Jiankang city is 40 miles east and west, 40 miles north and south, and has a triple palace wall. Qinhuai in the south, Houhu in the north, Longpan in Zhongshan, and Huju in Shicheng. These gardens are mainly distributed in the northeast of the capital. There is Hualin Garden in the north of Gongcheng City, and there is a music garden in Zhoushan, with palaces such as Hualin Garden and Tianyuan Pool dotted in it. There are Stone Town and Xizhou Town in the southwest, and Dongfu Town and Danyang County in the southeast. There are official temples on both sides of Wuli Imperial Road between Xuanyangmen and Zhuquemen. Residential alleys are mainly distributed on both sides of Imperial Road and beside Qinhuai River. There are more than 500 Buddhist temples in the city.
Jiankang City is a model of the perfect combination of China's traditional ethical system and nature, and an outstanding representative of the ancient capital of China. It plays an important role in the history of the development of the ancient capital of China, and it is the first precedent of the axisymmetric layout of the capital. Its plane layout and architectural modeling have a far-reaching impact on later generations, deeply affecting East Asian countries. The Imperial Palace of the Six Dynasties is a magnificent palace, imitated by the capitals of the Northern Wei Dynasty and East Asian countries, connecting Qin and Han Dynasties and Sui and Tang Dynasties, which deeply influenced the capital construction form of later generations.
Guan Yi's southern crossing enabled the Han nationality to preserve the ancient culture of China in Nanjing, which has been said in previous dynasties. The culture of the Southern Dynasties, represented by Jiankang, and ancient Rome in the west are also called the two centers of human classical civilization, which have had a far-reaching influence in human history.
Basic introduction Chinese name: Jiankang mbth: Jiankang alias: Jianye, Jianye, Jinling and other administrative regions: Capital region: Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties: Miyagi, Shicheng, Danyang County, Dongfu City, Nanlangya County, etc. * * * Resident: Taicheng (where the Forbidden City and Taiwan Province Province are located) Geographical location: Today's Nanjing covers an area of 40 miles (about 400 square kilometers) Population: 2.3 million Dialects: Jinling Yayin Climate Conditions: Subtropical monsoon climate Famous scenic spots: Jiming Temple, Xuanwu Lake, Jiankang Palace and other historical and cultural, urban, economic, population and palaces. Zhuge Liang went to the embassy in the thirteenth year of Jiankang. Sun, then thought the capital. More than twenty miles around the city. It is adjacent to Zhongshan in the east, Qinhuai in the south, Dajiang in the west and Houhu (Xuanwu Lake) in the north, which is within the natural barrier. The Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties were divided into Jiankang and Moling counties along the capital, and the urban area expanded to 40 miles in the east, west, north and south. The center is Miyagi (Taicheng). There are heavy troops stationed in Baishilei (Baixia) in the north, Xuanwu City and Nanlangye County in the west, Shicheng in the west, Yecheng and Xizhou City in the southwest, Dongfu City in the southeast and Danyang County in the south. It was the political center of the Six Dynasties, because it was strategically located and heavily guarded. Jiangnan in Qin and Han Dynasties was underdeveloped and its living standard was backward. However, it changed at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Sun Quan made his capital in Jiangnan, and his name was Jianye. Since then, the economy of Jiangnan has developed rapidly. People in several counties can eat food from one county, and Jiankang is extremely prosperous because it is located in the economic, cultural and political center. In the 300 years since Jiankang was established as the capital city, it has developed continuously, prospered in business, abundant in talents and prospered in cultural relics, and has become the political, economic and cultural center of China. Fiona Fang, the capital of Wu, is more than 20 miles long from north to south and slightly shorter from east to west. It is located in the north of Nanjing today. Miyagi is in the north of the city, with Taichu Palace built by Sun Quan in the west and Zhaoming Palace and Yuancheng built by Sun Hao in the east. In 480, in the second year of the Southern Qi Dynasty, the capital city wall was formally completed. Tian Liang was supervised for ten years (565,438+065,438+0), and the third Miyagi was built. Miyagi in triple city was still rare in the history of urban development at that time. During the Southern Dynasties, Jiankang was still a citizen of smelting and casting. At this time, the iron smelting technology was improved and the mixed smelting method of raw and cooked iron was created. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, due to the rapid development of smelting and casting industry, the city was polluted and forced to move the smelting workshop located in the urban smelting city to 3.5 kilometers southeast of the county. The capital of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties still uses the old city of Wu, plus nine gates. Kistler outsources bricks in Tucheng. Miyagi was built in the old site of Wu Zhaoming Palace and Yuancheng during the reign of Emperor Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and it was named Jiankang Palace, also known as Taicheng. According to records, the palace wall is triple and the periphery is eight miles. In the south, Sima Gate is in front, facing Yang Xuanmen, the main entrance of the capital, and there is a two-mile-long imperial road between the two gates. There is a royal ditch on both sides of the imperial road, and there are locust trees and willows beside the ditch. The east-west intersection in front of the mansion faces the east-west main entrance of Beijing. Yuankou is mainly distributed in the northeast suburb of the capital. There is Hualin Garden in the north of Gongcheng, which was originally the old palace of Soochow and was expanded in the Song Dynasty. There is a music garden in Zhoushan, which was built in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Song Dynasty. Xuanwu Lake is in the north of the capital. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a long dike was built to prevent floods, and the lake was introduced into Hualin Garden, Tianyuan Pool and Palace Ditches, and then bet on Nanchenghao. There is no Guo Cheng outside Jiankang, there are Shitou Town and Xizhou Town in the southwest, there is a white stone base built by the Yangtze River in the northern suburb, Zhongshan in the northeast, Dongfucheng in the east, and fences along Qingxi and Qinhuai River in the southeast, which have become peripheral defense lines. The main entrance to the south of the capital is Yang Xuanmen, and Zhuquemen is five miles south. There is a pontoon bridge across the Qinhuai River outside the door. Guanfu Temple is located on both sides of Wuliyu Road between Xuanyangmen and Zhuquemen. Residential hutongs are also mainly distributed on both sides of Imperial Road and beside Qinhuai River. Changganli on the south bank of Qinhuai River is a famous residential lane, and Wuyi Lane on the north bank is the place where the East Jin Dynasty giants and Xie Mingmen lived for generations. The houses of princes and nobles are mostly distributed in the scenic spots near Qingxi in the east of the city. The rivers in the city are connected with the Yangtze River by Qinhuai River, and directly connected with Miyagi Taicang from Qinhuai River to transport tributes, with Xuanwu Lake in the north and Qingxi and Du Yun in the south, ensuring the use of water transport and moat. During the Six Dynasties, Jiankang City was the first city in the world with a population of over one million. The Southern Dynasties culture, represented by Jiankang, and western ancient Rome are called the two centers of human classical civilization, which have had a far-reaching influence in human history. The scale of Jiankang City is extremely huge, with Jiankang Palace (Jiankang Taicheng) as the center, without Guo Cheng, and its population is 40 miles from east to west. The emperors of the Six Dynasties believed in Buddhism, and there were more than 500 Buddhist temples in Jiankang City. The famous ones are Tongtai Temple (the predecessor of Jiming Temple), Crock Temple, Kaichan Temple, and Cave Temple in the northeast of the city. During the period of South Liang Wudi, Jiankang was built on the largest scale, attracting businessmen and people from other countries to visit. The emperors of the Southern Dynasties also vigorously promoted Buddhism and built many magnificent temples in Jiankang City. A health city has hundreds of thousands of monks and nuns, and health is protected by stone city and Yangtze River moat, so it is extremely powerful. In Liang Wudi's later years, Hou Jing rebelled, starved Liang Wudi to death in Taicheng, and ruined the rich life in Jiangnan. After Chen Wudi pacified the Beijing Rebellion, it began to build a health city in a planned way and arrived in Chen Houzhu. At the end of the Chen Dynasty, in the first month of the third year of Zhen Ming, Sui Jun breached Jiankang and captured Chen Houzhu. When the Chen Dynasty perished, Emperor Wendi of Sui ordered Jiankang City to be razed to the ground (except Shicheng City, it was set as a county). Culture, literature and dialogue, painting and calligraphy, the art of tomb stone carving and the science and technology of the Six Dynasties constitute the classics of China's traditional culture. The Southern Dynasties culture represented by Jiankang and the western ancient Roman culture in the same period are regarded as the two centers of human classical civilization. During the period of Sun Wu, Buddhism had spread to Jianye. During the Southern Dynasties, there were more than 500 health-care temples with monks and nuns100000 people. Temple buildings are magnificent, murals are dazzling, sculptures are exquisite and vivid, and Buddhist culture has developed by leaps and bounds here. Jiankang is the center of Buddhism in China, with many Buddhist temples and monks. The bells are ringing in my ears. There are more than 500 Buddhist temples in the southern history of Guo Zushen, which are extremely poor and magnificent. Monks and nuns100000 people, with abundant assets. Tang Du Mu wrote a poem "Four hundred and eighty halls in the Southern Dynasties, with many pagodas in misty rain". During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, dignitaries gathered here to discuss metaphysics. Wang Xiao, Jingling of the Southern Qi Dynasty, opened a "Xifu" in Jilong Mountain, where celebrities and monks were widely distributed to explore cultural similarities and differences. Zhong Rong's poems, Xiao Tong's selected works, Shen Yue's Four Tones (Lost), Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long, Fan Zhen's On the Extinction of Immortals, Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu, Ye Fan's Later Han Shu, Fei Song's Notes on the Three Kingdoms and Xiao Zixian. During the Six Dynasties, there were many poets in Jiankang City, the most famous one was Chen Houzhu, the emperor of Chen Dynasty, whose Yushu flower was called the voice of national subjugation by later generations. Health culture is flourishing, and there are four museums of Confucianism, metaphysics, literature and history in the city to train talents. Several famous literary and historical works handed down from the Southern Dynasties were all written in Jiankang. In the first year of the Song Dynasty (465), Zongmingguan, the first scientific research institution in China, was established in the present Tiangong, and cultural celebrities such as Zu Chongzhi, Ge Hong, Fan Zhen, Wang Xizhi, Gu Kaizhi and Fa Xian appeared. There are 33 stone carvings in front of the tombs of the Six Dynasties in Nanjing and its vicinity. Most of them are stone beasts with unique styles, which not only embodies the vivid and elegant style, but also reveals the prosperous and decadent atmosphere of the Six Dynasties. The capital was established in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, renamed Jiankang, and the city was rebuilt and expanded on a large scale. Moving eastward to Miyagi, it is adjacent to the Imperial Street of Wu Dynasty in the south, and the Imperial Street extends southward, crossing the Suzaku navigation pontoon of Qinhuai River and offering sacrifices to heaven in the southern suburbs, forming the north-south central axis of the city facing the main entrance and main hall of Miyagi. The official offices were built around the Imperial Street, and the ancestral hall and Taishe were built around the Qinhuai River at the southern end. After this reconstruction, the palaces in Jiankang City are in the north, with main streets in front of them, yamen on the left and right, and Curie outside, and the number of gates has increased to twelve. The population of Jiankang moved south in Jiankang City is very large, so the local gentry had to open up new residential areas along the outside of Qingxi in the east of the city. Jiankang has the convenience of shipping along the river and various water networks. Zhoushan can reach Jiankang City on the east and west sides through Qinhuai River, and some settlements appear along the river water network. In order to defend Jiankang, a number of military bases in small towns have been built around it; Some overseas Chinese counties were built in order to resettle the scholars who moved south. In 420 AD, Song Wudi established the Song Dynasty in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, known as Liu Song in history. Since then, it has entered the Southern Dynasties, where Qi and Liang flourished and the economy became more prosperous. These urban settlements around Jiankang, such as Shitou Town, Dongfu Town, Xizhou Town, Yecheng Town, Yuecheng Town, Baixia Town, Xinlin County, Danyang County and Nanlangya County, etc. Around, residential areas and commercial areas have gradually developed and gradually become an organic whole. In the heyday of the Liang Dynasty, Jiankang has developed into a big city with a population of about two million, starting from Shitou Town in the west, east to Downey, north to Zijin Mountain and south to Yuhuatai. Jiankang did not build a foreign country, but only used fences as the outside world, with 56 fences. It can be seen that it was the largest and most prosperous city in China at that time. In the third year of Chen Chaozhen, Sui Jun invaded Jiankang, the capital of the Chen Dynasty, and captured Chen Houzhu, and the Chen Dynasty was declared dead. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty was afraid of being occupied and proclaimed himself emperor, so he razed all the palaces in Jiankang City, and all the population moved northward, and the prosperous ancient capital of the Six Dynasties became cultivated land. Economy "Geography of Sui Shu" said: "(Jiankang) villains attract many vendors, while gentlemen are funded by Lu Guan, ranking fourth in the city and second in Beijing (Luoyang Chang 'an). "In the upper reaches of the Qinhuai River, there is a mountain, and there is a canal that connects Wu Hui from the governor to the south of the Yangtze River. Handicraft workshops and businesses are all over Qinhuai. Famous handicrafts include "Hundred Steelmaking" and "Ribbed Brocade". There are "big markets" for various department stores, as well as specialized small markets for yarn, grain, salt, flowers, grass, cattle and horses. Tens of thousands of Chinese and foreign merchant ships are often parked on the dock. Handicraft and commerce are very developed, with sufficient materials and convenient transportation. Jiankang became the economic center of the Six Dynasties. The southern dynasties built health and prospered business. There are more than 100 "big markets", with various market names and professional division of labor, and some commodities also have special markets. Commodities include grain, silk, celadon and paper in the three or five areas, copper and iron ore in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, overseas spices and treasures. When the population was prosperous, Jiankang, with a population of 280,000, was the first city in the world with a population of more than one million, reaching more than two million, which was not achieved by any city in ancient China. At the end of the Liang Dynasty, the Hou Jing Rebellion, with the destruction of the city and the death of a large number of people, began to show the trend of depression. During the Chen dynasty, the emperor of Chen dynasty began to build health cities in a planned way, and the prosperity of the health cities built even exceeded that of the previous three generations. Gong Jiankang, now Nanjing, is located in downtown Nanjing. Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties is located in the south of Xuanwu Lake and was built by Sun Wu. Sun Quan moved his capital from Wuchang (now Ezhou) to Moling to rebuild his business, which meant making contributions. Zhuge Liang sent Wu Zhi to build a business, saying that "there is a dragon plate in Zhongshan, surrounded by stones, and this is the emperor's residence", which proves that Jianye's mountains and rivers are the main reason why Sun Wu moved to the capital. Its Jianye Capital is twenty miles and nineteen steps a week, which was changed from Sun Ce Mansion to Taichu Palace, and "Taichu Palace was built by Wuchang", which is located in the west of the central part of the big city. Dig a canal in the southwest of the city to lead Qinhuai River to Cangcheng, which is located in the north of Xihuamen Road, Jiankang Palace in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties. The Taichu Palace in Stone Town is 500 feet long. The main hall is called Dragon Palace, with five doors in the south and a bus door in the middle. There are three doors in the east, three doors in the west and one door in the north, * * with 12 doors. Sun Hao built Zhaoming Palace on Friday, which is 100 feet high, with Chiwu Palace as the main hall, located in the east of Taichu Palace, which is the center of the city. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Su Jun rebelled and "all the palaces were burnt down", and a new palace was rebuilt, called Jiankang Palace. This is the imperial palace in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, located in the north-central part of Jiankang City. There are five doors in the palace, Sima Gate is in the middle of the south, facing the big city Yangxuanmen, and there is an imperial road between the two doors, which is the central axis of the city. Jiankang Palace is a garden city, also known as Taicheng. Kyoto has something to do, so Taicheng is a solid foundation. There is Hualin Garden in Taicheng, which is located in the north and picturesque. Because Sun Wu Jianye City and Jiankang City in the Eastern Jin Dynasty relied on the great river as a solid foundation, it was not until Nanqi that solid city walls and gates were built. In the second year of Jianyuan (480), "In May, six doors built a wall". Since then, Jiankang City is impregnable. Before the completion of this city, the city gates were mostly bamboo fences, lacking defensive ability. "Song palace six doors set bamboo fence. At the beginning of that year, there was a saying:' White doors are triple doors, but bamboo fences can't get through'. I feel my words, change the wall. "Six doors refer to six doors in Jiankang City, three doors in the south, and Lingyangmen in the west. Later, it was renamed Guangyangmen, and it was called the door. In the middle of the open door, the world calls it a white door, and gold is the door. There are three doors, with beams hanging from the diaojiao building and wood carvings on the top facing the dragon and tiger. South of Zhuquemen, more than five miles apart, is called Imperial Road. This imperial road is actually an extension of the central axis of the city, with trees on both sides shaded, which is very spectacular. To the east is Kaiyang Gate. There are two gates in the east, Qingming Gate and Sanmen in the south, and Qingxigang Bridge in the east. To the north (due east) is Jianchun Gate, later changed to Jianyang Gate, with three doors. There is a gate in the west, a bright gate in the southwest, three gates in the east and a spring gate in the east. Between the two gates, is the cross street in front of Miyagi Sima. Just north of Miyagi, there is no other way. Yuancheng is Wu, a Jianping Garden. " The capital is built twenty miles and nineteen paces a week. The former site was built by Jinjiang Zuo, but it has a door. "According to Geography, the city is square, with a side length of more than five miles, that is, a side length of 2.077 kilometers and an area of 4.3 1 square kilometer, which is relatively small. Because there are north-south main roads and east-west main roads in the south of Gongcheng, the whole city can be divided into two parts, east and west and north and south, with neat layout. The main * * * organs are arranged on both sides of the Imperial Road south of Gongcheng, which is known as "the officials and temples belong to each other" and "the camps are lined up in rows and criss-crossed". Outside Jiankang, there are many small towns, among which Dongfu City and Xizhou City are the most famous. Dongfucheng is located in the southeast of big cities. Song Wudi led Yangzhou first and built the East Fucheng. Wang Yikang of Pengcheng, Yuanjia, developed it even more, and was often the Prime Minister's House since then. Located in the southwest of the big city, Xizhou City is the seat of Yangzhou secretariat. There are also Danyang City (southwest of the big city), Baixia City (north of the big city) and Jiangcheng City (northeast of the big city), which proves that the scope of Jiankang City is relatively small, and many important institutions are separate cities outside the city. Of course, it also has the significance of strengthening defense, and can support each other in wartime. But this form is rare in the history of China's capital development. At the same time, it also shows that Jiankang City has been developing to the suburbs, breaking through the restrictions of the city wall. In fact, as early as the Sun Wu era, "Ding Shi, the capital of the capital, was mostly in the left of Qingxi and the north of Chaogou", with Qingxi as the east canal and Tongcheng intercepting Chaogou in the north. In other words, many famous families in Sun Wu lived outside the ravine in the north of the city, near Qingxi in the northeast of the city. Qingxi is in the north of the city, "discharging Xuanwu Lake and entering Qinhuai in the south". In addition, the Qinhuai River in the south of the city is also a densely populated area. " Hengtang (Qinhuai River levee), Chaxia (lane name, Hengtang West), mayor of the city house, boasting; Chang Gan (place name, the flat land between hills on both sides of Qinhuai River is called Ganzi), Yan Shu and Feijun. His residence is noble and noble. He is a hero on the shore, a Kun of Wei (Zhou) and a descendant of Gu (Yong) and Lu (Xun). "It is also a noble family, which proves that since Sun Wu, powerful people have lived in areas with developed waterway transportation and prosperous economy. This is also an important feature of Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties, that is, the city is small and large, and the nobles live outside the city. Dongfucheng in the southeast of the city, that is, the private houses of Jian Wendi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Wang Daozi in Huiji, became the prime minister's mansion in the Southern Dynasties. Sun Wu Jianye City has two cities, namely the big market and the east market in front of the temple. The main waterway route in the southeast of Jianye is Jurong (now Jurong, Jiangsu Province) Middle Road, to Yunyang (now Danyang, Jiangsu Province) Xicheng, and Pogangdu, which connects the Yangtze River and Qinhuai River, with an elevation of 14, and is also a major commercial area. The market is prosperous, "the opening of the market is integrated with the opening of the market, which overflows horizontally", "the light is crossing the tunnel, and the big ship sails past", "taking advantage of the time, the wealth is huge", a large number of goods, a flood of people, a scene of prosperity. The Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties were called Jiankang City. After Emperor Wu of Song broke the Qin Dynasty, "Yao Hong returned to Beijing and was beheaded in Jiankang City". It is not known which city Jiankang refers to here. It is said that there are four cities in this city. Sun Wu's family crossed the Huaihe River (Qinhuai River) from Zhuquemen at the southern end of Imperial Road, which is called "Dahangmen" and Zhuqueqiao "also known as Dahangqiao", and it is a bustling business district. The "New Suzaku Pontoon Bridge" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, that is, the pontoon bridge built by boats, proves that it is still a major traffic artery and the business is still prosperous. By the Southern Dynasties, Jiankang City reached its peak, and the urban area was forty miles east, west, north and south. " Du Liangshi has more than 280,000 households in the city, with Shicheng in the west, Downey (Fangshan North) in the east, Shizigang in the south, Shan Jiang (Zhongshan) in the north, and four miles in the east, west, north and south. It has developed into the largest city in China. Its market area is mainly along the Qinhuai River. "The city is in the second capital (Chang 'an and Luoyang), and people are mixed with five parties. ""There are more than 100 big cities and more than100 small cities in the north of Huaishui ",and all the ferries are basically market areas. Huaishui, the Qinhuai River, is an important waterway leading to the Yangtze River, which naturally forms an important commercial market area through the urban area of Jiankang. During the Six Dynasties, the markets of Jiankang City were scattered and numerous, which proved that the social economy in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River had developed unprecedentedly since the Eastern Jin Dynasty crossed to the south and became an important economic prosperity area in China. The general residential area is also called Li, but how many Li there is in Jiankang and how to divide it is unknown. In the third year of Liang Datong (537), Li Xia, which was included in Jiankang, was located in Xia County, which proved that the area outside Jiankang was very large and could be included in a county. During the Southern Dynasties, there were many Buddhist temples in Jiankang City. During the Liang period, "there are more than 500 Buddhist temples, which are extremely poor and magnificent, with more than 100 thousand monks and nuns and rich assets", which became a major feature of Jiankang City. It is difficult to describe where these temples are located, but Tongtai Temple, now Jiming Temple, where Liang Wudi gave his life, is located at the foot of Jilong Mountain, north of Jiankang Palace in the Southern Dynasties. There are also qixia temple in Qixia Mountain, the crock temple and Dojo temple with dew in the south of the city, which are also famous. Faxian once translated scriptures in the Dojo. According to archaeological excavations, Taicheng Palace in the Six Dynasties was located in the north of the south trunk of Jilong Mountain, and its scope was about 4 kilometers between Zhujiang Road (south), Beijing Road (north), Zhongshan Road (west) and Chengxian Street (east).