Cyperaceae is an important part of terrestrial ecosystem, which plays an important role in sand fixation and soil conservation, soil improvement, water purification, photosynthetic matter fixation and carbon cycle. Plants of this family are widely distributed all over the world, affecting human production and life. Many species have become important means of production, food resources and feed resources for human development, and are also excellent forage grasses with high feeding value, wide distribution area and large quantity in natural grassland in China.
Cyperaceae plants are widely distributed in humid areas all over the world. Except for the species that have been used by human beings, most of this family has great economic and social value, but it has not been recognized and used by human beings, and it contains huge resource potential.
Basic introduction Chinese name: Pinyin of Cyperaceae: suūc o kē ū Scientific name: Juss of Cyperaceae. (1789) Realm: Plant Subdivision: Green Plant Subdivision: Charophyta Subdivision: Equisetum Subdivision (Embryo Plant Subdivision) Subdivision: Equisetum Subdivision (Vascular Plant Subdivision) Class: Magnoliaceae (Angiospermae Subdivision) Subdivision: Liliaceae Subdivision: Commelina Subdivision: Gramineae: Cyperaceae Distribution:. Some of them can be used as raw materials for weaving mats or making paper, and some can be used as medicine. Perennial or panicum miliaceum; Culms are solid, usually triangular and knotless; Leaves usually 3 rows, sometimes absent, long and narrow, with closed leaf sheaths; Flowers are small, bisexual or unisexual, born in the axils of spikelets scales (often called glumes), and spikelets are arranged in spikes, racemes, panicles, heads or cymes. Perianth missing or inferior setae, silky hairs or scales; Stamens1-3; The ovary is superior, with 1 cell and 1 upright ovule. The style is simple, the base is slender or swollen, and the stigma is 2-3. The fruit is achene or nutlet. The main genera in China are Carex, Cyperus, Carex, Eleocharis, Eleocharis, Kobresia, Casuarina, Humulus, Lycoris and so on. Species distinction Cyperaceae is often confused with Gramineae-Gramineae, but it can be distinguished from it by the above characteristics. For example, the stems of grass are round and hollow; Leaves have leaf sheaths, but the leaf sheaths are not closed; The flower is surrounded by two bracts and the spikelet is surrounded by two bracts. Although Cyperaceae plants are similar to Gramineae in appearance, Cyperaceae and Poa pratensis are classified as Cyperaceae, but more and more evidence shows that Juncaceae is the closest family of Cyperaceae. The main genera of Cyperaceae include Carex (about 2000 species), Cyperaceae (about 650 species), Rhynchospora (about 250 species), Carex, Eleocharis and Erigeron. Other larger genera are Bulbostylis (about 65,438+000 species), Epinephelus (about 65,438+000 species) and Mapania (about 80 species). Although in general, Dryopteris has no economic value, some of its species are very famous. For example, papyrus, the ancient Egyptians cut its stems into thin slices and flattened them to be used as writing materials; Papyrus papyrus is usually cultivated as an ornamental plant. Other cultivated genera include Carex, Eleocharis, Humulus and Carex. Graptopetalum alterniflora, also known as graptopetalum alterniflora, is a very popular potted plant, with a height of 1.2 meters and a cluster of leaves arranged in an umbrella shape on each rhizome. In many northern temperate regions, Phytolacca acinosa (edible sedge) is considered as a grasslike weed. Its yellow tuber is similar to nuts, and its related species of Cyperus esculenta are edible, especially a kind of Phytolacca acinosa (cultivated edible Cyperus esculenta), also known as almond, whose tuber is rich in starch, sugar and fat. Water chestnut bulbs and some kinds of bulbs are edible. Potamogeton crispus and Allium fistulosum are usually cultivated in swamp gardens and aquatic botanical gardens. Leymus chinensis is also the most popular plant in swamp gardens. Characteristics and distribution of perennial herbs and less annual herbs; Most roots have few tubers at the same time. Most of them have triangular stems. Leaves are basal, culm-shaped, generally with closed leaf sheaths, long and narrow leaves, or sometimes only leaf sheaths without leaves. Inflorescences are diverse, including spikes, racemes, panicles, heads or long-branched cymes; Spikelets are solitary, clustered or arranged in spikes or heads, with 2 to more flowers, or reduced to only 1 flower; Flowers are bisexual or unisexual, monoecious, rarely dioecious, inserted between the axils of scales (glumes), and the scales are arranged in double-flat spiral or double rows, with no perianth or perianth degenerating into lower scales or bristles, and sometimes the female flowers are wrapped by the fruit sac formed by the first leaf; Stamens 3, at least 2- 1, filaments linear, anthers at the bottom; Ovary 1 room, 1 ovule, single style, 2-3 stigmas. Fruit nutlets, trigonous, biconvex, plano-convex, or spherical. Cyperaceae contains saponins, tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids. There are about 90 genera and more than 4000 species, which are widely distributed all over the world. There are about 28 genera and more than 800 species in China. Both north and south produce. Most of them grow in wet places or swamps, but also in hillside grasslands or forests. Economic value Cyperaceae is an excellent forage grass with high forage value and large quantity, which has become an important means of production, food resources and feed resources for human development. Some kinds of tubers are edible, such as water chestnut, oil sedge and so on. Some are excellent grasses, such as KOBRESIA alpine (see KOBRESIA), Carex minor and Carex minor (see Carex minor). Others, such as white moss and heterophyllous moss, can be used as lawns to beautify the environment. In the past, taxonomists thought that Cyperaceae was closely related to Gramineae. 1934 J. Hutchinson separated Cyperaceae from Gramineae, and Cyperaceae only included Cyperaceae. Later morphological and cytological data also support this view. But the spikelets of Gramineae and Cyperaceae are only similar in appearance. The flowers of Gramineae are terminal, the ovary is placentation of lateral membrane, which comes from ancient type and the embryo is on one side of endosperm. The flowers of Cyperaceae are lateral, the ovule is the basic placenta, which comes from the central placenta of Guthrie, and the embryo is located in the center of endosperm. In addition, in seed plants, most chromosomes have centromeres, and only in Cyperaceae and Juncaceae do their chromosomes have centromeres. The pollen grains of Cyperaceae and Juncaceae are single pollen-like tetrads, and there is no partition between the four members. 1 The nuclei develop normally, and the other three nuclei are usually located at the "bottom" of pollen. From the point of view of morphogenesis and cytology, Cyperaceae pollen should be called tetrad; From the shape of the outer wall, it should be called single pollen (or fake pollen). Chromosome and pollen morphology show that Cyperaceae is closely related to Juncaceae. The undergraduate course is divided into 2 sub-departments. Spikelets of Micrograsses usually have many flowers; Scales are arranged in spiral or two rows; Flowers bisexual or unisexual, without the fruit sac formed by the first leaf. The subfamily is divided into 5 families: ① Lycorinae, with 7 genera in China. ② Caryophyllaceae, there are 6 genera in China. ③ Cyperaceae, there are 7 genera in China. (4) There are 5 genera in the class Hypoplica. ⑤ There are only 2 genera in the class Lithocarpus. The flowers of Carex subfamily are unisexual, the female flowers have the first leaf, most of them combine at the edge to form fruit sacs, and few of them are completely free. There are 2 genera 1 family in this subfamily. There are more than 4000 species in 80 genera in the world, and there are more than 500 species in 28 genera in China, which are widely distributed all over the country and mostly grow in wet places or swamps. Carex is mostly produced in the mountainous areas of Northeast, Northwest, North China or Southwest China, and there are few species in the south. Panicum and Cyperus are widely distributed in all provinces in China, while Celastrus is mostly found in Central China, East China and South China, and Celastrus is only found in tropical and subtropical regions. Humulus scandens: flowers are bisexual or unisexual, and there is no fruit sac formed by the first leaf. Flowers are bisexual. Scales are spirally arranged; Due to the decreasing trend, the lower bristles are present or absent. Potamogeton: Spikelets mostly have quiet bisexual flowers. Spiny people: spikelets have only a few flowers (mostly reduced to 1-2 flowers); Bisexual flowers are at the top or middle of spikelets. Cyperus sedge: scales are not spiral but arranged in two rows; The bristles below are missing. Flowers are unisexual and rarely bisexual. Caragana: spikes are solitary or 2 or more form different inflorescences. There is no plate under the nutlet. Pearl Zu Mao: Several to many spikelets form a round male inflorescence, and a few are intermittent spikes or small clusters. There is a disk under the nutlet. Carex subfamily: the flowers are unisexual, and the female flowers have the first leaf. Most of the first leaves combine at the edge to form fruit sacs, and a few are completely free.