entered the agricultural field to start their own businesses, which has expanded the demand for land transfer and accelerated the rural land transfer. According to the sampling survey of 3400 farmers in 340 villages in 19 counties (cities) in the whole province, the per capita land circulation in 2004 was 0.29 mu, accounting for 6% of the contracted land area, up by 1 percentage point over the previous year. It is about 7 percentage points lower than that of Zhejiang Province. It is in the middle and lower level in the country.
(B) the overall characteristics of land circulation in our province
1. Regional expansion of land circulation. In the past, rural land transfer mainly occurred in the suburbs of large and medium-sized cities with relatively developed secondary and tertiary industries and relatively stable non-agricultural employment and income of farmers. Due to the lack of employment opportunities for farmers in underdeveloped areas, family income is highly dependent on land, and land transfer rarely occurs. In the past two years, the land transfer area has expanded from the suburbs of large and medium-sized cities to the outer suburbs of large and medium-sized cities and underdeveloped agricultural areas.
2. Diversification of land transfer subjects. In the past, rural land transfer was mainly carried out among farmers, and the main participants were farmers. At present, in addition to farmers, industrial and commercial enterprises, scientific research institutions, institutions and urban residents all go to the countryside to rent land and contract land to develop agriculture.
3. Diversification of land circulation forms. The main forms of land transfer are subcontracting (the contractor will transfer part or all of the land to a third party under certain conditions, and the contractor and the employer will still perform their rights and obligations according to the original contract) and transfer (the contractor will transfer all or part of the contracted land to a third party with the consent of the employer). The third party shall perform the rights and obligations of the corresponding land contract. After the transfer, the original contractor's land contractual management right is naturally lost during the contract period) and exchange (the contractor or collective economic organization exchanges the contracted land for their own needs and convenient farming management. After the exchange, the rights and obligations stipulated in the original land contract are still borne by the original contractor, and some are exchanged with the consent of the employer), shares (that is, the contractor quantifies the contracted management right of the land as equity, and farmers form land joint-stock cooperatives or joint-stock companies in the form of equity, and the cooperatives or joint-stock companies conduct bidding and contracting, or lease the land, or directly develop the land, and share out dividends to farmers), leasing (the contracted farmers lease the contracted land to a third party for operation and charge a certain rent), etc. Among them, subcontracting and transfer are the main ways.
(3) The disputes caused by land transfer have increased.
This year, with the implementation of the national policy of "one exemption and three subsidies", various disputes in the process of land transfer have increased. Mainly in the following two aspects.
1. Disputes between farmers. In recent years, due to the low efficiency of cultivated land output, individual farmers have paid for the transfer or even sale of land use rights. Now that the prices of agricultural products such as grain are rising (information market forum), the CPC Central Committee has introduced preferential policies to increase farmers' income, such as abolishing agricultural taxes. Farmers who have paid for the transfer of land use rights now want their land use rights back. However, contracted farmers are unwilling to hand over their land cultivated for many years easily, resulting in contradictions and disputes.
2. Disputes between farmers and village committees. First, in the past, after some farmers returned their cultivated land to the village committee for various reasons, the village committee subcontracted their cultivated land to other farmers for cultivation. Today, these abandoned farmers go to the village Committee to ask for their own cultivated land, and they manage it themselves, which leads to disputes. Second, there are two levels of contracting rural disputes. In the second round of land contracting, a certain proportion of floating land was taken out at the rural level. Now most of this land has been contracted out for 5-20 years. The original contract price of this land was below RMB 1 000 per hectare, and this year the contract price of rural land is above RMB 2,000 per hectare. Coupled with the lack of openness when contracting out, it led to the contradiction between farmers and rural organizations.
Second, the role of land transfer in rural economic development and promoting farmers' income
(A) improve the quality of agricultural products
Land transfer can make land transfer to experts in farming and form scale operation. After the formation of scale operation, it can promote the improvement of agricultural mechanization level and unify grain varieties. This can improve the quality of agricultural products and enhance their competitiveness.
(2) saving the cost of growing grain
After the formation of large-scale operation, producers can make scientific arrangements, rational allocation and accurate calculation from the aspects of planning and decision-making, organizing production, allocating agricultural productivity resources and applying advanced agricultural science and technology. So as to realize scientific farming, save costs and improve benefits.
(C) increase farmers' income
After land transfer, there are three aspects to promote farmers' income. First of all, the transferor increased the land ownership income. According to a sample survey of 1.600 farmers in the whole province, in the first half of this year, the per capita income of farmers from the right to contracted management of land was increased by 1.0 yuan, a year-on-year increase of 27.4%. Second, the transferor can engage in secondary and tertiary industries or go out to work to get new income. Third, the transferee can form a scale operation, thereby increasing income. According to the calculation of land circulation area and related factors in our province in 2003, it is predicted that land circulation can drive labor export in 2003 and make the per capita net income of farmers in the province about 150 yuan.
Three, the main obstacles restricting the land circulation in our province
The land circulation in our province is at the lower level in the whole country, which restricts the development of rural economy in our province to some extent. The main obstacles affecting land circulation are as follows.
Some farmers don't want to leave the land.
Jilin Province is located in the hinterland of Songliao Plain, with fertile land and flat terrain, with an annual accumulated temperature of over 2,900 degrees and an annual precipitation of 800 mm.. It has the characteristics of rain and heat in the same season, and is suitable for the production of rice, corn and soybean. It is one of the three largest corn belts in the world. The per capita arable land area of farmers is 5. 1 mu, which is nearly twice as high as the national average. It has unique resource advantages, agricultural production scale advantages and. Over the years, the province's grain commodity rate has always remained above 80%, which is 20 percentage points higher than the national average. Land is the main carrier of farmers' income in our province. Farmers in our province have more arable land per capita and more income from the land. In 2003, the per capita net income of farmers in our province was 1893 yuan, of which the net income of planting was 1583 yuan, both higher than the national average of 697 yuan. This year, due to the implementation of the policy of "one exemption and three subsidies", a new round of farmers' grain growing fever and contracting fever has been triggered. According to a sample survey of 380 farmers in 19 counties (cities), 82.6% farmers want to contract more land, and only 1.3% farmers want to subcontract their land to others. It can be seen that some farmers are so dependent on black land that they are too lazy to start their own businesses.
(b) Some farmers find it difficult to go out.
Many farmers really want to go out, but they can't go out for the following reasons.
1. No entry allowed. First, the rural labor force in our province not only has a low education level (illiteracy accounts for 5.7%, elementary school and junior high school account for 89%, high school and technical secondary school only accounts for 5%, and junior college and above only accounts for 0.3%), but also lacks skills (only/kloc-0.9% of migrant workers have received systematic vocational training, while some developed provinces have reached more than 40%). I have no skills, I don't know what to do when I go out, I can't find a job, and I can't get rich. Second, even if I have skills, I don't know where to find a job because of the lack of employment information.
2. The re-employment environment of migrant workers is not ideal. First, the wages of migrant workers were not guaranteed in previous years. The phenomenon of wage arrears for migrant workers is everywhere. Second, the cost of transferring migrant workers is too high. For example, the cost of schooling for children is particularly high, and many farmers are afraid and give up the idea of going out to work.
3. The degree of organization of migrant workers is low. Farmers in Jilin Province mainly rely on themselves and their relatives and friends to introduce them, accounting for 92. 1% of all migrant workers, and only 6.9% go out through government organizations and market intermediaries. There is a great degree of blindness in traffic patterns. Some local governments think that labor export is a matter of enriching people rather than counties, and often only pay attention to the effect of capital return, but rarely give active and effective services to farmers who seek employment opportunities mainly by labor export, and even fail to incorporate the organization of farmers' labor export into the important functions of the government.
(3) Other reasons
1. Farmers' land is small and scattered. When contracting household management, in order to be fair, the plots of the same grade are divided equally according to the total number of households, which makes all the plots of farmers very small and scattered. Some are divided into one or two ridges. This has affected the enthusiasm of transferring farmers to expand scale operation. If the farmers who transfer land are connected with the farmers who transfer land, the transfer will be particularly easy.
2. The intermediary, service and supervision system of rural land transfer has not yet been established. The circulation of rural land use rights is still mainly carried out by farmers spontaneously and privately, and most places are still in a state of natural circulation. Some grassroots cadres don't know enough about land circulation. They believe that the land contract period has been extended for 30 years, and the transfer of land contractual management rights belongs to the contractor's personal operation. They don't ask about the circulation, and they don't guide and standardize it, which leads to the unsupervised land circulation, which is uncontroversial and in a state of laissez-faire. It has left many drawbacks and hidden dangers, which has become a factor affecting the stability of local rural areas.
The above are the direct or indirect reasons for the low level of land circulation in our province. In fact, the fundamental reason is that the total economic output of our province is small, especially the level of industrialization, the development level of secondary and tertiary industries and the level of urbanization are low.
Four, to further promote the work of land circulation in our province.
(A) grass-roots government services for land circulation has become an important function.
First, strengthen the investigation and study of rural land circulation, grasp the dynamics of rural land circulation, and grasp the actual situation and development trend of rural land in contract relationship. The second is to guide the signing of rural land transfer contracts. For those who have formed a stable circulation relationship, both parties should be urged to conclude a circulation contract. Third, the township agricultural and economic departments should establish and manage rural land transfer files. Fourth, timely adjust and handle land transfer disputes.
(2) Strengthen management and standardize the circulation order.
1. Strengthen the management of the land transferor. First, strengthen farmers' spontaneous land transfer management. Farmers voluntarily transfer contracted land in the form of subcontracting, transfer, exchange, shareholding and lease. , and shall sign a written transfer agreement, reported to the village collective economic organizations and rural land contract management authority for the record. The payment method of land transfer taxes and fees should be clear in the transfer agreement. Secondly, standardize the behavior of rural collective economic organizations and rural administrative organizations to participate in land transfer. Rural collective economic organizations and rural administrative organizations shall not force farmers to transfer land in any name, nor shall they obstruct farmers from voluntarily and reasonably transferring land management contract rights. Third, farmers can also entrust intermediary organizations to transfer land. The entrusted circulation shall sign an entrusted circulation agreement and report it to the collective economic organization and the rural land contract management organ for the record.
2. Strengthen the management of the land transferor. First of all, the period of rural land circulation shall not exceed the remaining contract period of land contracted by farmers' families. After the expiration of the transfer period, the land transfer agreement can be renewed through consultation between both parties. In order to prevent land speculation, the transferee shall not transfer the transferred rural land. Secondly, guide and supervise industrial and commercial enterprises to choose appropriate ways to develop agriculture. However, when industrial and commercial enterprises enter agriculture, they should pay attention not to infringe the interests of farmers, and should be conducive to protecting and consolidating the basic rural management system. The government should encourage them to adopt the way of company plus farmers and contract farming to drive farmers to develop agricultural industrialization. Third, allow qualified places to explore the organizational form of land joint-stock cooperatives. Based on the principle of voluntariness and mutual benefit, farmers' development of land joint-stock cooperative system is an effective form to stabilize rural land families in contract relationship, develop rural cooperative economy and overcome the contradiction between small-scale production and big market in agricultural families in the new period, which should be closely watched and actively guided.
(C) actively create conditions for land transfer
The transfer of rural land contractual management rights depends on the development of rural economy, especially the secondary and tertiary industries, and cannot be carried out spontaneously by farmers alone. Governments at all levels and relevant departments should take effective measures to actively promote the voluntary participation of farmers. First of all, the organization, transfer and training of surplus labor force should be included in the important functions of the government. Accelerate the organization transfer and training of surplus labor, and establish a labor employment release system. Second, accelerate the innovation of rural management system and organizational system, guide and support the construction of farmers' professional cooperative economic organizations, and actively promote agricultural industrialization; Third, vigorously develop rural secondary and tertiary industries to create enough employment space for farmers after land transfer; Fourth, deepen reform, gradually change the dual social structure of urban and rural areas from the system, accelerate the process of rural urbanization, and concentrate on building small towns; Gradually establish intermediary organizations of land circulation market and rural social security mechanism. Accelerate the implementation of the rural social security system in the province, and gradually change the phenomenon that farmers mainly rely on land as the only social security for a long time to rely on fund-based social insurance and security. Through these comprehensive measures, farmers can either go out or go out, thus creating good conditions for land circulation.