The participation of top decision makers and all employees. The implementation of ERP involves the adjustment of enterprise internal management mode, the change of business process and a large number of personnel changes. Without the participation of business leaders, it is difficult to put it into practice. But at the same time, ERP is an enterprise-level information integration, and it is impossible to succeed without the participation of all employees.
1, knowledge update. ERP is a combination of information technology and advanced management technology. Whether decision makers, managers or ordinary employees, they should master computer technology and communication technology and apply them to the management of modern enterprises.
2. Standardized data. ERP system realizes the global sharing of enterprise data. As a management information system, it processes data. Data standardization is the premise of information integration, and only on this basis can information be accurate, complete and timely. Therefore, the implementation of ERP must make great efforts to prepare basic data. For example, product data information, customer information, supplier information, etc.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
3. Business process reorganization and institutional reorganization. ERP is workflow-oriented, which realizes the minimum redundancy and maximum enjoyment of information. Tasks that traditionally require several steps or departments may be completed only once after the ERP system is implemented. Therefore, in order to make ERP system work, it is necessary for enterprises to reorganize their business processes and organizations to meet the requirements of ERP implementation.
ERP emphasizes the ability to control enterprise management in advance, and regards design, manufacturing, sales, transportation, warehousing, human resources, working environment and decision support as a dynamically controllable organic whole. ERP system integrates the above links, and its core is to manage the existing resources of enterprises, allocate and use the existing resources reasonably and accurately, and provide enterprises with a set of decision support systems that can analyze and judge key issues such as product quality, market changes and customer satisfaction in real time.
ERP is an advanced modern enterprise management mode, which is mainly used in enterprises. Its purpose is to rationally allocate all aspects of enterprise resources (including human, financial, material, production, supply, sales and other elements), give full play to its efficiency, and enable enterprises to give full play to their energy in the fierce market competition, so as to obtain the best economic benefits. ERP system extends the management scope on the basis of MRP II, and puts forward a new management system structure, which organically combines the internal and external resources of enterprises. Here, the management idea of supply chain is fully implemented, and the user's needs are included with the manufacturing activities within the enterprise and the manufacturing resources of external suppliers, which embodies the idea of manufacturing completely according to customer's needs.
ERP embodies the theory and method of modern enterprise management, and also emphasizes the principle of adapting to local conditions. However, the current ERP software is not perfect, far from meeting the requirements of customers, or even reaching the commitments made by software suppliers themselves. What users need is more careful supply chain planning and more flexible implementation. People hope that ERP can not only adapt to today's business processes, but also reform quickly to adapt to the new model in the future. The main weakness of today's ERP system lies in the planning function, that is, the main production mobilization module and the manufacturing resource planning (MRP) module can't respond to customers' needs with existing resources in time, so it is difficult to support the real-world supply chain.
2. The management concept returns to 1 directory, which embodies the idea of effective management of the whole supply chain information and realizes the management of all resources and processes of the whole enterprise supply chain;
2. It embodies the ideas of lean production, synchronous engineering and agile manufacturing. In the face of fierce competition, enterprises need to use synchronous engineering to organize production and agile manufacturing to maintain high quality, diversification and flexibility of products and realize lean production;
3. The planning system in 3.ERP system mainly includes production plan, material demand plan and capacity demand plan, which embodies the idea of planning in advance and process control.
4. To reflect the idea of business process management, in order to improve the competitive advantage of enterprise supply chain, it will inevitably bring about the change of enterprise business process, and the use of system applications must be adjusted accordingly with the change of business process.
3. Bring the function module back to the directory.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Because of the different product styles and emphases of ERP manufacturers, the modular structure of their ERP products is also quite different. For readers who know ERP for the first time, sometimes they may be confused about which is the real ERP system. So, here, I will simply describe the functional structure of ERP system from the perspective of enterprises, that is, what ERP can do for enterprises and what its module functions contain.
ERP is a management information system for integrated management of all resources of an enterprise. Simply put, it is a comprehensive management of the three major streams of logistics, capital flow and information flow of an enterprise. Its function module is different from the previous MRP or MRPII module. It can be used not only for the management of productive enterprises, but also for many other types of enterprises, such as some non-productive and public welfare enterprises, and can also introduce ERP system for resource planning and management. Here, the functional modules of ERP will still be introduced by taking a typical production enterprise as an example.
In enterprises, general management mainly includes three aspects: production control (planning and manufacturing), logistics management (distribution, procurement and inventory management) and financial management (accounting and financial management). These three systems are integrated, and there are corresponding interfaces between them, which can be well integrated to manage enterprises. In addition, it should be specially mentioned that with the strengthening of enterprises' emphasis on human resource management, more and more ERP manufacturers have incorporated human resource management into an important part of ERP system.
[Editor] Financial Management Module In an enterprise, clear and distinct financial management is extremely important. Therefore, it is an indispensable part of the whole ERP scheme. The financial module in ERP is different from the general financial software. As a part of ERP system, it has corresponding interfaces with other modules of the system and can be integrated with each other. For example, it can automatically count the information input to the financial module from production activities and procurement activities to generate general ledger and accounting statements, eliminating the tedious process of inputting vouchers and almost completely replacing the traditional manual operation. The financial part of general ERP software is divided into accounting and financial management.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
I. Accounting
Accounting mainly records, calculates, reflects and analyzes the changing process and results of funds in the economic activities of enterprises. It consists of general ledger, accounts receivable, accounts payable, cash, fixed assets and multi-currency system.
1, GL module
Its function is to handle the input and registration of accounting vouchers, output journals, general ledgers and general ledgers, and to prepare major accounting statements. It is the core of the whole accounting, and accounts receivable, accounts payable, fixed assets accounting, cash management, salary accounting, multi-currency system and other modules all transmit information around it.
2. Accounts receivable module
Refers to the normal customer debt receivable by enterprises because of selling goods on credit. It includes invoice management, customer management, payment management, aging analysis and other functions. Associated with customer order and invoice processing business, accounting vouchers for various matters are automatically generated and imported into the general ledger.
3. Accounts payable module
Accounts payable in accounting refers to accounts payable generated by enterprises due to procurement, including invoice management, supplier management, check management, aging analysis, etc. It can be fully integrated with purchasing module and inventory module to replace the tedious manual operation in the past.
4. Cash management module
It mainly controls the inflow and outflow of cash and accounts for petty cash and bank deposits. It includes the management of coins, banknotes, checks, drafts and bank deposits. ERP provides cash-related functions, such as bill maintenance, bill printing, payment maintenance, bank list printing, payment inquiry, bank inquiry and check inquiry. In addition, it also integrates accounts receivable, accounts payable, general ledger and other modules to automatically generate vouchers and post them to the general ledger.
5. Fixed assets accounting module
That is, the accounting for the increase and decrease of fixed assets and the provision and distribution of depreciation-related funds are completed. It can help managers understand the current situation of fixed assets, manage assets through various methods provided by this module, and carry out corresponding accounting treatment. Its specific functions include: logging in fixed assets cards and sub-ledgers, calculating depreciation, compiling reports, automatically compiling transfer vouchers and transmitting them to the general ledger. It is combined with accounts payable, cost and general ledger modules.
6. Multi-currency module
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
This is to adapt to the international operation of today's enterprises, and the demand for foreign currency settlement business has increased. Multi-currency system can express and settle all the functions of the whole financial system in various currencies, and customer orders, inventory management and procurement management can also be managed by multi-currency system. The multi-currency system has interfaces with accounts receivable, accounts payable, general ledger, customer orders, procurement and other modules, and can automatically generate the required data.
7. Wage accounting module
Automatically settle, distribute, calculate and provide relevant funds for employees of the enterprise. It can log in salary, print payroll and various summary reports, calculate and extract various salary-related expenses, automatically make vouchers and import them into the general ledger. This module is integrated with general ledger and cost module.
8. Cost module
It will calculate the various costs of products according to the information of product structure, work center, working procedure and procurement, so as to carry out cost analysis and planning. You can also use the standard cost or average cost method to maintain costs by location.
Second, financial management.
The function of financial management is mainly based on accounting data, and then analysis, so as to make corresponding prediction, management and control activities. It focuses on financial planning, control, analysis and forecasting:
1. financial plan: according to the previous financial analysis, make the next financial plan and budget.
2. Financial analysis: provide query function, and conduct financial performance evaluation and account analysis by graphically displaying user-defined variance data.
3. Financial decision-making: the core part of financial management, the central content is about the decision-making of funds, including fund raising, investment and fund management.
This part of the production control management module is the core of ERP system, which organically combines the whole production process of enterprises, so that enterprises can effectively reduce inventory and improve efficiency. At the same time, the automatic connection of the original scattered production process also enables the production process to be carried out coherently, and there will be no production disconnection and delay in production delivery time.
Production control management is a plan-oriented advanced production management method. First, the enterprise determines a general production plan, and then after the system is subdivided layer by layer, it reaches all departments to implement it. That is, the production department produces accordingly, the purchasing department purchases accordingly, and so on.
1, master production plan
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
It arranges the type and quantity of products to be provided in the future cycle according to the production plan, forecast and the input of customer orders. It transforms the production plan into a product plan, and after balancing the material and capacity requirements, it makes a detailed schedule accurate to time and quantity. It is the arrangement of all the activities of the enterprise in a period of time, and it is a stable plan, which is generated by the production plan, the actual order and the forecast obtained from the analysis of historical sales.
2. Material demand plan
After the master production plan determines how many final products to produce, according to the bill of materials, the number of products to be produced by the whole enterprise is converted into the number of parts to be produced. By comparing with the existing inventory, the final number of products to be processed and purchased can be obtained. This is the plan that the whole department really follows.
3. Capacity requirement plan
It is a detailed work plan generated by balancing the total workload of all work centers and the capacity of work centers after obtaining the preliminary material demand plan, so as to determine whether the generated material demand plan is a feasible demand plan for enterprise capacity. Capacity requirement planning is a short-term and practical plan.
4. Workshop control
This is a dynamic work plan that changes with time. It is to assign jobs to specific workshops, and then carry out job sequencing, job management and job monitoring.
5, manufacturing standards
A lot of basic production information is needed in the plan, which is the manufacturing standard, including parts, product structure, process and work center, which are all identified by unique codes in the computer.
The part code of material resource management provides a unique code identification for each material.
Bill of materials is a technical document that defines the product structure and is used to prepare various plans.
Process, describing the process steps and operation sequence of manufacturing and assembling products. Including the sequence of processing procedures, indicating the processing equipment of each procedure and the required rated working hours and wage levels.
D work center is composed of equipment and labor with the same or similar processes, and it is the basic unit engaged in production scheduling, accounting ability and cost calculation.
Logistics management i. Distribution management
Sales management is to manage and count all kinds of information about products, sales areas and customers from the sales plan of products, and make a comprehensive analysis of sales quantity, amount, profit, performance and customer service, so the distribution management module has three functions.
1. Management and service of customer information
You can establish customer information files, manage them in categories, and then provide targeted customer service to retain old customers and win new customers with the highest efficiency. Here, we should pay special attention to the new CRM software, namely customer relationship management. The combination of ERP and it will greatly increase the benefits of enterprises.
2. Sales order management
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Sales order is the entrance of ERP, and all production plans are issued and arranged according to it. The management of sales orders runs through the whole process of product production. It includes:
Customer credit review and inquiry (review customer credit rating of order transactions).
B product inventory inquiry (decide whether to delay delivery, deliver in batches or deliver with substitutes, etc.). ).
Product quotation (providing customers with quotations for different products).
Order entry, change and tracking (after order entry, change correction and order tracking analysis).
Confirmation of delivery date and delivery treatment (determine delivery date and delivery arrangement).
3. Statistics and analysis of sales.
At this point, the system makes statistics according to the completion of sales orders and various indicators, such as customer classification statistics and sales agent classification statistics, and then evaluates the actual sales effect of the enterprise according to these statistical results:
Sales statistics (according to sales form, products, agents, regions, sales personnel, amount and quantity).
B. Sales analysis (including target comparison, period comparison and order delivery analysis, so as to make corresponding analysis in terms of quantity, amount, profit and performance).
C customer service (customer complaint record, cause analysis).
Second, inventory control.
It is used to control the quantity of materials in stock, so as to ensure stable logistics and support normal production, but at the same time it takes up the least capital. It is a related, dynamic and real inventory control system. Can combine and meet the needs of relevant departments, dynamically adjust the inventory with time changes, and accurately reflect the inventory situation. The functions of the system include:
A. Establish inventory for all materials, decide when to order and purchase, and serve as the basis for delivery to the purchasing department and the production department for production planning.
B after receiving the ordered materials and passing the quality inspection, the produced products will also pass the inspection and be put into storage.
Daily business processing of sending and receiving materials.
Third, procurement management.
Determine the reasonable order quantity, excellent suppliers, and maintain the best safety reserve. Be able to provide ordering and acceptance information at any time, track and supervise purchased or outsourced materials, and ensure the timely arrival of goods. Establish supplier files and adjust inventory costs with the latest cost information. Specifically:
Supplier information query (query supplier's ability and reputation, etc.). ).
Expedite goods (follow up purchasing or outsourcing materials).
C procurement and outsourcing statistics (statistics, filing and cost calculation).
D. price analysis (analyzing raw material prices and adjusting inventory costs).
Human resource management module
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
In the past, ERP systems were basically centered on manufacturing and sales processes (supply chain). Therefore, for a long time, resources related to manufacturing resources have been managed as the core resources of enterprises. Human resources within enterprises are paid more and more attention by enterprises, and are regarded as the source of resources for enterprises. In this case, human resource management, as an independent module, is added to the ERP system, forming an efficient and highly integrated enterprise resource system with the financial and production systems in ERP. It is fundamentally different from the traditional personnel management.
First, the auxiliary decision-making of human resource planning
1. Simulate, compare and analyze various schemes of enterprise personnel and organizational structure, supplemented by graphic visual evaluation, to assist managers in making final decisions.
2. Work out a work model, including job requirements, promotion paths and training plans. According to the qualifications and conditions of the employee who holds the position, the system will put forward a series of training suggestions for the employee. Once the organization is reorganized or the post changes, the system will put forward a series of post changes or promotion suggestions.
3. Personnel cost analysis can analyze and predict the past, present and future personnel costs, and provide a basis for enterprise cost analysis through ERP integration environment.
Second, recruitment management.
Talent is the most important resource of an enterprise. Excellent talents are the guarantee of lasting competitiveness of enterprises. The recruitment system generally provides support from the following aspects:
A manage the recruitment process, optimize the recruitment process and reduce the business workload;
B scientifically manage the recruitment cost, so as to reduce the recruitment cost;
C provides auxiliary information for employees to choose positions and effectively helps enterprises to tap human resources.
Third, wage accounting.
A can formulate corresponding salary accounting methods according to the different salary structures and processing flows of the company across regions, departments and types of work.
B directly integrates time management, which can be updated in time, making employee's salary accounting dynamic.
C reverse calculation function. Through the integration with other modules, the salary structure and data can be automatically adjusted according to the requirements.
Fourth, working time management.
A according to the national or local calendar, arrange the working time of the enterprise and the work and rest time of the labor force.
B. Using the remote attendance system, the actual attendance of employees can be recorded in the main system, and the time data related to employees' salaries and bonuses can be imported into the salary system and cost accounting.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) travel accounting
The system can automatically control the whole process from travel application, travel approval to travel reimbursement. And import accounting data into the financial cost accounting module through the integrated environment.
4. Mode implementation back to the directory
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
There are two basic conditions for the successful implementation of ERP system, one is suitable software, and the other is effective implementation methods. Among them, the effective implementation methods can be roughly summarized into ten aspects: first, the support and commitment of high-level; Second, there is an implementation and consulting team that knows both management and software; The third is the confirmation and supervision of the project scope of management information system; Fourthly, the composition of management information system project team; Fifth, the depth of management information system project work; Sixth, detailed and feasible project plan; Seventh, a detailed and feasible project sustainability plan; Eighth, the project must have appropriate resources; Nine is "experience summary", which evaluates the quality management of relevant departments; The tenth is the transformation management of the project from modeling, testing, trial operation to formal operation.
First of all, you should know yourself and choose the right software.
Choosing ERP software must follow the following four steps: understanding ERP principle, analyzing enterprise demand, choosing software, choosing hardware platform, operating system and database. The first two items aim at "knowing yourself" and the last two items aim at "knowing yourself". Only by knowing ourselves and ourselves can we choose the right software and win every battle.
If you don't know much about the principle of MRP/MRP-II/ERP before buying ERP software, and think that you can make up for it through training, it's a big mistake. Take common sense in life as an example. If someone goes to the mall and spends hundreds of thousands of dollars on a product that he doesn't know what it is and how to use it, he will definitely be called a complete fool. But this kind of thing is common when purchasing ERP software. Aren't you sad? Before purchasing ERP software, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of the enterprise, understand the problems that the enterprise urgently needs to solve, and what kind of software can adapt to the enterprise and help the enterprise solve practical problems.
When choosing software, enterprises do not need to examine whether it is real ERP software, nor can they distinguish the functions of software according to the size of the enterprise, but should choose suitable software according to the product characteristics, production organization mode and management characteristics of the enterprise. As shown in table 1:
Second, choose a good management consulting company.
The previous detailed analysis shows the importance of choosing an experienced management consulting company. When an enterprise hires a management consulting company, it can be responsible for the overall planning design, the training of enterprise leaders and all employees on ERP concepts, the detailed implementation plan of the project, and so on.
Third, formulate specific quantitative goals.
Talking about success is inseparable from goals; Without goals, success is impossible. If there is no unified goal in ERP project, or it is too abstract, that is, there is no specific, quantitative and assessable goal, then there is no way to compare and judge after the system is implemented. Extensive management can no longer be implemented when ERP is implemented, otherwise it will bury the potential crisis of unsuccessful.
Before the two parties sign the cooperation contract, the supply and demand sides must specify the implementation objectives, specific implementation contents, realized technologies, implementation plans, steps, phased project achievements and acceptance methods of ERP in the terms of the technical agreement.
Fourth, do a good job in business process reengineering.
Business process reengineering is a rethinking and redesign of the existing business operation mode of an enterprise, which should follow the following basic principles: the organizational structure must be adjusted with the enterprise's objectives as the guide, the executors must have the decision-making power, must obtain the participation and support of senior leaders, must choose appropriate processes for reorganization, must establish smooth communication channels, and must focus on objectives and outputs rather than tasks. The practice is that the management consulting company conducts a long-term investigation on the management status of the enterprise before implementing ERP, and puts forward an improved management model suitable for the enterprise. At the same time, the management model must take into account the development of the enterprise and be recognized by the management of the enterprise.
Fifth, implement ERP in a targeted way to solve the bottleneck of enterprise management.
A complete ERP system is a very complicated system, including both the core software MRP-II for enterprise management and the software extended to enterprise relationship management (customer relationship management CRM and supply chain management SCM). There are not only the management of the main value chain with logistics/capital flow as the object, but also the management of supporting value chain-human resources, equipment resources, financing and so on, as well as the support of decision-making value chain. It is impossible for any enterprise to realize this huge system overnight. Each enterprise has its own characteristics and main contradictions to be solved, and it needs to determine the implementation objectives and steps according to its own actual situation.
ERP is not only a kind of software, but also an enterprise solution. Therefore, even if it is the same set of software, different enterprises have different implementation methods, such as which modules are implemented? How to conduct graded training? What level of ERP management? How detailed is the management? How long does it take to integrate with manual management? When to get rid of manual management? How to strengthen the implementation of MRP-Ⅱ plan? All these should be determined according to the needs and management basis of enterprises, and feasible goals and implementation plans should be formulated to ensure the successful implementation of ERP.
Sixth, improve the quality of employees and ensure the normal operation of the system through training and formulating the system.
Implementing ERP in enterprises is a step-by-step and continuous improvement process. Only the continuous improvement of the quality of employees can ensure the continuous deepening of the system. We can make rules and regulations for employees, combine their economic interests with their work content, improve their enthusiasm and enhance their awareness of being familiar with business.