1. Causes of the British bourgeois revolution and its historical significance
Reason: After the opening of the new air route, Britain took advantage of its unique geographical position to actively develop overseas trade and carry out colonial plunder. As a result, the British capitalist economy developed rapidly, and the bourgeoisie and the newly born aristocrats grew stronger and stronger. They want to seize power and develop capitalist economy. The autocratic rule of Stuart dynasty became a serious obstacle to the development of capitalism. Therefore, to develop capitalism, we must establish a corresponding social system to protect the interests of the bourgeoisie. In a word, the root of the British bourgeois revolution.
Historical significance: a. Through the bourgeois revolution, Britain established a constitutional bourgeois dictatorship (1689, which was passed by Parliament to limit the rights of the king), clearing the way for the development of British capitalism;
B is a great victory of capitalism over feudalism in human history, which opened the prelude of bourgeois revolutionary movement and promoted the development of human history.
2. < The promulgation of the Bill of Rights and the establishment of constitutional monarchy.
In order to limit the king's rights and determine the power of parliament, the British Parliament passed the Bill of Rights. < Bill of Rights > It provides a legal guarantee for limiting the kingship, so that the future king can not abuse his rights and do whatever he wants, which leads to the establishment of the bourgeois dictatorship of British constitutional monarchy.
Britain became the largest colonial country.
Britain used pirates to rob at sea. /kloc-In the late 6th century, Britain defeated the Spanish "Armada", gained maritime hegemony and began to colonize overseas. The early colonial activities of Britain and France were mainly concentrated in India and North America. In the process of colonial expansion, Britain, France and the Netherlands fought fiercely. Finally, Britain defeated the Netherlands and France and became the largest colonial country in the world.
4. Gunfire in Lexington and American Independence
A. The gunfire in Lexington marked the beginning of the North American War of Independence.
B1775 the second continental congress was held, which reorganized the continental army and appointed Washington as the commander-in-chief of the continental army.
C. 1776 the continental congress declared the independence of the British north American colony.
D. 1777, the battle of Saratoga, the American army defeated the British army, which was the turning point of the North American War of Independence.
E. 1783 Britain recognizes American independence.
F. Importance:
1. The War of Independence won the independence of the United States (1787, the United States formulated the Constitution of 1787, which stipulated that the United States was a federal country with a presidential system, and Washington was elected as the first president of the United States). At the same time, it is bourgeois revolutionary and conducive to the development of American capitalism.
It promoted the revolutions in Europe and Latin America.
5. Occupy the Bastille
On July 1789, the people of Paris captured the Bastille and the French bourgeois revolution broke out.
6. The establishment of the First Republic of France and the establishment of the First Empire of France by Napoleon.
1791June, Austria and Prussia took military action to help Louis XVI suppress the revolution, and the people of Paris overthrew the monarchy. In September, the French army also expelled foreign troops and announced the establishment of the first Republic of France.
After the climax of the bourgeois revolution, the political situation in France was turbulent. 1799, Napoleon launched a coup and seized power. 1804, Napoleon was crowned emperor and established the first empire of France. The Code of Foreign War promulgated by Napoleon harmed the interests of the people in the invaded areas and caused people's resistance. 18 12 failed in the expedition to Russia, which sounded the death knell of the empire. In the battle of Leipzig, the French army was defeated again; 18 14 the anti-French Coalition forces entered Paris and the empire perished.
7. British industrial revolution
The industrial revolution is a revolution to promote the development of manual workshops into mass production of machines, which began with the invention and use of machines.
Conditions: abundant funds; Adequate labor force; Abundant resources and raw materials; The urgent demand for overseas trade.
In the 1960s, the industrial revolution first took place in Britain. The invention and use of machines first appeared in the cotton textile industry.
Technology: a. 65438+ In 1960s and 1970s, Jenny spinning machine and water spinning machine came out one after another; In 1980s, the appearance of water loom greatly improved weaving efficiency. B. Mechanic Watt made an improved steam engine, which was used to drive textile machines in 1785, thus making mankind enter the "age of steam". C. The use of steam engines promoted the progress of transportation, and steamboats and train locomotives were born one after another. D./kloc-the first half of the 0/9th century, the Great Emperor.
8. The influence of the industrial revolution
Impact: A. The industrial revolution created great productivity and promoted economic development; B the industrial revolution has increasingly divided society into two directly opposite classes, namely, the proletariat and the bourgeoisie; C the industrial revolution has changed the face of the world, and the world has increasingly become an interconnected and inseparable whole.
9. The birth of scientific socialism
The three major workers' movements in Europe, namely, the two armed workers' uprisings in Lyon, France, the workers' charter movement in Britain, and the textile workers' uprising in Silesia, Germany, marked that the proletariat stepped onto the historical stage.
Marx and Engels linked theoretical research with the struggle for proletarian liberation, and founded scientific socialism on the basis of absorbing the excellent cultural heritage of mankind. The publication of the Manifesto of the Productive Party marks the birth of scientific socialism.
Significance: The proletariat has its own powerful ideological weapon, and the international proletarian movement has entered a new stage.
10. The causes and significance of the American Civil War
Reason: The capitalist industry in the north developed rapidly, and the south implemented a large plantation economy, with black slaves as the main labor force. The contradiction between the two sides on the issue of tariffs and slavery is irreconcilable.
Significance: The abolition of slavery in the United States cleared another obstacle for the development of capitalism and created conditions for the rapid development of capitalism in the future.
1 1. Peter I reform and 186 1 reform.
Peter I reformed from 65438 to 0689. In order to get rid of backwardness and make Russia a modern power, Peter I carried out various reforms, including strengthening centralization, expanding military power, developing economy and promoting school education. This is actually the reform of Qiang Bing, a rich country promoted by feudal serf owners. Its role: strengthening Russia's economic and military strength, consolidating autocratic rule and preparing conditions for foreign expansion.
186 1 reform 19 Russian capitalist industry developed in the middle of this century, but it developed very slowly due to the obstruction of serfdom. In 2008+086 1 year, Tsar Alexander II was forced to sign a decree abolishing serfdom in order to safeguard the interests of nobles and landlords. The law stipulates that serfs become "free men" in law, and landlords are no longer allowed to buy and sell serfs and landlords. Serfs can pay for the redemption of land. In fact, it was the bourgeois reform carried out by the tsar from top to bottom. Its role: it is a major turning point in Russian history to make Russia embark on the road of developing capitalism.
12. Main contents and significance of Meiji Restoration in Japan
Main contents: politics: "abolishing vassals and setting counties" and strengthening centralization; Economy: allow land sales, introduce advanced western technology, and encourage the development of modern industry; Social life: advocate "civilization" and strive to develop education.
Significance: Japan got rid of the crisis of becoming a semi-colonial country and gradually changed from a closed feudal country to a capitalist country. However, after Japan became strong, it quickly embarked on the road of foreign aggression and expansion.
< World History > Volume II
1. scientific achievements and the second industrial revolution
Scientific achievements: a. Development and utilization of new energy 65438+In the 1970s, electricity entered the production field as a new energy, practical generators came out, and mankind entered the "electrical age"; The wide application of internal combustion engine promotes the exploitation and refining of oil, and oil, electricity and coal constitute three major energy sources.
B. Creating new machines and new means of transportation; Siemens of Germany made the first tram; In 1980s, German karl benz and others designed the internal combustion engine, thus successfully trial-producing automobiles and airplanes.
C. Invention of a new information transmission tool1In the middle of the 9th century, wired telegraph was invented; /kloc-in the late 20th century, wired telephones and wireless telegrams were also successfully developed.
Impact: It has greatly promoted the productive forces, strengthened the ties around the world, and provided a broader road for economic development.
2. Economic development of major capitalist countries
/kloc-In the late 20th century, with the high concentration of productivity and capital, monopoly organizations appeared in major capitalist countries, which took the form of cartels, syndicates and trusts.
As emerging capitalist countries, the United States and Germany became the world's first and second capitalist industrial powers at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, respectively, because they adopted more new technologies and new equipment, with a high starting point and rapid development.
Due to backward technology and equipment, over-reliance on colonies and slow economic development, Britain and France have been overtaken by the United States and Germany in industrial production.
After Meiji Restoration, Japan made every effort to expand its armed forces and promote economic development. Although Russian capitalism has developed rapidly, it still lags behind other major capitalist countries because of a large number of feudal remnants.
3. Names and main members of the two imperialist military blocs.
Allies: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (later joined the Allies)
Allies: Britain, France, Russia
4. The fuse of World War I-Sarajevo incident. Three major battles on the western front.
1965438+At the end of June, 2004, a Serbian youth assassinated Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in the streets of Sarajevo. This is the Sarajevo incident that triggered the First World War.
Three major battles on the western front: Britain, France and Germany, namely the Battle of the Marne River, the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme.
5. The nature of American participation in the war and the First World War
When the war broke out, the United States used its neutral position to do business with belligerents and made a fortune by selling arms and providing loans. In 2007, when both warring sides were exhausted, the United States joined the Allies and eventually entered the war. America's participation in the war has brought great benefits to its allies politically, militarily and economically.
Nature of World War I: It was an unjust imperialist predatory war.
6. Russian October Revolution and Soviet Socialist Construction
Russia's economy completely collapsed during the First World War. 19 17 February Revolution overthrew the autocratic rule of the czar, resulting in the coexistence of the bourgeois provisional government and the Soviet Union represented by workers and peasants. The bourgeois government continued the imperialist war and suppressed the revolutionary masses by force. +09 1756538 Under Lenin's personal leadership, the October Revolutionary Armed Uprising won, overthrew the bourgeois provisional government, established the world's first Soviet Workers and Peasants People's Committee, launched the "World War I" and promulgated the.
The Soviet Union began to build a planned economy, and the two five-year plans of 1928 and 1933 focused on heavy industry. With the completion of the two five-year plans, the Soviet Union changed from an agricultural country to an industrial country. The Soviet Union basically completed the collectivization of agriculture in 1937. In the same year, the Soviet Union adopted a new constitution, which marked the establishment of the socialist system in the Soviet Union.
7. Paris Peace Conference and:
19191-in June, 27 participating countries, Britain, France and the United States became the masters of the peace conference. Its main contents include: signing a contract with Germany: A series of peace treaties were signed with Germany's allies, which together with the peace treaty with Germany constituted the Versailles system. The League of Nations (founded in 1920, which is actually a tool for imperialist powers to maintain the post-war capitalist world order) decided to establish an international organization to punish aggression and safeguard world peace. A new order for imperialism to rule Europe, West Asia and Africa has been determined. (For the content of the peace treaty, see page 35 of Volume III, Volume II)
8. Washington Conference
At the initiative of the United States, * * * has nine countries, of which the United States, Britain and Japan have played a major role. Britain, France, Japan and the United States signed the Treaty on the Limitation of Naval Arms, which stipulated the tonnage ratio of the main naval ships of the five countries. 1922, signed by representatives of nine countries. In fact, it promoted the expansion of the United States in China. The Washington Conference is a continuation of the Paris Peace Conference, which established the ruling order of imperialist countries in East Asia and the Pacific, and finally established the Versailles-Washington system in which imperialism repackaged the world.
9. 1929- 1933 Capitalist Economic Crisis and Roosevelt's New Deal
1929- 1933 the capitalist economic crisis first started in the United States, which is a worldwide capitalist economic crisis. This crisis has three characteristics: wide range, long duration and great destructiveness.
The purpose of Roosevelt's New Deal is to strengthen the state's intervention and guidance in the economy and eliminate the economic crisis without changing the capitalist system. Its contents are as follows: in terms of finance, first, private cash will be re-circulated; In agriculture, the government requires farmers to reduce cultivated land and slaughter livestock, and the government allocates funds for compensation; In terms of industry, the central measure of the New Deal is the adjustment of the industry by the state. 1933, congress passed the industrial revival law to strengthen the government's regulation and control of capitalist industrial production. In terms of social relief, many public projects have been established to reduce unemployment and stimulate consumption and production.
Evaluation: A. The New Deal achieved certain results, which made the American economy slowly recover and stabilized capitalist rule;
B The capitalist system has not changed, the root cause of the crisis still exists, and the New Deal cannot fundamentally eliminate the economic crisis.
10. Fascism in Germany, Italy and Japan
The fundamental reason for the establishment of fascist dictatorship in Germany, Italy and Japan is the blow of the world economic crisis.
Hitler's coming to power marked the formation of the European origin of the world war. 1936, Japan's military-controlled cabinet came to power, marking the formation of the Asian origin of the world war. 1937, Germany, Italy and Japan formed an aggressive military and political group, which became the "Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis", also known as the Axis Group.
1 1. World War II
Reasons: a. Under the impact of the economic crisis, Germany, Italy and Japan established and strengthened fascist dictatorship and invaded abroad crazily;
B. Britain, France and the United States connived at aggression and accelerated the outbreak of war.
1 September 9391,Germany "blitzkrieg" Poland, Britain and France were forced to declare war on Germany, and the war broke out in an all-round way;
1941On June 22nd, Germany raided the Soviet Union, and Soviet soldiers and civilians bravely defended their homeland and won the battle of Moscow.
At the beginning of 1942, the international anti-fascist alliance was established;
1July 1942 to1February 1943, the Battle of Stalingrad became the turning point of World War II.
The new Italian government surrendered in September1943;
1943, China, the United States and Britain held the Cairo Conference in Egypt and published "It provided a basis for dealing with the postwar Japanese issue"; The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union held a meeting in Tehran, Iran, and decided to open a second front in Europe.
At the beginning of 1945, the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union held a meeting in Yalta, the Soviet Union, and reached a major agreement: Germany was occupied by the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain; The Soviet Union participated in the war against Japan; Establish the United Nations.
1May 8, 945 Germany surrendered unconditionally;
1In July 1945, China, the United States and Britain issued the Potsdam Proclamation, demanding that Japan surrender immediately and unconditionally; 1945 In early August, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan; 1945 August 15, Japan surrendered unconditionally, and formally signed the surrender letter on September 2.
12. Measures taken by the Soviet Union to consolidate the socialist system after World War II and their influence
The fourth five-year plan was implemented from 65438 to 0946. Under the leadership of Stalin, the development of economy, heavy industry and national defense industry is the focus of Soviet industry. The people of the Soviet Union have made great achievements in economic revitalization, improved living standards, made great progress in education and culture, and enhanced the attractiveness of the socialist system.
13. Establishment of "European Isomorphism"
1967, in order to ensure their own security and international status, promote economic development and strengthen mutual cooperation, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy and other six countries initiated the establishment of the "European Organization". After the establishment of the "European Community", the number of member countries has been increasing, and the cooperation between them has become increasingly close, which has promoted the economic development of member countries and improved Europe.
14. US hegemonic policy and US-Soviet hegemony
The embodiment of American hegemonic policy;
During the period of 1947, US President Truman pursued the "Cold War" policy in Europe (all means and hostile actions taken by western countries led by the United States against socialist countries such as the Soviet Union).
By providing economic assistance, the United States resisted the impact of the Soviet Union and socialist forces and controlled western European countries.
In order to further control Western Europe and encircle European socialist countries, 1949 established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
In 1950s and 1960s, it launched wars of aggression against Korea and Vietnam.
Hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union: After 1950s, with the strength of the country, the Soviet Union also embarked on the road of hegemonism; "Cuban Missile Crisis" in 1960s; In the late 1970s, the Soviet Union sent troops to occupy Afghanistan in an attempt to establish hegemony in South Asia and the Persian Gulf. The United States put forward the "Star Wars" plan. The hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union has seriously threatened world peace and brought a heavy burden to the two countries themselves. Unable to do so, the Soviet Union was forced to change its hegemonic policy in the mid-1980s.
The rise of the third world
After World War II, the Asian people first set off a national liberation movement;
1947 Britain was forced to agree to India's independence and divide the original India into India and Pakistan.
early summer
1. The root of the British Opium War: In the first half of the 9th century, in order to open the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials, the direct reason for smuggling opium to China was to reverse the trade deficit.
2. 1839, Lin zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Daoguang Emperor to ban smoking, conduct unannounced visits and secret investigations, arrest cigarette dealers and collect opium. In June, opium was destroyed in Humentan, which was a great victory of China people's anti-smoking struggle and showed the strong will of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who led this struggle, became a national hero, and this activity became the fuse of the Opium War.
3. 1840- 1842, the first opium war broke out. After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which was the beginning of the modern history of China.
4. 1856- 1860 The British and French allied forces launched the Second Opium War to further open the China market. After occupying Beijing, they burned the Yuanmingyuan.
5. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties and occupied the territory of northeast and northwest China1500,000 square kilometers (combined with the table on page 8 and the picture on page 9).
6.1851-1864 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, 1853 occupied Nanjing another day, made its capital, and established a regime against the Qing Dynasty. In order to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, troops were sent to the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition.
7. As an imperial envoy, Zuo adopted the strategy of "going north first, then going south, and slowly advancing into urgent battle" to recover Xinjiang. In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, the Qing government established a province in Xinjiang in 1884.
8. 1894- 1895 After the defeat of the Qing government in the Sino-Japanese War, the treaty of shimonoseki was signed with Japan, which greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China.
9. 1900 Spring, the Boxer Rebellion was aimed at imperialist aggression.
10. 190 1 year, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of mourning for ugliness with the eight countries, which increased the newborn burden of China people and seriously damaged China's sovereignty. Since then, the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
1 1.65438+ Hubei textile layout etc. In the 1970s and 1980s, three navies, namely, the South China Sea, Beiyang and Fujian, were formed. Shi Jing Wentong Museum was founded in 1938+0862, which is the first new school founded by the Westernization School.
12. Evaluate the Westernization Movement (the content is on page 30, focusing on it)
13.1In the spring of 895, Kang Youwei's "Letter to the Bus" kicked off the political reform.
14.18 From June to September, 1998, Emperor Guangxu issued a series of decrees, the content of which was (P33): It is required to master from five aspects: politics, economy, military affairs, education and ideology.
In 15. 1894, Sun Yat-sen organized a revolutionary group, the Zhong Xing Society. 1905, a unified revolutionary organization with Sun Yat-sen as the prime minister was established, and the revolutionary program of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, abolishing the absolute monarchy, establishing a democratic country and reforming the land system was adopted. Its establishment greatly promoted the bourgeois democratic revolutionary movement throughout the country.
16.1911The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. However, the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, a northern warlord, and failed to complete the task of anti-imperialism and feudalism.
17. 19 15, Chen Duxiu and other intellectuals held high the two banners of "democracy" and "science", took New Youth magazine as the main position, launched a new culture movement, and attacked Zun Kong with four main ideas and four oppositions as the main content, thus setting off a trend of ideological emancipation in society.
In 18. 19 18, Li Dazhao published two articles, The Victory of the Common People and The Victory of Bolshevism, to promote Marxism.
19. The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of our country. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, and creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. However, the New Culture Movement also showed an absolute negative or positive bias towards the eastern and western cultures, and had an impact on later generations.
20.1965438+On May 4th, 2009, students from Peking University and other schools held demonstrations, demanding "fighting for sovereignty from outside and getting rid of national thieves from inside", canceling "Article 21", opposing signing a "peace treaty" with Germany and punishing traitors, which was suppressed by the Beiyang warlord government. In early June, Shanghai workers went on strike and businessmen went on strike to support the students' struggle. Cao Rulin and other traitors were dismissed, and they refused to sign the peace treaty. The May 4th Movement achieved initial victory. The May 4th Patriotic Movement was a patriotic movement that was thoroughly anti-imperialist and anti-feudal, and it was the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.
21.1921The party's program was adopted at the first national congress held in Shanghai in July, and the party's goal was to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat, and realize capitalism. The central task is to lead the workers' movement.
22. 1922, the second national congress of communist party, China, decided that the party's democratic revolutionary program is to overthrow warlords, overthrow imperialist oppression and establish a democratic Republic. This is the first time that China put forward a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program.
Huangpu Military Academy was founded on 23rd.1924, with Zhou Enlai as the principal, and trained a large number of military and political talents.
24. 1926, Guangdong National Government's Northern Expedition, aimed at overthrowing the rule of Beiyang warlords and unifying the whole country; Object: Wu, Sun and Zhang; Main battlefields: Hunan and Hubei; Main battles: Tingsi Bridge, and Sheng Qiao; Destroyed Wu's main force in the battlefield between the two lakes; Less than half a year after his graduation, the Northern Expeditionary Army moved from the Pearl River Valley to the Yangtze River Valley, and the National Government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan.
25. 1927 In April, Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution and established the "National Government" in Nanjing. It represents the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie, takes refuge in imperialism abroad and suppresses the people's revolutionary movement at home.
26. 1.0927 In August, Zhou Enlai, He Long, Zhu De and others led the Nanchang Uprising and fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries.
27.1In September, 927, Mao Zedong led the Autumn Harvest Uprising, launched an attack on the weak rural areas of the enemy, and established the first rural revolutionary base area in China: Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base Area. Nanchang Uprising and Autumn Harvest Uprising were the beginning of China's independent leadership of the revolutionary war, the establishment of the people's army and the establishment of rural revolutionary base areas.
28. 1934 10 to 1936 10 After the failure to crush the enemy's fifth "encirclement and suppression", the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants was forced to make a strategic shift and make a long March.
29. 1.935 1 month, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a Zunyi meeting, which solved the military and organizational mistakes of Bo Gukai and others, canceled the military command of Bo Gukai and others, and affirmed Mao Zedong's correct proposition. It was decided that Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai would be in charge of military command. Zunyi Conference established the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong at the core. This meeting saved the party, the Red Army and the revolution, and it was the party's.
On the way to the Long March, we crossed the Jinsha River and jumped out of the encirclement of the enemy. 1936, 10 In June, the Red Second Front Army, the Red Fourth Front Army and the Red First Army joined forces successfully, announcing the end of the Long March victory. The victory of the Long March shattered the Kuomintang reactionaries, preserved the backbone of the Party and the Red Army, and turned the China revolution into safety.
3 1. 193 1 September 18th Incident broke out, and Chiang Kai-shek demanded that Zhang Xueliang stationed in the northeast implement a policy of non-resistance, so that more than one million square kilometers of land in the three northeastern provinces fell into the enemy's hands in less than half a year. The people of the whole country opposed Chiang Kai-shek's policy of non-resistance and demanded to stop the civil war and resist Japanese aggression. The northeast people and some Northeast Army units organized anti-Japanese volunteers to resist Japanese aggression.
32. After the September 18th Incident, China put forward the idea of establishing a national anti-Japanese national united front, demanding that the National Government stop the civil war and unite against Japan. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng accepted China's * * *, and launched the "Xi Incident" in June1938+February 12 to force Jiang to resist Japan.
33. 1937 The Japanese army launched an attack on the defenders of China at Lugouqiao, which created the July 7th Incident and the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of China people broke out in an all-round way. In the incident, Tong and Zhao died for their country and fell one after another, and the anti-Japanese national United front was formally established.
34.1937 65438+In February, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing and created the Nanjing Massacre. In six weeks, more than 300,000 China residents were massacred.
35. During the all-round Anti-Japanese War, the Eighth Route Army led by Zhong * * * won the "Pingxingguan Great Victory", which was the first great victory since the Anti-Japanese War. In order to smash the enemy's "cage" policy, 1940 organized a Hundred Regiments War under Peng's command in August, which was the biggest battle for China's army to take the initiative to attack the Japanese army during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. In the spring of 1938, the Kuomintang army won a total victory in Taierzhuang.
36. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the 7th Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was held in Yan 'an in April 1945. The congress mainly discussed the major issues of what road China will take after winning the victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. Formulated the party's political line: mobilize the masses freely, defeat the Japanese aggressors, liberate the people of the whole country, and establish a new-democratic China under the leadership of the China Communist Party.
37.1August, 1945 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender, which marked War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's final victory.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek, with the support of the United States, plotted to launch a civil war against the people. In order to gain more time to prepare for the civil war and deceive the people, Mao Zedong was invited to Chongqing for negotiations. In order to strive for domestic peace as much as possible, Mao Zedong, accompanied by Zhou Enlai and Wang Luofei, negotiated with the Kuomintang, and finally reached an agreement on peaceful founding of the country. 19960.888388886 1 17
39. 1946 In June, Chiang Kai-shek tore up the October 10th Agreement and launched an attack on the Central Plains Liberated Area, marking the outbreak of all-out civil war.
40.1In the summer of 947, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping led troops into Dabie Mountain, threatening Nanjing and Wuhan, marking the beginning of the strategic counterattack.
From April 1.1September 1948 to June 1949 and1year, the PLA launched three major campaigns: Liaoshen, Huaihai and Ping Jin. The victory of the Huaihai Campaign laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces in the south of the Yangtze River (Chen Yi once said that the Huaihai Campaign was launched by people driving a car), and the whole of North China was basically liberated. 18966.686617 (p98) The victory of the three major battles wiped out and reorganized1500,000 Kuomintang troops, and the main force of the Kuomintang troops was basically eliminated, which greatly accelerated the victory of the national people's liberation war.
42.1On April 23rd, 949, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanking, which marked the collapse of the Kuomintang regime that had ruled China for 22 years.
After the treaty of shimonoseki was signed, when the Chinese nation faced a serious national crisis, Zhang Jian, the number one industrialist, put forward the slogan of "saving the country through industry". He founded a series of enterprises, such as Sheng Da Cotton Mill, as well as schools and charities. During World War I, because imperialism relaxed its oppression on China's national capital, enterprises got further development, but they were annexed after the war.
44. The most famous newspaper in China is Shenbao, and 1872 was founded in Shanghai. Founded in Shanghai, the Commercial Press 1897 is the oldest and largest cultural publishing institution in modern China.
45. 1909, Zhan Tianyou presided over the construction of the Jing-Zhang Railway, which was the first railway designed and built by China people themselves.
46. Hou, who unveiled the mystery of alkali production, wrote the book "Alkali Production", and its alkali production method was named "Hou's Alkali Production Method".
47. Wei Yuan and Yan Fu are the representatives of thinkers who opened their eyes to see the world in modern times. Wei Yuan compiled a book "Atlas of Sea Countries", which systematically introduced the history and geography of Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States, and explained that the purpose of compilation was to "learn from foreigners and master their skills to control foreigners". Yan Fu was an enlightenment thinker during the Reform Movement of 1898. He translated the theory of natural evolution and expounded that "natural selection is the only way to survive"
48. During the Reform Movement of 1898, Shi Jing University was founded, which was the highest institution established by the first country in modern China.
49.6438+0905 The Qing government announced the abolition of the imperial examination system that had been used for more than 300 years.
50. Lu Xun's representative works include Diary of a Madman and Kong Yiji. Xu Beihong's representative works include Yu Gong Yi Shan and so on. Nie Er, known as the people's musician, is march of the volunteers and Xian Xinghai is the Yellow River Chorus.