There is nothing you can do. Tell everyone what light wave prediction 88 is.

I am determined to send the longest water sticker in my family's history. Don't rob me, because nobody can rob me! Although it is very long, it is definitely not a foot wrap for lazy women. It's classic. I bet that without these people mentioned in the article, we would still live in the darkness of science! Dedicated to the good boy who loves science on the altar! Ok, let's begin: Does God roll the dice? The author of this article seems to be a netizen in Shanghai. He tells the history of quantum mechanics through popular and fascinating language, without telling the boring history at all. At the same time, through some appropriate metaphors, he explained some complicated truths thoroughly and simply. It is a rare popular science reading. Compared with those confusing long formulas that talk about the so-and-so theorem, this article is indeed their model. If we want to choose the greatest years in the history of physics development, then two periods will be selected: the end of 17 and the beginning of the 20th century. The former, marked by the publication of Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, declared the formal establishment of modern classical physics. The latter brought us the theory of relativity and quantum theory, and reconstructed the whole physics system most thoroughly. The difference is that when we talk about Newton's era again today, our hearts are more nostalgic and nostalgic for those days in our lives; However, the theory of relativity and quantum theory still deeply affects and puzzles us, just like two green olives, the more you chew, the more fragrant you get. The first thing to tell you here is the story of quantum theory. This story is more like a legend, starting from a obscure clue, winding to a secluded place and gradually losing its beauty. Just when I had no idea, all of a sudden, the world opened up, like a river leaking. However, before we had time to see the beautiful scenery, we suddenly experienced ups and downs, strayed into the depths of white clouds, and didn't know where to go ... The development history of quantum mechanics is one of the most exciting chapters in physics. We will see the physical building collapse in the storm, but be baptized and reborn in the raging fire. We will see the most revolutionary ideas sweeping the earth, bringing shocking lightning and thunder, but at the same time showing shocking beauty. We will see how science struggles in thorns and swamps, but it strengthens our belief in victory. Quantum theory is a complicated and difficult problem. She is like a mysterious girl. We meet her every day, but we can never guess her inner world. Today, almost all fields of our modern civilization, from computers and televisions to nuclear energy and biotechnology, are inseparable from quantum theory. But what does quantum theory bring us? This question is still difficult to answer. In the view of natural philosophy, quantum theory has brought us unprecedented impact and vibration, and even changed the basic concept of the whole physical world. Its concept is so revolutionary that even the least conservative scientists are deeply afraid of it subconsciously. The prosperity of modern civilization is the victory of reason, and quantum theory is undoubtedly one of the highest achievements of reason. But it is endowed with such great power that, for the first time in history, our reason has sown the seeds of self-destruction in victory. As a result, niels bohr, one of the founders of quantum theory, said, "If someone is not confused about quantum theory, he just doesn't understand it." It has been more than 10 years since quantum theory was founded, but some of its basic ideas are still unknown to the public. Then, let's go back to that great era, review the epic revolution again, walk through the stormy waves again and enjoy the feeling of dizziness. Our speedboat is about to leave. When you feel scared or shocked, please hold the edge. But we must always remember that at that time, the greatest geniuses in the history of physics also took the same route, and their feelings were exactly the same as ours. Chapter 1: The Golden Age-Our story will begin in Germany on 1998. Karlsruhe, located on the Rhine, is a city with beautiful scenery. In the center of the city, stands the famous palace of18th century. The lush forests and warm climate also make this town a tourist attraction in Europe. However, these pleasant scenery did not seem to distract heinrich rudolf hertz: now he is engrossed in playing with his instruments in the laboratory of Karlsruhe University. At that time, Hertz was just 30 years old. Maybe he didn't think that he would be as famous in the history of science as his teacher, Hern von Helmholtz, and he would be as proud of this town as karl benz. Now his attention is completely focused on his device. Today, Hertz's device looks very simple: its main part is an electric spark generator with two small copper balls closely spaced, like a capacitor. Hertz stared at the two copper balls opposite with rapt attention, and then closed the circuit switch. Suddenly, the magic of electricity began to appear in this simple system: invisible current passed through the induction coil in the device and began to charge the copper ball capacitor. Hertz stared at his device coldly, imagining the voltage rise of two capacitors in his mind. After studying in the field of electricity for so long, Hertz is full of confidence in his knowledge. He knew that with the voltage rising, the air between the two balls would soon be broken down, and then the whole system would form a high-frequency oscillation loop (LC loop), but this is not what he wants to observe now. Sure enough, after a while, with a slight bang, a beautiful blue electric flower exploded between two copper balls, and the whole system formed a complete loop. The tiny current beam kept twisting in the air, giving off a faint fluorescence. Hertz is more nervous. He stared at the string of electric sparks and the air beside him, imagining one picture after another in his heart. He doesn't want to see how this device produces a spark short circuit. The purpose of his experiment is to prove the existence of illusory "electromagnetic waves". what kind of thing is that ? Can't see or touch. No one has seen it before, and no one has verified its existence. However, Hertz firmly believes in its existence, because it is a prediction of Maxwell's theory. Maxwell's theory ... Oh, mathematically perfect like a miracle! Like a poem written by God. It is hard to imagine that such a theory is wrong. Hertz took a deep breath and smiled again: No matter how impeccable the theory is, it still needs experiments to verify it. He stood there for a while, thought it over several times in his mind, and finally determined that his experiment was correct: if Maxwell was right, there should be an oscillating electric field between two copper balls and an electromagnetic wave would be triggered at the same time. Hertz turned around. On the other side of the laboratory, there is an open copper ring with a small copper ball at each opening. That's the receiver of electromagnetic waves. If Maxwell's electromagnetic wave really exists, it will pass through this room to the other end, and an oscillating electromotive force will be induced at the receiver, so that an electric spark will also be excited at the opening of the receiver. In the laboratory, Hertz stood there quietly, motionless, as if his eyes had seen invisible electromagnetic waves traveling through space. The copper ring receiver suddenly looked a little strange, and Hertz couldn't help shouting. He put his nose in front of the copper ring and clearly saw that there seemed to be a faint spark floating in the air between the two copper balls: Hertz quickly ran to the window and closed all the curtains. Now it is more clear: the light blue electric flowers are constantly blooming in the cracks of the copper ring, but the whole copper ring is an isolated system, which has neither connected batteries nor any energy. Hertz observed it for a whole minute. In his eyes, those blue sparks look so beautiful. Finally, he rubbed his eyes and straightened up: now there is no doubt that electromagnetic waves really exist in space. It is it that inspires the electric spark on the receiver. He obtained and successfully solved the award problem put forward by Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin eight years ago. At the same time, Maxwell's theory also won, and finally established a new peak of physics-electromagnetic theory. The great michael faraday laid its foundation, and the great Maxwell built its main body. Today, he-the great Hertz-sealed the building. Hertz carefully moved the receiver to different positions, and the performance of electromagnetic wave was not satisfied with the theoretical prediction at all. Hertz obtains the wavelength of electromagnetic wave according to the experimental data, and multiplies it by the oscillation frequency of the circuit to calculate the forward speed of electromagnetic wave. This value is exactly equal to 300,000 km/s, which is the speed of light. Maxwell's amazing prediction has been confirmed: electromagnetic waves are not mysterious at all. The light we usually see is a kind of electromagnetic waves, but its frequency is limited to a certain range and can be seen by us. In any sense, this is an amazing discovery. The ancient optics can finally be completely embraced by the emerging electromagnetism, and the assertion that "light is a kind of electromagnetic wave" has finally made a seemingly inconclusive conclusion on the long-debated issue of the nature of light (we will soon see this protracted and wonderful war). Soon after, the experiment of reflection, diffraction and interference of electromagnetic waves was done, which further confirmed the consistency between electromagnetic waves and light waves, which is undoubtedly a great achievement of electromagnetic theory. Hertz's name can finally be engraved in the Hall of Fame in the history of science. However, as a purely serious scientist, Hertz did not think of the great commercial significance of his discovery at that time. In the laboratory of Karlsruhe University, he only thought about how to get closer to the ultimate mystery of nature, but did not think of what kind of revolution his experiment would bring. Hertz died young and left the world he was fascinated by before he was 37. However, in that year, a 20-year-old Italian youth who was on vacation in Lombardy read his paper on electromagnetic waves; Two years later, the young man has been conducting radio communication in public places, and soon he was established and successfully obtained a patent certificate. By 2008, the seventh year after Hertz's death, wireless telegraphy had been able to cross the Atlantic and realize real-time communication. This Italian guy is guglielmo Macconi, and popov has made the same contribution in the field of wireless communication. They set off a revolutionary storm and brought all mankind into a brand-new "information age". I wonder how Hertz would feel if he had knowledge behind him. But I still think Hertz will only laugh at it. He is a pure scientist who regards the pursuit of truth as the greatest value of life. I'm afraid that even if he thought of the commercial prospects of electromagnetic waves, he would disdain to put them into practice. Perhaps, walking between beautiful forests and lakes, thinking about the ultimate mystery of nature, and discussing academic issues with students on the campus where autumn leaves are falling, this is his real life. Today, his name has become a unit of frequency and is constantly mentioned by everyone. However, maybe he will still think that we have disturbed his peace? Last class, we talked about the existence of electromagnetic waves and that light is actually a kind of electromagnetic waves, both of which have the same wave characteristics. This draws a seemingly unchangeable sentence for the dispute over the essence of light. At this point, our story should first go back and review the war about light through time and space. This is perhaps the longest and most heated debate in the history of physics. It almost runs through the whole development process of modern physics, leaving an indelible mark in history. Just what everyone sees the most ("seeing the most" is really good here). It has been considered as one of the most primitive things in the universe since ancient times. In ancient mythology, it was often a "light" that split chaos and darkness, and the world began to run. In people's minds, light always represents life, vitality and hope. In the Bible, if God wants to create the world, the first thing he wants to create is the unique position of light and visible light in the universe. However, what is light? Or is it a "thing"? People in ancient times didn't seem to regard light as real things. In their view, light and darkness are only environmental differences. Only in ancient Greece did scientists begin to pay attention to the problem of light. One thing is certain: we can see things because of light. People then suspect that light comes from our eyes. When it reaches something, it is seen by us. For example, empedocles thinks that the world is composed of four elements: water, fire, air and earth, and human eyes are lit by Aphrodite, the goddess, when the fire element (that is, light. In ancient times, when light and fire came out of people's eyes and reached objects, we could see things. But obviously, this explanation is not enough. It can explain why we can't see with our eyes closed; But this doesn't explain why we can't see the dark place even with our eyes open. In order to solve this difficulty, people introduced much more complicated assumptions. For example, we think that there are three different kinds of light, which come from eyes, objects we see and light sources, and vision is the result of the comprehensive action of the three. This assumption is undoubtedly too complicated. In Roman times, Lucretius, a great scholar, put forward in his immortal book "On Matter" that light directly reaches people's eyes from a light source, but his view has never been accepted by people. Persian scientist Al did not correctly understand the imaging of light; Al-haytham suggested that we can see objects only because the light of the objects is reflected into our eyes. He presented a lot of evidence to prove this point, the most powerful of which was the experiment of pinhole imaging. When we see with our own eyes that light passes through a pinhole and becomes an inverted image, we have to doubt the correctness of this statement. People have studied some characteristics of light for a long time. Based on the assumption that light always travels in a straight line, Euclid studied the reflection of light in his book Reflection. Ptolemy, Hassan and Johannes Kepler all studied the refraction of light, while the Dutch physicist W Snell summed up the law of refraction of light on the basis of their work in 1960. Finally, the nature of light was finally summed up as a simple law by Pierre de Fett, who is known as the "king of amateur mathematics", that is, "light always takes the shortest route". Optics has finally been formally established as a physical discipline. However, when people are familiar with the various behaviors of light, there is still a basic problem that has not been solved, and that is, "What is the essence of light?" This question doesn't seem so difficult to answer, but people probably wouldn't have thought that the exploration of this question would be so protracted, and the impact of this exploration on physics would be so far-reaching and significant that its significance exceeded anyone's imagination at that time. People in ancient Greece always tended to regard light as a very fine particle stream, in other words, light was made up of very tiny "light atoms". On the one hand, this view is very consistent with the popular elemental theory at that time. On the other hand, people at that time didn't know much about other forms of matter except particles. We call this theory "particle theory" of light. Particle theory is intuitive and very reasonable. First of all, it can well explain why light always goes along a straight line and why it is reflected strictly and classically. Even the refraction phenomenon can be explained by the velocity change of particle flow in different media. However, the particle theory also has some obvious difficulties: for example, it is difficult for people to tell why two beams will not bounce off each other when they collide, and people cannot know where these tiny light particles are hidden before they emit light, whether they can be infinite, and so on. After the dark Middle Ages passed, people had a better understanding of nature. The phenomenon of fluctuation has been deeply understood and studied, and the understanding that sound is a kind of fluctuation is gradually accepted by people. People began to wonder: since sound is a wave, why can't light be a wave? /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, des cartes first put forward the possibility that light is a kind of pressure, which propagates in the medium. Soon after, an Italian math professor, grimma Gridi, did an experiment. He let a beam of light pass through two small holes and shine on the screen of the darkroom, and found an image of light and dark stripes on the edge of the projection. Grimma immediately thought of the diffraction of water waves (you should have seen it in the illustrations of middle school physics), so he proposed that light may be a wave similar to water waves, which is the earliest light wave theory. Wave theory holds that light is not a matter particle, but a wave generated by medium vibration. Let's imagine a water wave, which is not the actual propagation, but the result of the water surface vibrating up and down along the way. The wave theory of light can easily explain the bright and dark stripes in the projection, and it is also easy to explain that beams can pass through each other without interference. On the problem of linear propagation and reflection, people soon realize that the wavelength of light is very short, and in most cases, light behaves like classical particles. Diffraction experiment proves this point even more. But wave theory has a basic problem, that is, any wave needs a medium to propagate, such as sound, which cannot propagate in a vacuum. Light, however, seems to have no medium and can move forward at will. For a simple example, starlight can come to the earth through almost empty space, which is obviously very unfavorable to wave theory. Wave theory skillfully gets rid of this problem: it assumes an invisible medium to realize the propagation of light, and this medium has a very loud and impressive name, called "ether". It is in such a wonderful atmosphere that the theory of light fluctuation stepped onto the historical stage. We will soon see that this new force seems to be a friend of the past mentioned by the particle, and it is destined to wage a war with the latter for centuries. Their fates are always intertwined. Without each other, no one can say that he is still complete. In the end, they only exist for their opponents. This wonderful play has experienced two ups and downs from the beginning, reaching a dazzling level. And the wonderful ending makes us believe that their conversation is almost a fate that can be met but not sought. /kloc-the middle of the 0/7th century is the last darkness before the dawn of science, and no one can foresee that these two small sparks will soon lead to a raging fire. * * * * * After-dinner gossip: Talk about "ether". As we have seen above, ether was originally put forward as the hypothesis of light wave medium. But the origin of the word "ether" dates back to ancient Greece: Aristotle expounded his understanding of celestial bodies in his book "On Heaven". He believes that the sun, the moon and the stars all revolve around the earth, but their composition is different from the four elements of water, fire and earth on the ground. Things in the sky should be perfect and can only be composed of a purer element, that is, what Aristotle called "the fifth element"-ether (Greek α η θ η ρ). Because this concept is borrowed from science, the position of ether in history can be said to be quite subtle. On the one hand, it once played such an important role that it became the basis of the whole physics. On the other hand, when its glory is gone forever, it has also been ridiculed. Although it is not willing to struggle again and again, it has changed its head and given itself new meaning, but it can't escape the fate of being abandoned in the end, and even once became a special word of pseudoscience. However, the concept of ether still occupies a place in the history of science. Although the optical medium and absolute frame of reference it once represented have retired from the stage, until today, it can still arouse our nostalgia for that golden age. It is like a yellowed photo, which records the glorious past of a noble. Today, as another concept, Ethernet is used to name the network protocol (Ethernet). When you see this word, do you often have a lot of sighs? Salute the sky.