Keywords: design of cost control in bid settlement stage
Design in the design stage is the process of overall planning and specific arrangement of the implementation intention of construction projects, the soul of engineering construction and the key link to deal with the relationship between technology and economy. Whether the design is reasonable or not has an important influence on controlling the project cost. According to the whole process engineering cost theory and technical and economic analysis method, the impacts of preliminary design, technical design and construction drawing design on engineering investment are 75%-95%, 35%-75% and 25%- 1% respectively. It can be seen that the design stage is an important link that affects the project investment and is the leading factor of the construction project. Doing a good job of investment control in the design stage is the primary link to avoid "three super".
Due to the occupation and position of some designers, the economic concept is weak, the design process is divorced from reality, the structural design is conservative, and the architectural design pursues high standards unilaterally. At the same time, there are also some cases where technical and economic demonstration is rarely carried out before the design scheme is determined. For example, in a small project I contacted, due to the poor geology in Wenzhou, in order to control the uneven settlement, 400 prestressed high-strength concrete pipe pile foundation was designed. Because the design pile is only 23 meters long, according to the actual situation of the project and the characteristics of construction technology, the design department adopted the suggestion of changing the prestressed high-strength concrete pipe pile into the prestressed thin-walled concrete pipe pile, saving the owner about 6,543,800 yuan for pile foundation.
At the same time, the design conditions submitted by the construction unit are insufficient and the project positioning is not clear. After drawing the construction drawing according to the determined preliminary design scheme, the construction unit proposed great changes, which discouraged the enthusiasm of designers, wasted a lot of manpower and financial resources, and also affected the time to determine the final construction drawing. There are also some practices that some construction units subjectively urge design units to design construction drawings in order to start construction as soon as possible, and modify the contact list in the construction stage if they are not satisfied. It is difficult to avoid the project settlement exceeding the budget.
Therefore, on the one hand, it is necessary to popularize the bidding of design scheme and implement the design bidding method combining project cost with design scheme; Reform the calculation method of design fee: for example, design fee amount: estimated amount × basic rate+(estimated amount-budgeted amount) × incentive rate, which can guide designers to save money for owners and carry out creative work; At the same time, the design unit should increase a group of technical and economic experts who know both technology and economy. In the process of design, technical and economic experts should analyze and compare investment in time, actively feedback investment information and actively influence design. The second aspect: establish the whole process design supervision system and strengthen the supervision and control of the whole process design cost. The design supervision unit can put forward suggestions and opinions to the construction unit from a more professional point of view from the determination of the project scheme, and assist the owner to determine the "positioning" of the project, so that the owner can put forward the design requirements to the design unit more accurately and reduce the adjustment of the design scheme during the design period. Put forward optimization opinions on the preliminary design, and put forward opinions on the structural system and equipment system; 2. Check whether the design documents are implemented and meet the modification requirements proposed by the scheme review; 3. Check whether the comprehensiveness, rationality and depth of the project budget meet the requirements; 4. Review the depth of design documents and control the design depth, as well as guarantee measures related to quality and progress, track and manage, and report relevant information to the construction unit in time; 5. Assist the construction unit to organize the expert review of preliminary design documents.
After the design scheme is optimized in the bidding stage, the importance of construction bidding is put on the agenda. At present, the construction bidding is basically carried out by using the bill of quantities of construction projects, and its bidding quotation is very different from the traditional way. The implementation of bill of quantities bidding has realized the separation of quantity and price and risk sharing, and changed the static pricing model based on budget quota into a dynamic pricing model that takes into account various factors in the unit price of total cost, and at the same time can reflect the single cost of the project. On the basis of unified quantity, each bidder makes a quotation in combination with the specific situation of the project and the strength of the enterprise itself, and fully considers various market risk factors. After evaluation, the project cost pricing model of winning the bid at a low price, that is, fair competition at the same starting line, survival of the fittest, avoids the blindness of bidding, conforms to the development law of market economy and fully embodies the competition mechanism under the conditions of market economy. Therefore, the bidding documents should be changed accordingly.
For the bill of quantities released with the tender documents, its accuracy is self-evident. Before compiling the bill of quantities, the owner shall provide detailed geological survey reports and other materials of the project location to the list compiling unit, and make some explanations, so as to avoid that the calculated quantities are too different from the actual ones due to the unfamiliarity of the list compiling personnel with the site conditions, such as further informing the actual elevation of the original site survey clearly. For example, in a project, the owner provided the geological survey report to the list compiling unit before bidding, without emphasizing the original site elevation, backfill materials, thickness, etc. , so when compiling, the compiler temporarily pressed the site elevation by 0.000 (equivalent to the absolute elevation of 5.050, while the original site project was only 4150; At the same time, it has backfilled about 1m thick slag) and three types of soil to calculate the engineering quantity. Therefore, before mixing pile construction, it is necessary to dig out the original slag, and a large amount of slag that is not enough for transportation and backfilling is not reflected in the bill of quantities. Because the local building materials are basically in the hands of local people, the project cost will increase considerably, and it is inevitable that the project will be settled over budget.
Therefore, it is particularly important for the owner to provide the original disease information. At the same time, the tender documents should specify the soft and hard conditions of the project location and surrounding areas, provide sufficient conditions for bidders to conduct on-site reconnaissance, facilitate bidders to bid, and try to avoid the situation that the winning bidder asks for a premium after the actual difficulties exceed the reasonable expectations when bidding. This is conducive to the smooth development of the project and the cost control of the owner.
In the construction stage, in order to carry out the construction in strict accordance with the construction drawings, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision and control of various engineering changes to prevent unreasonable modifications and changes from increasing the project cost.
If it is really necessary to change, we should comprehensively consider all kinds of unfavorable factors, carefully analyze the contents involving major adjustments, and compare them with the cost performance of various change schemes, so as to avoid changing the construction drawing according to personal ideas as far as possible, so as to choose the optimal change scheme on the premise of meeting the use requirements and the original design intention.
Due to the problem that the construction and use of the project are out of line at present, some projects put forward many adjustment opinions from time to time when they enter the decoration. There are also applications to improve the level of decoration. The occurrence of these situations has disrupted the construction organization plan of the construction unit and affected the completion time of the project; For the construction unit, it is bound to increase the corresponding project cost. At the same time, during the construction period, the owner's handling of some temporary pricing projects, such as glass curtain walls and floors, is also easy to exceed the budget level.
Therefore, the cost control at this stage should first analyze whether the original design drawings meet the requirements of construction quality and progress, and fully negotiate with various departments to improve the decoration grade proposed by the user departments, so as to strive for construction according to the approved drawings. For temporary pricing, the owner should fully investigate the market situation of the projects to be tentatively tendered before bidding, and at the same time require professional design units to carry out in-depth design, provide specific and detailed construction technical parameters, prepare the bill of quantities according to the in-depth drawings and issue it together with the bidding documents, so as to minimize the tentative projects.
In the stage of completion settlement, the Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Construction on Printing and Distributing the Interim Measures stipulates that the employer and the contractor should make some agreements on the settlement of the project price in the contract terms, such as: the amount of the project advance payment, the payment period and the deduction method; The payment method, amount and time limit of the project progress payment; When the project construction changes, the adjustment method, claim method, time limit for a project and payment method of the project price; The settlement payment method, amount and time limit of the project completion price; The amount, withholding method and time limit of the project quality assurance warranty fund); Time limit for a project and time limit for a project in advance or delay rewards and punishments, etc.
The project completion settlement shall have a cost consulting unit that meets the qualification requirements to practice according to law. The project settlement consultation of bill of quantities mode requires the consulting unit to conduct settlement consultation on the interim payment and completion settlement of the whole process of the project from commencement to completion, and requires the consulting unit to provide scientific, independent and impartial advice.
The project settlement consultation of bill of quantities valuation mode must be carried out completely within the framework of bidding documents and construction contracts, and work should be carried out on this basis. First of all, collect all kinds of information and data related to project settlement, and audit according to the items inside and outside the bill of quantities. The feature of bill of quantities valuation is "quantitative change is constant". Settlement of items in the bill of quantities: firstly, check whether there are duplicate items or missing items in measurement and payment, and whether the calculation of quantities is carried out in accordance with the specified rules for calculation of quantities, and check and correct the calculation errors of quantities. According to the provisions of the tender documents, the unit price of the project whose actual quantities exceed the amount specified in the bill of quantities should be adjusted, and the excess quantities should be settled according to the adjusted unit price. The quality deposit agreed in the contract is deducted from the total project settlement (the return of the quality deposit is executed according to the contract), and the amount of rewards and punishments agreed by the employer and the contractor in the contract agreement is included.
To sum up, the key to cost control in each stage of construction project implementation lies in the comprehensive analysis of scheme technology and economy in the design stage and the full investigation in the bidding stage; Pay attention to the supervision and control in the construction process; Strict audit at completion settlement.
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