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As early as 700,000 years ago, the primitive tribe "Beijingers" appeared in Zhoukoudian, Beijing. Beijing has a history of more than 2000 years, and it was first recorded as "thistle". In BC 1045, Beijing became the capital of thistle, swallow and other vassal States; Since Qin Shihuang unified China in 22 1 BC, Beijing has been an important town and local center in northern China. Since 938, Beijing has successively become the capital of Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. 1 949 65438+1October1was officially designated as the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC).
700,000 years ago, Beijingers lived in the cave of Zhoukoudian in the southwest suburb of Beijing, which was one of the cradles of mankind.
The earliest name in Beijing was thistle. In 1 1 century BC, thistle kingdom was a enfeoffment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which ruled northern China. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC), another petrel located in the southwest of the thistle kingdom swallowed thistle and moved its capital to Ji Cheng. From then on, Ji Cheng was the capital of Yan State until 226 BC, when Yan State was destroyed by the powerful Qin State. According to the research of archaeologists, Ji Cheng is in the southwest of Beijing.
In 938, it became the capital of Liao. Liao was founded by the Khitans, a minority nationality who rose in the northeast of China. Because thistle is located in the south of its territory, it was renamed Nanjing and Yanjing. More than a century later, the Jin Dynasty established by another ethnic minority, Nuzhen, destroyed Liao and moved its capital to Yanjing on 1 153, renamed Zhongdu. 12 14 years, due to the attack of the emerging Mongolian army, the rulers were forced to move their capital to Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan). The next year, Mongolian fighters occupied the capital. 1267, Mongolian leader Kublai Khan ordered the construction of a new city in the northeast suburb of Zhongdu City. Four years later, the leader ascended the throne of the emperor in the capital under construction, and established the Yuan Dynasty in the history of China. All the new cities were built in 1276, which is what Italian traveler Kyle Poirot said in his travel notes: "The world is unparalleled". From then on, Beijing replaced Chang 'an, Luoyang, Bianliang and other ancient capitals and became the political center of China, which lasted until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. 191101October10, the bourgeois-democratic revolution broke out in China, and the Qing emperor was forced to abdicate in February of the following year. At this point, the last feudal dynasty in China fell, and Beijing's history as an imperial city ended here.
In the next 30 years, Beijing experienced hardships: First, successive years of warlord wars made the imperial capital decline and run-down; 1937 Japanese invaders invaded, and the ancient city suffered in blood and fire for 8 years; After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the Kuomintang government took over the city. Suffering, humiliation, blood and tears finally made the people fight. 1949 10 10/day, People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, and Beijing became the capital of the newly-born Republic of China. The history of this ancient city has turned a new page. The history of a city is the history of a country. As the imperial capital of several generations, Beijing is also the capital of China today and the epitome of China's history and present situation. Beijing is ancient, but it is also an ancient city full of beauty and youth. Beijing is emerging in the world with a majestic, beautiful, fresh and modern attitude.
Second, the geographical environment
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Geographical orientation
The center of Beijing is located at 39 degrees 54 minutes north latitude and 1 16 degrees 23 minutes east longitude. Located on the northwest edge of North China Plain. Beijing is adjacent to Tianjin and is surrounded by Hebei Province together with Tianjin. Beijing is surrounded by mountains in the west, north and northeast, and the Beijing Plain slowly inclines to the Bohai Sea in the southeast. The elevation of Beijing Plain is 20-60m, and the mountainous area is generally 1000- 1500m. Dongling Mountain, which borders Hebei, is 2309 meters above sea level and is the highest peak in Beijing. The territory flows through five major rivers, mainly Chaobai River and North Canal in the east, Yongding River and Juma River in the west. The terrain of Beijing is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. The western part is the Western Mountain of Taihang Mountain, and the northern part is Du Jun of Yanshan Mountain. The two mountains intersect at the south exit of Guangou, forming a semi-circular mountain bend that spreads to the southeast. People call it "Beijing bend", and the small plain it surrounds is the Beijing small plain. Look at the topography of Beijing, which is surrounded by mountains and seas, and the situation is magnificent. As the ancients said: "The land of Youzhou has the sea on the left, the Taihang Mountain on the right, the Yongjiang River in the north, the big river in the south and the land of abundance."
Urban area
The land area of Beijing is 164 1 1 square kilometer. Among them, the plain area is 6339 square kilometers, accounting for 38.6%. Mountain area 10072 km2, accounting for 6 1.4%. The urban area is 87. 1 km2.
geologic structure
Geologically, Beijing is located in the middle of North China-the west of Yanshan subsidence zone. In the long geological history, it not only experienced a great decline, but also accepted extremely thick deposits; There was a violent orogeny. Especially in Mesozoic, the orogeny dominated by Yanshan movement formed the embryonic form of geological structure skeleton and landform in Beijing area. With the development of crustal movement, fold deformation and faults are widely developed, and magmatic activity is also frequent. The fault structures in Beijing area are mainly in the northern mountainous areas: Gubeikou fault zone from Ying Shao and Huairou county to Miyun county, which is 33 kilometers long from east to west and 8 kilometers wide within the city boundary; The Jingbei fault zone on Qiangzi Road in Shachang, Miyun County is about 30 kilometers long, 20 kilometers wide and 200-300 meters wide at its widest point. There are Yanjiatai-Yanhecheng fault zone and Dongling mountain fault in Guantingxia area, which are tens of kilometers long. The edges of depressions and uplifts in plain areas are controlled by large faults, such as Huang Zhuang-Gao Liying fault and Yongledian-Mafang fault. Many smaller fault zones are often distributed between these large faults. The bends, bifurcations, ends and intersections of active fault zones, and places with fault basins are prone to earthquakes. The main active fault zones in Beijing area are: Pinggu-Sanhe fault zone; Babaoshan in Shijingshan District to Gao Liying Fault Zone in Shunyi District; Huailai County to Yanqing Fault Zone, Hebei Province; Sunhe fault zone from Nankou in Changping District to Chaoyang District. There have been great earthquakes in these areas in history, and they are areas with strong activities.
The lithologic conditions in Beijing area are complex, and all kinds of rocks (soils) are exposed, which can be roughly divided into two categories: loose deposits and hard rocks (bedrock). Loose deposits are mainly distributed in the piedmont plain, and their thickness gradually increases from several meters in piedmont to several hundred meters in southeast, mainly including various types of soil, sandy loam, sand and gravel. Hard rocks are mostly exposed in mountainous areas, mainly magmatic rocks (also known as igneous rocks), metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks.
The Mesozoic Yanshan movement formed the basic topographic pattern of Beijing: Xishan, Beishan and Southeast Plain. Mountains account for about 62% of the city's area, and plains account for about 38%. The main landform types are Zhongshan, low mountains, hills, plains and intermountain basins. There are more than 40 kinds of minerals with proven reserves, of which coal, iron and limestone are the most abundant, followed by marble, silica, granite and non-ferrous metals such as copper, zinc, lead, gold and silver. There are more than 200 rivers in Beijing, including Yongding River, Chaobai River, North Canal, Juma River and Yicuo River. Most of them belong to Haihe River system, which originates from the northwest mountainous area or Mongolian plateau, meanders southeast on the plain, then flows into Haihe River and then into Bohai Sea. Water resources are relatively poor, mainly from surface runoff and groundwater, with a total amount of about 4.2 billion cubic meters. There are Guanting Reservoir, Miyun Reservoir, Huairou Reservoir, Haizi Reservoir and other water conservancy facilities. Generally, the soil is vertically distributed, from top to bottom, it is mountain meadow soil-mountain brown soil-mountain cinnamon soil; The soil in the plain is horizontally distributed, and from the foothills to the plain, it is cinnamon soil-carbonate cinnamon soil, tidal soil and swamp soil in turn; Some low-lying areas have saline soil, and there are paddy soil and vegetable garden soil in the suburbs. There are many kinds of plants, with fungi, grasses, beans, roses and other families as the dominant species. The original forest vegetation is deciduous broad-leaved forest in the north temperate zone, which has been destroyed. The forest land is dominated by natural secondary forests and artificial forests, and the communities are dominated by pine-oak forests, poplar-birch forests, miscellaneous forests and shrubs, fruit forests and economic forests. There are 40 species of wild animals, 200 species of birds, 0/6 species of reptiles, 7 species of amphibians and 65 species of fish.
Climate environment
Beijing's climate is a typical warm temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate, with hot and rainy summer, cold and dry winter and short spring and autumn. Annual average temperature 10~ 12 degrees Celsius. 1October 65438+-7~-4 degrees Celsius, July 25~26 degrees Celsius. The extreme minimum is -27.4 degrees Celsius, and the extreme maximum is above 42 degrees Celsius. The frost-free period of the whole year is 180~200 days, which is shorter in the western mountainous area. The annual average rainfall is more than 600 mm, which is one of the most rainy areas in North China. The windward slope in front of the mountain can reach more than 700 mm, and the seasonal distribution of precipitation is very uneven. 80% of the annual precipitation is concentrated in June, July and August in summer, and there are often heavy rains in July and August. There used to be sandstorms in Beijing and North China in the past spring. After the environmental management of Inner Mongolia grassland, Loess Plateau and Hebei related areas, the sandstorm situation in Beijing has improved.
Entertainment and leisure
See entry: Beijing Hutong, a specialty of Beijing.
Beijing's cultural life is rich and colorful, and various performances and international exhibitions emerge one after another. Beijing Opera, known as the "national quintessence" of China, has a history of more than 200 years. Its gorgeous costumes, beautiful singing and ever-changing facial makeup are impressive. The famous Chang 'an Grand Theatre, Huguang Guild Hall, Laoshe Teahouse, China Peking Opera Theatre, Mei Lanfang Grand Theatre and National Grand Theatre all have traditional Peking Opera performances. The nightlife in Beijing is also very colorful. Houhai, Sanlitun and Nanluoguxiang Bar Street are all good places to go.
Siheyuan is the most important residential building in old Beijing. The narrow alley formed between quadrangles with blue tiles and gray bricks is the famous old Beijing Hutong. The most distinctive feature of Beijing is the Hutong Tour in Shichahai. Riding a jingling tricycle, crossing a winding alley and entering a charming quadrangle, you can truly appreciate the charm of old Beijing.
Customs and specialties
Beijing is one of the four ancient capitals in China. There are many local folk customs:
Beijing snack
Beijing opera
Tell stories in Beijing dialect, accompanied by drums.
crosstalk
modern drama
Iron plate speed reading
cloisonné
ivory carving
lacquer
Sai Guo Guo he Guo Guo long
Sugar blower
Tomatoes on a stick
dough
travel
There are 6 world heritages, 2 national key scenic spots, 1 national historical and cultural city, 1 famous Chinese historical and cultural village, 99 national key cultural relics protection units (including the Beijing section of the Great Wall and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal) and 326 municipal cultural relics protection units in Beijing.
World Heritage: Great Wall, Forbidden City, Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site, Summer Palace, Temple of Heaven, Ming Tombs.
National key scenic spots: Badaling (Ming Tombs) and Shihua Cave.
National historical and cultural city: Beijing
Famous Chinese historical and cultural village: Ganxia Village, Zhaitang Town, Mentougou District.
Modern culture
798 Art Zone
Beijing music festival
Candy Club (Tango)
goods
dollface
Banana dance club
Tang Hui
Sanlitun Bar Street
Houhai bar street
Lost in Beijing
Subway passengers
Beijing fashion map
marketable
Cultural attractions
Temple of Heaven at Wanshou Mountain in the Summer Palace (World Cultural Heritage, 1998)
Forbidden City (also known as Forbidden City, UNESCO World Cultural Heritage, 1987)
Shichahai
Badaling Great Wall (World Cultural Heritage, 1987)
Summer Palace (World Cultural Heritage, 1998)
Old Summer Palace
lugou bridge
The Ming Tombs (World Cultural Heritage, 2003)
Mutianyu section of the Great Wall
Simatai Great Wall
Jinshanling Great Wall
Great Wall Juyongguan
Jiankou Great Wall
Gongwangfu garden
Peking University (formerly Shi Jing University Hall)
Hutong (Mongolian: Street)
Beijing Zoo
beijing botanical garden
Panjiayuan Antique Market
Observatory (star-watching station in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties)
Deshengmen
Zhengyangmen
religion
China is a country with freedom of religious belief and fully respects every religion. The religions in Beijing are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity. Temples, temples, temples and churches in Beijing are places where religious circles and believers conduct religious activities. The most famous ones are: Catholic East Hall, Catholic South Hall, Gangwacheng Christian Church, Chongwenmen Christian Church, niujie Mosque, Dongsi Mosque, Guangji Temple, Guanghua Temple, Baiyun Temple and Yonghe Palace.
Buddhism: There are mainly Tanzhe Temple (the oldest temple in Beijing, built 800 years ago), Yunju Temple, Jietai Temple, Fayuan Temple and Guobao Temple.
Taoism: Baiyun Temple (Quanzhen Road) and Dongyue Temple (Zhengyi Road)
Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism): Lamaism Temple
Islam: niujie Worship Temple, Dongzhimenwai Mosque and Dongsi Mosque.
Catholicism: Xishiku Catholic Church, Xuanwumen Catholic Church, Wangfujing Catholic Church, Xizhimen Catholic Church and Dongjiaominxiang Catholic Church.
Christianity: Chongwenmen Church, Gangwacheng Church, zhushikou Church, Kuanjie Church, Haidian Church, etc.
Orthodox Church: St Nicholas Church (relic)
go shopping
There are 100 large and medium-sized shopping malls in Beijing. Wangfujing Street, Qianmen Dashilan and Xidan Commercial Street are traditional business districts in Beijing. International Trade Mall, Oriental Xintiandi and Zhongguancun Plaza are newly emerging commercial giants in recent years. These shopping centers let you enjoy shopping.
If you are interested in antiques, you can visit Liulichang or Panjiayuan's antique city. If you have a soft spot for foreign trade clothing, don't miss Xiushui Street and Yaxiu Clothing Wholesale Market. Buying special products and souvenirs will also bring fun to your travel life. Cloisonne, jade and silk embroidery have a long history. Folk handicrafts, such as clay figurines, Peking Opera masks, kites, paper-cuts, etc., are all good gifts for relatives and friends.