The world economic environment of internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises
Internationalization of enterprises has become an important trend of world economic development. Economic globalization has accelerated the internationalization of enterprises. After the war, a large number of international enterprises and multinational corporations sprang up like mushrooms after rain. By the end of 2004, the global foreign direct investment flow had reached $648 billion. Judging from the countries and regions participating in internationalization, there are both developed and developing countries and regions in the modern world. The scale, mode, scope and region of investment have changed, and the investment speed has been greatly accelerated. The growth of international direct investment not only exceeds the growth of global output, but also exceeds the growth of international trade. The investment field has also shifted to developed and developing countries.
The trend of regionalization, collectivization and integration of the world economy has been strengthened. In the past two or three decades, international economic integration has attracted more and more attention in theory and practice. In today's world, various economic circles have been formed according to regional division, among which the European Union, the North American Free Trade Area and the Asia-Pacific Economic Circle are typical. The rise of regional economic integration is obviously beneficial to enterprises in the economic circle, but unfavorable to enterprises outside the region. Foreign direct investment can bypass foreign trade protection, thus opening up a new international market, or maintaining the existing market share, and even get some benefits brought by the host country's trade barriers. In addition, foreign direct investment is also a preventive countermeasure, which can enter the export market in advance for production and business activities in view of the possible new trade protection policies in the export market.
The center of gravity of the world economy has shifted. In the past ten years, the international economic environment has undergone profound changes, and two major trends have become increasingly obvious and attracted people's attention. First, the "center of gravity" of the global economy will shift from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In recent years, the economy in the Asia-Pacific region has continued to grow at a high speed, and the total foreign trade and foreign exchange reserves have also increased day by day. Second, economic development will shift from the northern part of the northern hemisphere to the south. In the future, the most dynamic areas of the world economy will be concentrated in the south where resources and labor are intensive. With the planned economy mode being replaced by the open market economy system, it is more and more possible for the economy to move south.
The diversification of social demand leads to the shortening of product life cycle. The individualization and diversification of product demand make the product life cycle shorter and shorter, and the R&D expenses of enterprises rise rapidly and the costs increase. In this case, in addition to adjusting the product structure, enterprises can also maintain the reasonable production scale of innovative products, extend the product life cycle and obtain good return on R&D investment through foreign direct investment and opening up overseas markets. Small and medium-sized enterprises are close to the market and consumers, with strong affinity, strong recognition and imitation ability, and can sensitively capture the information of the international market and respond quickly.
The adjustment of product and industrial structure in various countries has been accelerated. The development of science and technology shortens the life cycle of products, and at the same time, many countries are in transition economies, and the upgrading speed of products and industrial structures is accelerating day by day, which has become a universal trend. Because the domestic market is relatively saturated, many countries look at the world and seek the gradient transfer of industrial structure on a global scale. This further creates conditions for foreign direct investment of small and medium-sized enterprises.
International investment environment for internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises
Developed countries are the biggest suppliers and demanders of capital. In 2004, the United States ranked first in attracting foreign direct investment, while Britain and China ranked second and third respectively. China attracted $60.6 billion in foreign direct investment, ranking only third. 10, the largest host countries absorb about two-thirds of the world's total foreign direct investment, while 100, the smallest foreign direct investment countries absorb only 1% of the world's total foreign direct investment, which is quite different. With the overall economic recovery and prosperity of developed countries, the trend of leading international direct investment in developed countries is more obvious.
The newly industrialized countries in Asia have become the rising stars of foreign direct investment. With the rapid growth of the world economy, the newly industrialized countries in Asia have developed rapidly. Its good economic development prospects, huge market potential, relatively stable social environment and high return on investment have attracted a large number of investors. In 2004, the inflow of foreign direct investment in East Asia increased by 46%, reaching $654.38+005 billion, accounting for about 23% of the total international direct investment.
Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Central America and Africa have become hot spots for international investment. Most developing countries are concentrated in these areas. In recent years, these countries have experienced rapid economic development, social stability and vast market space, so a large number of foreign capitals have poured into these areas. At the same time, these areas are rich in resources and have low labor costs. The labor cost of enterprises in developed countries or some developed areas of developing countries is increasing day by day, and the market tends to be saturated. In order to further reduce labor costs and open up new markets, they have carried out industrial gradient transfer, and based on the development strategy of globalization, they have gone to Thailand, Vietnam, Brazil, Indonesia, Hungary, Russia, South Africa and other developing countries with stable socio-economic environment and huge market potential for direct investment or technology.
Foreign direct investment is mainly market-oriented. Kiyoshi Kojima, a Japanese economist, believes that foreign direct investment can be divided into three types according to motivation: natural resource-oriented, market-oriented and factor-oriented. After entering the 1990s, the global business strategy of multinational corporations has become more market-oriented, that is, foreign direct investment has paid more attention to market capacity and share.
The diversification of investment subjects has accelerated the growth of foreign direct investment of SMEs. In the past, the main body of foreign direct investment was mostly large multinational companies, and people always thought that transnational investment must be done by large multinational companies. This phenomenon has completely changed since the 1990s. Due to the increasing trend of world economic integration, the world economic structure has undergone tremendous changes. In order to survive and develop and integrate into the world tide as soon as possible, a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises have joined the ranks of transnational investment and become small and medium-sized multinational companies. At the same time, the trend of internationalization and integration of the world economy also provides good environmental conditions for small and medium-sized enterprises to enter the international market. In particular, some countries have given many preferential policies to foreign investment, enabling small and medium-sized enterprises to seize the historical opportunity, adopt the strategy of "going out and learning from others", and set their production bases in countries and regions with comparative advantages in labor, technology, resources and market, forming a beautiful international investment landscape.
Technical environment for internationalization development of small and medium-sized enterprises
The progress of information technology promotes the development of knowledge globalization, which makes the unit cost drop sharply, thus stimulating the demand of information market and driving the economic development. The development of information technology and the standardization of technical means, as well as the decline of other service costs, provide a prerequisite for small and medium-sized enterprises to allocate labor and capital resources at low cost on a global scale, and also provide new opportunities for entering other countries' markets. Information technology not only makes investment activities easier to control and form expectations, but also makes investors' analysis of investment activities more influenced by other investors' information. Domino effect has become a common phenomenon.
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The globalization of knowledge economy makes the competition change from the competition of tangible capital to the competition of intangible capital, from the competition of land, capital and working population to the competition of human capital, capital, information and knowledge, and the principle of comparative advantage in international trade is also facing major internal adjustments. Natural endowments are not only land, population, resources, technology and capital, but also intangible endowments such as innovative technology, information resources, knowledge and ideological potential. The isomorphism of information resources, innovation ability and knowledge elements has become a new element of contemporary international competition. Information and knowledge can bring higher production efficiency to manufacturers, reduce unit production cost and gain cost advantage, or provide manufacturers with an alternative differentiation strategy, or provide manufacturers with business opportunities to choose partners to form strategic alliances. The international economic competition under the condition of knowledge economy is more intense, but it also puts forward higher requirements for the cooperation ability between manufacturers, and competition and cooperation will become the mainstream of international economic development. Internationalization-[Fino Net FENO.CN]
Under the condition of knowledge economy, the strategic position of international operation of small and medium-sized enterprises is more prominent. Because the complementarity of knowledge is gradually replacing the complementarity of material capital, it has changed the subordinate position of small and medium-sized enterprises to large enterprises under the condition of traditional industrial economy, and the relative position between enterprises depends on the quality and quantity of knowledge they have. Therefore, the resource allocation capacity of SMEs is similar to that of large enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises can establish international relations through international and domestic networks, share the world's most cutting-edge product information, market information and technical information, explore domestic and foreign markets and carry out technology transfer, which only large companies can do. Now small and medium-sized enterprises can distribute products through the international marketing network, and each small and medium-sized enterprise can occupy its own living space in the international industrial division of labor by devoting itself to doing its own projects well. The popularity of modern information technology, especially the rise of the Internet, has changed the situation that small and medium-sized enterprises lagged behind large enterprises in obtaining information in the past, breaking the monopoly advantage of large enterprises in information possession. In short, in this era, the resource allocation efficiency of small and medium-sized enterprises has been greatly improved. In order to produce a product or provide a service, it can easily obtain information from all over the world and organize production factors.
Constructing the Domestic Supporting Environment for the Internationalization Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
At present, the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China has attracted more and more attention, but there are still some problems, such as complicated approval procedures, narrow financing channels, inadequate policies, less financial assistance and tax incentives, and weak socialized service system, which have become obstacles for small and medium-sized enterprises to implement international development. Therefore, a good supporting environment is of great practical significance to the international development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Drawing lessons from foreign advanced practices, the author believes that we must create a good supporting environment for the international development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China in the following aspects.
Accelerate the legislative work and promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. As an important part of the economy, small and medium-sized enterprises must speed up the legislative work of small and medium-sized enterprises, create a good entrepreneurial and innovative environment for small and medium-sized enterprises, and support them to grow and develop as soon as possible. We should enact the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Enterprises with Foreign Investment and its supporting management regulations as soon as possible, regulate foreign investment by legal means, and further simplify the procedures for foreign investment projects and multinational companies to go abroad.
The government should increase its support for small and medium-sized enterprises. This is conducive to actively exploring the international market. At present, China has set up the SME Bureau at the provincial level. Most of China's small and medium-sized enterprises are located in towns and villages, so we should set up small and medium-sized enterprise bureaus in cities and villages all over the country, which will be more convenient for management and operation, more immediate information transmission and feedback, and more convenient for various management and coordination; At the same time, the overseas investment of small and medium-sized enterprises will be reduced or exempted, and the differential tax rate will be implemented.
Improve the socialized service system of small and medium-sized enterprises. In improving the socialized service system, we should learn from the experience of Taiwan Province Province in improving the guidance system for small and medium-sized enterprises, which includes ten systems: financial financing, enterprise management, production technology, research and development, information management, industrial safety, pollution prevention, marketing, mutual assistance and cooperation, and quality improvement. Therefore, it is suggested to set up an association or federation of small and medium-sized entrepreneurs to provide consulting services in policy, law, market, economy, technology and finance. Study the problems faced by small and medium-sized enterprises, provide technical "diagnosis" and "health care" services for enterprises, and provide necessary help in time.
Improve the financing environment for SMEs. State-owned commercial banks should further enhance their service awareness for small and medium-sized enterprises and implement measures to improve financial services. Properly solve the problem of asymmetric loan constraints and loan incentives for small and medium-sized enterprises. For example, the loan amount (meaning multi-income) and the loan quality are double assessed, and there is a prize for completing the loan issuance task, otherwise there is a penalty; However, if there is a risk loss in the loan, the investigators, decision-makers and auditors of the loan will be fined according to the corresponding proportion. Under this mechanism, the loan personnel can more actively explore the loan demand and find out the loan risk base through in-depth investigation, so as to better balance the relationship between loan income and risk. Increase the innovation of credit business.
Establish and improve the foreign direct investment guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises in China are relatively small in scale, and their ability to resist political risks, business risks and transaction risks in the process of internationalization is weak. Therefore, on the one hand, in view of the fact that developing countries are the key areas of foreign direct investment of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, which are characterized by relatively large political and social risks, it is necessary to step up the signing of bilateral protection agreements with these developing countries. On the other hand, establishing a foreign investment guarantee system means establishing a domestic legal system to protect capital and encourage China enterprises or individuals to invest abroad. Encourage insurance companies to carry out insurance business not only for foreign-funded enterprises investing in China, but also for domestic small and medium-sized enterprises investing abroad, so as to eliminate investors' worries and enable investors to better explore international business.
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Under the background of world economic globalization, the internal and external environmental factors of the internationalization development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China are also changing. This paper analyzes the international development environment of small and medium-sized enterprises from three aspects: world economic environment, international investment environment and technical environment, and on this basis, puts forward concrete countermeasures to build a good supporting environment for the international development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China. Keywords: internationalization environment of small and medium-sized enterprises, China's 11th Five-Year Plan clearly points out: support qualified enterprises to "go global", make overseas investment in accordance with internationally accepted rules, encourage overseas project contracting and labor export, and expand mutually beneficial cooperation and joint development. Therefore, in the future opening up, we must adhere to the principle of combining "bringing in" with "going out", especially to study and implement the "going out" opening strategy. This paper analyzes the international development environment of China's small and medium-sized enterprises in order to facilitate the development of China's small and medium-sized enterprises. ...
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