Name: Economic Economics Textbook
Putonghua Pinyin: JΡ ng JΡ Hainan Dialect Pinyin: gingl jix
(1) Basic explanation
Economy: refers to the production, circulation and exchange of social materials. The rapid changes in our agricultural economy. (2) [Economic situation]: living expenses; Family background. Economic prosperity. Financial constraints. [ 1]
(2) Detailed description
Interpretation: (1). Shi Jing Ji Min's Biography of the Gold and Silver Trumpet: "Learn from your feet, think carefully, and do well before you know." Don Jiao Yuan's "Ganze Ballad Taoxian": "The literature of immortals can help; Call yourself detached and do not seek official travel. " Song Mei Yao Chen's poem Bianqu: "I am from Shan Ye, but I don't understand the economy." The third time in A Dream of Red Mansions: "Baoyu caught a bad cold and said,' Girl, please sit in another room. I carefully kept people who know the economy like you! ""Interpretation: (2). Refers to the ability to govern the country. Kong Renshang's Peach Blossom Fan Show Miscellaneous: "The writing is extreme and euphemistic, which is reasonable, so that it does not dare to disobey, but does not dare to disobey, which shows the world economy." Shen Tao's Notes on Jiao Cuixuan in the Qing Dynasty, Volume I: "[Shi Yanshi] wrote" My humble opinion on shipping ",which is well known to all, and the Confucian has a real economic man." The third time in Travel Notes of Lao Can: "I have heard for a long time that Mr. Bu Can is outstanding in knowledge and economy." Interpretation: (3) Lu Xun's Letter to Li: "If a distribution office (one person and one room) is temporarily set up in Beijing, it will be much more economical." Zhu Ziqing's History of War: "The author is a poet, so almost every sentence carries weight." Guo Moruo's Hong Qubo, Chapter 4, Section 6: "At that time, we thought that the publicity effect of the film was great, and we planned to set up a second studio in Hong Kong, so it would be easier and more economical to get materials from overseas." Financial and material resources
Interpretation: (4). Refers to financial and material resources. Collection of Letters Written by Lu Xun: Selected Works of China Woodcuts will be printed soon, with a total of 24 pieces. Due to economic reasons, only 120 copies can be printed. Ding Ling's "Mother" II: "Han Xiao is a poor child without a father. She can only read a little as far as the economy is possible. " [2] Definition: (5). Refers to the sum total of social production relations in a certain historical period. It is the foundation of politics, ideology and other superstructures. Interpretation: (6) refers to the national economy of a country. It also refers to a certain sector of the national economy. Such as industrial economy, agricultural economy and commercial economy.
Edit this stage of economic evolution and development.
Mr. Ding Jinshan divided the evolution and development of economy into four stages: hunting economy, agriculture and animal husbandry economy, industrial and commercial economy and knowledge economy (leisure economy) in the Theory of Evolution.
Edit the etymology of this paragraph.
(1) The general process of the ancient and modern evolution of the word "economy" was formally used in the Eastern Jin Dynasty at the beginning of the 4th century A.D. The word "Jing" is a synthesis and simplification of the words "governing the country", "governing the country" and "helping the world", which means "governing the country and leveling the world". It is a very huge concept in China's ancient culture and literature, full of rich humanistic thoughts and social connotations. There is a saying in ancient Ming Lian that "the Western Han Dynasty was a double Sima, and the economy of Nanyang was Wolong", in which the economy means saving the country by economy. Moreover, we can see that the word "economy" represents one of the duties of ancient intellectuals and is a word with great depth, breadth and height. Those who can achieve the word "economy" must be able to rejuvenate the country and develop the industry and resist the enemy with force. Intellectuals in ancient times, especially those of Confucian school, would study and behave in accordance with the requirements of "three cardinal guides and eight aims" in universities, and the highest requirement of the three cardinal guides and eight aims is "governing the country and leveling the world", which is the most extroverted expression of the word "Jing" in ancient times. As for the modern word "economy", it is the result of the introduction of Japanese translated names into China. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Japanese set off a wave of industrial revolution, accepted, absorbed and publicized western culture, translated a large number of western secretaries and translated the word "Jing" into "economy". In the New Culture Movement, the western culture learned by the Japanese spread to China, so the new economic concept was quoted by China. Just like the word "philosophy", the word "philosophy" did not exist in ancient China. It was only through the Japanese translation of western theories that the word "philosophy" came into being. In ancient China, today's knowledge in philosophy was called "wisdom". (2) The etymology of English "economy" is in English, and economy comes from the ancient Greek οιν μ? α (housekeeping). οικο? What does it mean to the family? It means method or habit. So its original meaning refers to the method of managing family property, which has expanded to the scope of managing the country in modern times. In order to distinguish it from the previous usage, it is also called "political economy". The name was later changed back to economics by Marshall. In modern times, if we only call it economics, we will consider the economy on the political economy or a broader level. So when it comes to economics, economics and political economy are synonyms.
Edit the meaning of this paragraph.
Classic is the earliest "doctrine" formulated by Jews, namely the Five Classics of Moses, from which many secret organizations like "* * *" were born. Using its "classic" thought, it began to control from 1700 years ago and formulated (currency, gold, etc. It depends on the survival of the whole world. "Relief" can be used as a relief plan.
The definition of Ji dictionary is 1. Cross the river: help each other in the same boat. 2. Help people in need: ~ The world. Save ~ Release. Week ~. Connect ~. 3. tonic: nothing ~ nothing. What is the purpose of "blood" (money, gold, etc.) ) through the understanding of "Jing"? The third meaning is "benefit". Who benefits? It is decided by the controller and maker of "Beijing", that is, the "international speculators" that appear in the world today. [3]
(A) the definition in the Oxford Advanced English-Chinese Learning Dictionary
The first meaning of "economy" is to save (money, strength, time, resources, etc. ); The second layer means understanding; The third meaning is economic management and economic system.
(B) the concept put forward by economists in a broad sense
"Economy" is how to achieve the maximum effect with the minimum cost, that is, how to choose the one with the minimum cost and the maximum effect among various possible choices, that is, under the constraints of various subjective, objective, natural and interpersonal conditions.
(C) understanding of textbooks
The concept of "economy" is mainly used in the sense of productivity and production relations, but other economic factors are not excluded. Economic or economic situation refers to the production and reproduction of material data of the whole society; "Economic activity" refers to the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of social substances.
Edit the other meaning of this paragraph.
(1) dictionary
1. Economy is economy and frugality in production or life. The former includes saving money, materials and labor. In the final analysis, it is to save labor time, that is, to use as little labor consumption as possible and produce as many achievements as possible that society needs. The latter means that individuals or families are careful in their daily consumption and meet their greatest needs with less consumer goods. In short, saving is to achieve greater results or benefits with less manpower, material resources, financial resources, time and space; 2. Economy is the income and expenditure of a country, an enterprise or an individual, such as gross national product, total social output value, output and benefit of an enterprise, income and expenditure of an individual, etc. 3. Economy is the synthesis and simplification of the words "help the world through the country", "help the world through the country" or "help the people through the world". (For example, "Knowing the Bureau to Help" (The Book of Jin) and "Everyone has a way to help, but it is not consistent" (Sui Shuo Wen, Volume 6). Its meaning includes how the state manages finance, how to manage various economic activities, how to deal with political, legal, military, educational and other issues, that is, the meaning of governing the country and calming the world; 4. Economy is family management (see Xenophon [Ancient Greece]: On Economy); 5. Economy is a kind of livelihood, a valuable thing necessary for life and useful for family and country (see Aristotle's: Politics in Ancient Greece). Explain that 1 and 2 reflect idioms in people's daily life; The third explanation is the usage of the word economy in ancient China; The fourth and fifth explanations are the usage of the word economy in ancient Greece. House price and bubble economy
foam/bubble economy
Cihai (1999 edition) has a more accurate explanation. "Bubble economy: the excessive growth of virtual capital and the continuous expansion of related transactions are increasingly divorced from the growth of physical capital and industrial sectors. The prices of financial securities and real estate are soaring, and speculative transactions are extremely active. The bubble economy lies in financial speculation, causing false prosperity of social economy, and finally the bubble will burst, leading to social shock and even economic collapse. " [4]
(C) the role of traditional political economy
6. Economy refers to the sum of social relations of production. It refers to the sum of production relations or socio-economic systems that people form in the process of material production and are suitable for certain social productive forces, and it is the basis for the establishment of superstructure such as politics, law, philosophy, religion, literature and art; 7. Economy refers to the process of production and reproduction of social material materials. Including the direct production process of material data and the exchange, distribution and consumption process determined by it. Its content includes productivity and production relations, but mainly refers to productivity; 8. Economy refers to the national economy of a country. Including all the material production departments and their activities of a country and some non-material production departments and their activities. We usually talk about the economic situation of different countries from the perspective of national economy (this definition makes a logical mistake, that is, circular definition).
Russian economist
9. Economy is all activities that follow certain economic principles under any circumstances and strive to get the maximum benefit at the least cost; 10. Economy is the sum total of actions taken by people other than human beings in nature in order to create the necessary material environment to meet our needs instead of pursuing enjoyment (see the reference [Russia] M.N Governor-Balanovschi: Principles of Political Economy).
(E) Western economics
In western economics, economists have given various definitions to economics, but the definition of economy is vague. They think that the research object of economics is economy, and the most basic concept of economy is a clear and self-evident entity, so there is no clear definition of the word economy in western economics so far. Therefore, their definition of economics is also in a state of confusion. We can only infer the "definition" of economy from its definition of economics. 1 1. Economy refers to wealth; 12. Economy is a scarce resource provided by nature and predecessors, and human beings and society choose to use it; 13. Economy refers to the use of scarce resources to produce valuable goods and distribute them to different individuals; 14. Economy refers to people's life affairs; 15. Saving refers to allocating scarce resources to different and competing needs and meeting these needs to the greatest extent; 16. Economy refers to the effective allocation of scarce resources to competing purposes; 17. Economy refers to the choices made by individuals, enterprises, governments and other organizations in society, which determine the use of scarce social resources; 18. Economy means that society manages its own scarce resources; 19. Economy refers to the choices made by individuals, manufacturers, governments and other organizations in our society, which determine the utilization of social resources; 20. Economy refers to determining the prices of labor, capital and land in economic activities and using these prices to allocate resources; financial market
2 1. Economy refers to the behavior of financial markets, which allocate capital to other economic sectors; 22. Economy means to distribute income and help people without damaging economic operation; 23. Economy refers to the influence of government expenditure, tax revenue, budget and deficit on economic growth; 24. Economy refers to unemployment and production fluctuations in the economic cycle, as well as policies to improve economic growth; 25. Economy refers to the influence of trade barriers on the trade patterns of countries; 26. Economy refers to the development of developing countries and the effective use of resources; 27. Economy refers to certain social production, exchange, distribution, consumption and other economic activities, economic relations and economic laws; 28. Economy refers to using limited resources for different purposes; 29. Economy refers to the whole process of resource allocation and all the factors that determine resource allocation. [5]
The value essence of editing this paragraph
The direct purpose of economy is to increase value and realize the effective allocation of value resources among various production factors. The economy is guided by market demand. By regulating the direct allocation of various factors of production (means of production, labor force, science and technology, etc.). ), the value of wealth can increase. The wealth increased in the economic field is usually distributed according to the value proportion of the production factors involved in the production process, but in fact it is only the first distribution of new social wealth. Economic Behavior —— County Economic Development Forum
Economy usually aims at maximizing the interests of economic actors (mainly collectives and individuals), not at maximizing the interests of the whole society and the whole nation, so the value effect of economic behavior is usually limited, short-term and low-value. It is the subject's control of the development state of various production factors, that is, "displacement control". [6]
Edit the economic classification of this paragraph.
From the research scope: macroeconomics, meso-economics, microeconomics. From the perspective of historical development: family economics, political economics. From the way the government participates in economic development: market economy and planned economy. From the economic subject: government economy (also known as public economy or public sector economy) and non-government economy (including enterprise economy, etc. ). From the perspective of economic research objects: financial economics, industrial economics, etc.
Edit the internal relationship of this paragraph.
The internal logical relationship among economy, politics and culture is mainly manifested in four aspects:
(A) the inherent logical relationship of value characteristics
Because of the value effect of any political thing (such as political activities, political organizations, political systems, political theories, etc.). ) It must be finally reflected through relevant economic activities, which can be regarded as a special economic thing, and the value rate of political things fluctuates around the value rate of economic things it affects; Because the value effect of any cultural thing is ultimately reflected through relevant political activities, it can be regarded as a special political thing. The value rate of cultural things fluctuates around the value rate of political things it affects and the value rate of economic things it affects.
(B) the inherent logical relationship of social control
Economy is the state control (or displacement control) of the operation of production factors, politics is the speed control of the operation of production factors, and culture is the acceleration control of the operation of production factors, all of which are carried out around the allocation of social value resources to production factors. Politics is more long-term, overall and high-value than economy, and culture is more long-term, overall and high-value than politics.
(C) the inherent logical relationship of control effect
Politics is to ensure the sustainable development of economy; Culture is to ensure the sustainable development of politics and ultimately the sustainable development of economy in a deeper sense.
(D) the inherent logical relationship of resource allocation
Economy has realized the first distribution of newly added value resources, politics has realized the second distribution of newly added value resources and culture has realized the third distribution of newly added value resources.
Edit the economic externalities of this paragraph.
Economic externality, also known as economic activity externality, is an important concept in economics. It means that in social and economic activities, the behavior of one economic subject (country, enterprise or individual) directly affects another corresponding economic subject, but externalities appear without corresponding payment or compensation. Economic externalities are also called external costs, external effects or spillover effects. Externality can be positive or negative. External effect
Economic externalities are the non-market effects of economic activities of economic subjects (including manufacturers or individuals) on others and society. Divided into positive externalities and negative externalities. Positive externality means that the activities of an economic subject are beneficial to others or society, and the beneficiaries do not have to pay the price. Negative externalities mean that the activities of an economic subject harm others or society, but those who cause external diseconomy do not bear the cost. Externality was first proposed by Marshall, a British economist, in his classic book Principles of Economics, and it has been nearly 1 10 years. The so-called externality, also known as externality or spillover effect, refers to the external influence of the activities of a person or an enterprise on others or other enterprises. This influence does not occur in the price-based exchange between the parties concerned, so its influence is external. More precisely, the external economic effect is the influence of one economic subject's behavior on the welfare of another economic subject, which is difficult to be reflected in currency or market transactions. Economic externalities can be expressed by the utility function of consumers. Theoretically speaking, it is generally believed that the existence of externalities is one of the defects of market mechanism in allocating resources. In other words, when externalities exist, the market mechanism alone cannot promote the optimal allocation of resources and the maximization of social welfare, and the government should intervene moderately. In reality, externalities, especially external diseconomy, are still a serious social and economic problem, such as environmental pollution or environmental destruction.
Edit this paragraph about market economy.
Basic characteristics of market economy: As a way of resource allocation, market economy has some basic characteristics that are similar to each other under any social and economic system. These basic characteristics constitute the fundamental difference between market economy and planned economy: the development and prosperity brought by market economy.
(A) an independent enterprise system
Independent market subject is the cornerstone of market economy, and enterprise is the most important market subject. In a market economy, what to produce, how much to produce and how to produce are determined by the scale and structure of market demand, and enterprises should respond flexibly to market supply and demand, competition and price changes. Therefore, enterprises must have independent property rights, be able to participate in market economic activities independently, and implement independent management, self-financing and budget constraint hardening. The independent enterprise system mainly includes three meanings: first, enterprises have clear and independent property rights and are effectively protected by law; Second, enterprises have full decision-making power and can make their own decisions according to changes in market information; Third, enterprises bear civil liability for their own decisions and actions.
(B) a sound market system
In order to improve efficiency and optimize resource allocation, the market mechanism must have a perfect market system. A perfect market system requires that there must be enough buyers and sellers in the market to fully compete with each other and avoid monopoly by buyers or sellers, otherwise the full play of the market resource allocation function will be limited.
(3) Open market space
Market economy is a highly developed commodity economy based on socialized mass production. With the deepening of social division of labor and the growth of social production, it is necessary to expand the market, which requires all ethnic groups, regions and countries to become an interdependent organic whole and unite scattered local markets into a unified national market; Integrate the domestic market into the world market. The market economy is essentially open and borderless, and the internationalization of the flow of production factors such as capital and labor is the inevitable product and basic feature of the market economy.
Sound legal basis
Market access, market transactions, market competition, etc. in the operation of market economy must be regulated, guaranteed and constrained by laws, and government management departments should also coordinate and manage various business activities in the market according to corresponding laws and regulations. Without a good legal environment, there is no fundamental guarantee for the independence of market subjects, the effectiveness of market competition, the standardization of government behavior and the order of market order. Therefore, fundamentally speaking, a sound legal system is the inherent requirement of the market economy.
(E) Integration of basic resources
The socialist market economy should be based on the extensive process of resource integration. Land resources and mineral resources are the basic resources for economic construction and development, and should be rationally developed and utilized, so that a large number of basic economic resources can be used as the follow-up reserves for economic development. Only by establishing a long-term and effective supply system of economic resources can we ensure the long-term and stable development of the market economy. [7]