People in their fifties have not forgotten to make progress. The day when the Confucian stopped: "There is no need to reply! If life should be clear, it is already in Taige. There is joy in the mountains, why advocate 4 meat? " Song Ling is good at words. Take care of your children and grandchildren, you can't be hopeless. You often see these words, but you are indifferent to them. Or flattery and warning, it is also deaf. Song Ling laughed: "Muruzhe ⑦ doesn't want to be a wife ⑧?" Answer: "I don't have any other length, but Zhi Zhi is enough. Today, three sons and one grandson can inherit this book, and food and clothing will not be frozen and hungry. This is not a godsend. What are the merits of self-care, but there is still hope? "
(Selected from Qing Pu Songling's "Practice of Syria and Liu")
[Note] ① Aggressive: This refers to gaining fame through the imperial examination. Pu Songling failed in many imperial examinations. 2 wife (rú). 3 Tiger: Prime Minister. (4) preach with meat: you also say a promise. ⑤ Enter the Imperial Examination. 6 heart: selfish. 7 Confucian admirer: a person with dignity. This refers to the wife. Lady: This refers to your wife. Pet-name ruby (jué) Hope: Not satisfied.
(Pu Songling) At the age of 50, he has not forgotten the imperial examination and won fame. His wife stopped him and said, "Don't do that again. If the blow should reach the dignitaries, then today (you) have become the prime minister. There are happy places in the mountains, so why take a Hubeno as happiness? " Pu Songling thinks his wife's words are right, but when he sees his children and grandchildren taking the imperial examination, he can't feel hopeless. His thoughts are often expressed in words, but his wife is indifferent. (Pu Songling) Sometimes I try to please her with a bad omen. (She didn't seem to hear it either. Pu Songling smiled and asked, "Isn't my wife going to be a lady?" (She) replied: "I have no other strengths, only content. Now I have three sons and a grandson. They can continue to burn incense, eat and wear without freezing and starving. This is a great gift from God. You review your own merits, but you are still not satisfied? "
2. The names of parents, literary thieves and civil servants (referring to the twenty-four notes of the ancients) come from the allusion of "calling father and mother".
Hanshu? Biography of Historical Records records that in the first year of the Western Han Dynasty, the magistrate of Wanxian County called on the faithful officials to be diligent and diligent, and tried their best to persuade the people to "promote the people's interests", "return the people, multiply their household registration, and stop the lawsuit against prison thieves", which was respected by the local people as "calling the father". "Once"? Du Shi Biography records that in the seventh year of Liu Xiu's Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du Shi was appointed as the new magistrate of Nanyang County, and was "frugal and peaceful". He built water rafts, cast farm tools, cured evil ponds, expanded soil fields, and was honored as "Du Mu" by local people.
"Formerly known as the father, later known as Du Mu", the governors of counties and counties around the country respectfully called "the father", and so it was handed down. In ancient times, county governors were really regarded as the parents of the people.
Bitan records that Chongyang County in Ezhou "has a lot of wasteland, and the people don't cultivate and weave, but only grow tea", and Zhang, the magistrate, "ordered people to cut down tea gardens and induce Sang Ma to plant", "Jiayou changed the tea method, and Hunan people suffered from tea rent, but Chongyang tea rent was the least. The people supervise his city, think about the interests of the public, and set up a temple to repay the favor "; Farmers have "people who buy food in the market", and the magistrate of a county called to persuade them that the residents in the city have no land to grow vegetables and have no way to buy food. "The villagers have soil fields, why don't they grow their own vegetables and spend money on food?" And he was unceremoniously "dismissed". Later, local farmers "all established gardens" and named them "Zhangzhi County Cuisine". The magistrate of a county, for the people, isn't it a bit strict father? In the twenty-ninth year of Kangxi, the emperor issued a letter to "examine and be honest", and a * * * commended four county magistrate orders, among which Jiading Order "Lu" was one.
In Qing Dynasty, Wu's Gossip at the Guest Window, Talking in the Garden and Goodwell Gong's Notes on the Nest Forest all recorded Lu's deeds. When Lu decided the case, "convince people with reason and forgive them with affection, like my father mediating family affairs", and the wind of non-litigation in China gradually became ".
There are local robbers who want to rob the country, but Lu "officials and people don't move" and "ride into the thief". "The Oracle said,' You are all good citizens, and you have to hold their ears. Now that you are here, you want to be kind to them. Can you turn over a new leaf? Go home after parting and punish you; Otherwise, when the loyalist arrives, there will be no class. "The robber cried and said," Real parents are obedient.
There was a unruly man in China who defaulted on his taxes and lied to Lu that he would not pay taxes until he sold his daughter. Lu "smells his runny nose and forbids him to pay it." As a result, "people are angry with him for cheating, and he is afraid of being beaten." "People naturally lost their fear." Is this county magistrate Lu a little motherly to the people under his rule? The fourth volume of Chen Kangqi's Four Notes on Lang Qian in Qing Dynasty contains the story of silks and Chen Gong silks.
Raise silkworms in oak trees. During the Kangxi period, Liu Jun hired people from Shandong to Zhangzhou to teach people to raise mountain silkworms and weave cocoon and silk, which benefited the sericulture industry in Shaanxi and prospered.
At that time, Shaanxi people called the woven cocoon silk "Gong Liu silk". "Guizhou province is barren, and the people are in poverty, but Zunyi is in power, and agriculture and silkworm are in parallel, caring about Yu.
Since Qianlong, Chen Jun, a native of Licheng, Shandong Province, came to guard the county and saw that its green tree was Quercus acutissima in Shandong, and its leaves were edible silkworm. He donated money to send Ding to Shandong to buy silkworm eggs, visited the silkworm master and was widely taught. He has been successful for a long time and has benefited a lot so far. "Woven is called' Chen Gongsi'.
Are these two people, Liu and Chen, loyal parents, dedicated to the welfare of their children for the people under their rule? However, there is an essential difference between the relationship between the government and the people and the real parent-child relationship. There is a natural and inseparable blood relationship between parents and children, while the relationship between officials and people is "artificial": directly speaking, officials were sent to the people by the emperor's old son, and further away, officials in ancient China were all fruits of the power tree planted by the ruling class.
Such a relationship can naturally be separated. Because of this, officials carried the emperor's old son on their backs, leaning against the tree of force behind them. In fact, if they want to treat people like children, they will treat people like children. If you don't want to treat them as children, treat them completely as wallets or lambs.
The fourth chapter of "Lin Chaobi" is an excellent proof of the great difference between the government and the people and their parents and children: "In the 29th year of Qianlong, Zhuji ordered Huang Chongzheng and Pingyang ordered Huangmei to reclaim it in the 51st year, all because his son had a plan, and he forgot the harm, so that his body recovered and his son was sentenced." Let's see, the targets of officials who "give up their profits and forget the harm", "re-levy" and "re-collect" are of course the people.
Thieves, never less. The following two articles can only be recorded conveniently in Notes of Nest Forest.
According to the article "The County Magistrate is Good at Butterflies", the magistrate Wang Xing of Rugao County in the Ming Dynasty ordered "Butterflies of Good Nature", and the defendant who needs to be punished by "slapping" after closing the case can be exempted from punishment only by "losing butterflies". Isn't the plaintiff angry? In the article "Bureaucratic Relief", it was probably a typhoon in the autumn of the tenth year of Yongzheng, and "the coastal residents fell" was not counted. The victims ran to the city, "or gathered outside the academy, and those who fell asleep on their pillows died in 1899", and "the righteous people gave some relief" just for the purpose of "brushing the official's wishes".
Officials believe that the death of the victims is "not tired of being an official", while "relief" makes the victims "stay in the city for a long time" and makes officials suffer. This kind of officer, where there is humanity? Zhang served as a local official in many places in the Qing Dynasty. The "deeds" of thieves recorded in Dao County Official Records are more detailed, and some of them are really unheard of.
People pay grain tax to officials, in addition to positive extra, there are also cases of floating income; In Gansu and other provinces, there is a name of "the old grain in the warehouse is not clean", but the local officials "force the situation with punishment, make the collar", deduct it from the measurement when they get it, and "mix ugly grain" in the old grain. After the bumper harvest, the people want to raise interest rates and return to their positions. In Sichuan, there is a so-called "beat" method of collecting money, that is, "when officials arrive at their posts, they reduce their prices and taxes, which is called beat". The new official will also "shoot" when he takes office, and even deliberately spread rumors that he will take office, but he will also shoot, the so-called "Taiping gun", and most of the tax revenue from shooting will be embezzled. How far the levy has been blackmailed! When people can't afford to pay taxes, rent grain or pay their debts, they are often falsely accused of disobeying rules and being arrested and tortured.
If you resist a little, you will be accused of banditry and torture. The Sichuan government has a so-called "card room". "There are hundreds of people in the card room of the big county, and there are no fewer than dozens of people in the small county." Witnesses are also detained inside. "Give them a small sum of money every day, and their pain is even worse than that in prison all the year round." "At least one or two thousand people are killed every year in this province."
Adult cotton
3. The fox and the pig compete for merit. The fox laughs at the pig and says, "You are stupid, but you can't compete with me." The pig said, "Why are you laughing at me? You may not be able to contribute to the world. " The fox said, "My skin can be clothed. How can I not say anything? " ? If you are, you are useless. "The pig said," My meat can be fed to people. How can I not say anything? "Sheep trade rushed in," you don't have to fight for each other. What if I can have your advantages at the same time? " Before the words were finished, the wolf suddenly appeared and ate it. He smiled and said, "These slave-like beasts always talk about merit. They are just my sacrifices. "
Translation:
The fox smiled and said to the pig, "you are a big fool." How can you compare with me? " The pig said, "You don't have to laugh at me, and you may not have any credit in the world." The fox said, "My fur can be used to make clothes and quilts for the benefit of the people. How can I say that I have no credit? " If it's you, there's no credit. "The pig said," My meat can fill people's stomachs. How can you say that there is no credit? "At this moment, a sheep desperately came up and said," You don't have to argue any more. I have all your advantages. what do you think? "Words haven't say that finish, suddenly a wolf came and killed them all. Then he smiled and said, "These animals, who are only suitable for being slaves, always say that they have credit and can only cook my food!"! " "
4. The original translation of classical Chinese commonly used by local people
Since Yin Zhongkan is Jingzhou, it is worth saving water. He often eats five bowls and five dishes, and there is nothing left outside. The rice has fallen off the plate and needs to be picked up. Although you want to rate things, it is also because of their true colors. Children in every language say, "Don't treat me like your boss. It is difficult for me to get along with the past. Poor man, Shi Chang, how to climb branches and damage roots! Two Cao Qi Cun. "
To annotate ...
Water saving: floods lead to crop failure.
Five bowls and plates: each set includes a round tray and five small bowls.
Rate: Set an example for others. Things, people.
Clear: give up.
Yi: Change.
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Yin Zhong is the secretariat of Jingzhou. As soon as he took office, he caught up with floods and poor harvests. He eats five bowls of dishes every meal and has no other delicious food. When rice falls on the table, he always picks it up and eats it. Although it is intended to lead by example, it is also out of pure nature. He often says to his children, "Don't think that just because I am the governor of a state, I will abandon my consistent will and ethics. Now, it is not easy for me to be in this position. Poverty is the bounden duty of a scholar. When you climb a tall branch, how can you abandon its roots? You must remember this truth. "
5. Classical Chinese translation takes advantage of the gap to stab the thief (original): An archer in Dingyuan County, Haozhou, is good at using spears and can be used far and near. Thieves are also good at stabbing, and often despise the officers and soldiers, but they are not inferior to this archer. They say, "If you see it, you will die with it." One day, archers went to the village on business, and it was inevitable that they would steal drinks in the city, so they dragged their spears and watched the guests like a wall. For a long time, they failed to enter. The archer said it was theft and said, "The commander has arrived. I am healthy with you. Dare you fight my captain? " Steal: "Here." The archer died after being stabbed, covering up the gap in one fell swoop. There is also a person who has encountered a strong fight, and the spears are connected together. Kou was full of water first, and suddenly his face was startled, and the blade had pierced his chest. Later, a strong man met Kou again, and he had predicted the water abuse. Kou reuse it, water comes out, and there is a hole in the spear neck. Cover the old grass dog, its machine has been exhausted, relying on victory and unprepared, and suffering from it. (Volume 1 1)
There is an archer in Dingyuan County, Haozhou, who is good at using spears, and his skills make his colleagues near and far feel awe. There is a robber who is also good at stabbing and often despises the officers and men, but he is as good as the archer, saying, "When you meet an archer, you must fight to the death." One day, archers came to the village to do business, which coincided with the robbers drinking in the shopping mall. Inevitably, they dragged their spears and fought, and there were many onlookers. For a long time, both of them were deadlocked. The archer said to the robber, "The soldiers are coming. You and I are both brave people. Do you dare to fight me to the death in front of the soldiers? " The robber said, "Good." The archer stabbed the robber as soon as he raised his hand, probably because he was distracted and won. Someone struggled with the robber, and their weapons crossed. The robber first took a sip of water in his mouth and suddenly sprayed it on the other person's face. Suddenly, the knife went through his chest. Later, a strong man met a robber again and knew in advance that he had a trick of spraying water on people. The robber did it again, and the water was exported. The strong man's long gift has passed through his neck, killing the robber. Probably he tried the same trick again, exhausted his strategy, and was cheated out of guard and suffered greatly.
(Comment): As the saying goes, "Thieves have a way". The two in the above article are just "robbers have no way", or they died because of stupidity, or they lost their lives because they cheated others. They are all "inferior and rotten" and smart.
6. Original translation of classical Chinese.
Since the state of Wu pardoned the state of Yue, Gou Jian, the king of Yue, rebelled, but he was too worried about his health to sit down. When he sat down, he was afraid of eating and drinking. Yue: "Have you forgotten the shame and sin you want to remember?" Self-cultivation, wife self-weaving; Eating without meat, clothes are not heavy; Welcome guests under the saint's day; Shake the poor and hang the poor, and work with the people.
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The King of Wu has pardoned the King of Yue, and Gou Jian, the King of Yue, is always thinking about how to restore the country, so he thinks hard every day and hangs a gallbladder on his seat. Before sitting down to rest and lying down to sleep every day, he should look up and taste the courage, before eating and drinking water. He often says to himself, "Have you forgotten the shame you suffered on Kuaiji Mountain?" He farmed his own fields, and his wife wore her own clothes. Every meal he eats has almost no meat and vegetables, and the clothes he wears have no bright colors. He demeans himself to the talented people below, gives gifts to guests, helps the poor, mourns the dead and works hard with the people.
7. Translate the full text of the classical Chinese "Children of Duke Liang" into the original text.
Diliang's Leisure ① Medicine, especially acupuncture. During the celebration, you have to enter the customs, and the route goes to the north of Huazhou, which is crowded. From a distance, Duke Diliang saw a huge sign that said, "If you can cure this child, you will be rewarded with countless ties." This is the point of view. There is a rich room, about 14 or 15 years old, lying under the card. The nose is covered with fat (4), which is as big as a fist stone, and the root is decorated with nose wings, as if eating food. Or touch it, it hurts in the bone, so the eyes are covered with fat, white, and the pain is urgent, and they will die in an instant. Suddenly, I said, "I can do it." His parents ⑥ relatives, knocking ⑥ begging, just put thousands of silks on the side. Because public order and good customs want to help him get up, that is, an inch of needle was stuck in the back of his head, so he asked the patient, "Is the needle angry at the sick place?" The patient's jaw fell off. The man suddenly pulled out the needle, but the tumor should have been dropped by hand, and his eyes were the same as before, and he had never been ill. If their parents and relatives cry and worship, give them presents. Gong laughed and said, "I'm sorry for killing my son. I'm afraid I'm ill and unskilled. " Ignore and leave.
Precautions:
1 Leisure: hobby. 2 should be made: by the emperor. (3) huá n hu: market. 4 tumor: tumor. ⑤ zhuì √: implicated. ⑥ (τ): and. ⑦ ⑤ (s γ n π): Amount. ⑧ (jiān): This refers to silk. Pet-name ruby cover: Because. Attending (y): sell.
translate
Di Renjie loves medical technology, especially acupuncture. When Emperor Xianqing was in power, he passed by the north of Huazhou City and saw many people watching. Di Renjie grabbed Ma Yuan and looked into the distance. He saw a tall sign with eight big characters: If you can cure the child, you will be rewarded with 1000 silks. Di Renjie immediately stepped forward to watch. It turned out to be a rich boy, about 14 or 15 years old, lying under the signboard. There is a tumor under the child's nose, the size of a fist, the root connected to the nose and the chopsticks so thin. If you touch it, you will feel a piercing pain. So both eyes were pulled down and turned white. The child's condition is very critical and he is dying. Di Renjie looked at it piteously for a long time, and then said, "I can cure him." The child's parents and relatives kowtowed to him for treatment, and had a cart pulled and one thousand silks placed next to De Renjie. Di Renjie had the child lifted up, stuck a needle about an inch in the back of his head and asked the child, "Do you feel anything on the tumor?" The sick child nodded. Di Renjie immediately put the needle * * *, and the tumor fell off by hand. His eyes immediately returned to normal, and all the pain disappeared. The children's parents and relatives cried and kowtowed. They had to give Renjie a thousand silks. Di Renjie smiled and said, "I'm sorry that your son's life is at stake. This is the urgency of the patient, to relieve the pain for the patient, not to sell my medical skills. " Di Renjie left and never looked back.
8. Classical Chinese Lv Dazhong translated the original text, and translated the word (paragraph by paragraph) into Emperor Berden, commander in chief of Huayin and Jincheng. Han Jiang declared Shaanxi and encouraged Yong Xing Lu Yong with great righteousness. He changed the secretary and checked the words Privy Council official and armory. Great remonstrance said, "If dispatch troops abuses the people, the country will be defeated by Japan, and the Han Dynasty will be cultivated by the Tang Dynasty." The army can be saved. "In order to sign this book, judges of the national army were appointed. Lv Dazhong entered Bo. He was a scholar in the imperial examination and was appointed as the viceroy of Huayin and the commander of Jincheng. When Han Jiang proclaimed himself Shaanxi, he took Lu Dazhong as the promotion and led the Volunteers of Yongxing Road. Later, he was appointed as a secretary to check the words of the Privy Council and the back room. Let Lu Dazhong analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the volunteers. " Lu Dazhong said: "The system of reclaiming farmland in the Han Dynasty and the system of official troops in the Tang Dynasty are all good methods. At present, the archer unit system is close to wasteland reclamation, and the volunteer unit system is close to the official army. Choosing a good way to use it can save huge expenses. " Lu Dazhong was appointed as the judge of the national army. Xi Ningzhong, Wang Anshi proposed to send envoys to all directions, set up border ditches, and Zhong Da and Fan Li were ordered to leave. Will cause trouble. Don't send it If the Khitan and Angela Liu discuss the North, they will lose their father. After the restoration, he knew Daizhou. The Khitan will make Xiao Su and Liang generations, and establish the second Chaohui. According to the chairman, Dazhong will compete with it, but it will move to the north of the Great Wall. In the west, he will meet Zhou Shi at the door of the cabinet. Large and medium-sized meetings, elements will, should, and every discussion will be repeated. Zong Shen said, "What did you say about Qing?" He said, "Your Majesty's words are not official, so I'm afraid I can't gradually get up." He said: "it is very important for the country to put righteousness above family loyalty. I hope your majesty can consider it." When you are in power, you can't get away with it, but you can't decide whether to return to the third division, and your sense of justice will eventually lose control. Then you took the watershed as the boundary. Both men refused to travel. Lv Dazhong wrote five objections, arguing that improper application of the letter of benevolence and righteousness in other countries will inevitably lead to disaster. The court relieved him of his appointment and did not send him. He was also ordered to go to Khitan with Angela Liu to discuss the northern region, which coincided with his father's death (no mission). Later it was reused and appointed as Daizhou. Xiao Su and Liang Ying, the Khitan envoys, arrived. Then they moved their headquarters to the north of the Great Wall. Later, Lu Dazhong was appointed as the ambassador of the West Gate and the magistrate of Shizhou. Lu Dazhong met with Xiao Su and Liang Ying for many times. Every time he negotiated, he often persuaded Xiao Su and Liang Ying to make some concessions. Later, the Khitan sent messengers to demand the cession of the North. Emperor Zongshen called the ruling ministers to discuss the matter with Lu Dazhong and Angela Liu, and intended to agree to their request. Zongshen said, "What are you talking about?" Lu Dazhong replied, "Your Majesty doesn't agree with me, but I'm still worried that I can't open the door." Angela Liu said: "Lu Dazhong's words are in line with the plan to stabilize the country. I hope your majesty will carefully consider his words. " Knowing that their views could not be changed, the ruling minister dismissed Angela Liu from his post and sent him back to the post of the Third Division. Lu Dazhong also ended his mourning. In the end, the two countries took the watershed as the boundary. Yuan Fengzhong, a transit judge in Hebei Province, said, "The ancients managed their finances and regarded the world as a family. The family of the imperial court and the brothers who plan outside live in different places, but their wealth is the same. Now, some officials only know the name of the cashier, but they don't tell the truth about it. So if they have enough money, they will take it away. This is a catastrophe. " During the Yuanfeng period, Lu Dazhong was appointed as the transfer judge of Hebei Province, saying: "In ancient times, the world was a family in financial management. The imperial court is like a family, and the places managed outside are like brothers, but their financial status is no different. At present, the competent department only knows the name of expenditure and income, but has not told the emperor the truth. So wherever there is surplus, they collect it from where there is deficiency. This is really a great hidden danger. " So I stated twelve things about making money and supporting the people. I was transferred to Huaixi prison. At that time, another locust plague occurred on the Yellow River levee. Lu Dazhong entered the DPRK to answer Wang's questions and discuss the disaster situation in detail. The emperor wrote a letter to restore his position. At the beginning, I knew Yuan You, Dr. Li Gongbu, Shaanxi Transportation Agreement and Shaanxi Province, and I knew Qin Zhou through Long Ting. God will give it to you. Great advice: "Summer people are strong, vertical, and sleepy. Nowadays, Yang is obedient, and they are really afraid of crusade. It is appropriate to order border officials to comment on their reasons for coming. If they only ask, they will have a glimpse of me. " In the early years of Yuan You, Lu Dazhong successively served as a doctor of the Ministry of Industry, a transshipment ambassador in Shaanxi and a magistrate in Shaanxi, and took the status of Zhili Tuge. Xixia intends to send an envoy to apologize (asking for the restoration of old coins), and Emperor Zongshen is ready to promise him. Lu Dazhong said: "Xixia people are indulgent when they are strong, and they are submissive when they are weak. Now they appear to be resigned, but in fact they are afraid of crusade. Border officials should be ordered to blame them for their coming. If they ask us for it, Xixia people will see through our reality. " People liked it and rushed to transport the millet to the warehouse, but left at a loss, which was welcomed by more than one million. At that time, the county government bought the grain of Bai surname, and the rich family took the opportunity to control it (for selfish reasons). Lu Dazhong chose his colleagues to go into the official warehouse with him early in the morning (to buy grain), even if there was only one bucket and one liter, he accepted it, so that there was no obstacle to collecting grain. Take the money and leave. Finally, he got more than one million tons of grain. Ma Juan took the scholar as the first to enter the shogunate and claimed to be the champion. Dazhong said, "Those who have not been removed from the official position are not allowed to be judges. Today's imperial examination is useless, and self-cultivation is not allowed.