1, the main characteristics of quality supervision and management of construction projects in developed countries
1. 1 Active and effective mandatory project guarantee and insurance system
(1) All units involved in engineering construction activities, including owners, architects, general contractors, design or construction contractors, building product manufacturers, quality inspection companies, etc. , you must buy compulsory insurance from guarantee and insurance companies. The contents of guarantee and insurance include structural failure of new construction, reconstruction or maintenance projects and damage to the site where the building is located. From the start of the project to the end of the defect warranty period, the responsible party shall bear the guarantee and insurance responsibilities respectively according to the contract. All-round and whole-process engineering guarantee and insurance provide economic guarantee for the realization of the whole life cycle quality of construction projects [1]. (2) The floating guarantee and insurance premium rate system shall be implemented, and the contractor's guarantee and insurance premium rate shall be comprehensively considered according to the risk degree of the building, the contractor's reputation and the depth of quality inspection. In France, it generally bears the insurance premium equivalent to 65438+ 0.5%~4% of the total project cost. Because the contractor's reputation and performance are considered when determining the guarantee and insurance rate, in order to get preferential guarantee and insurance rate, the contractor must improve his reputation and accumulate good performance by strengthening quality management, thus promoting the benign development of quality supervision and management guarantee. (3) Compulsory guarantee insurance system strengthens the initiative of all parties involved in project quality supervision and control. Through the implementation of the compulsory project guarantee insurance system, it is guaranteed that the insurance company will actively assist in supervising the contractor to carry out total quality control in the construction stage, ensure that there is no problem with the project quality, and ensure that the insurance company can not bear or bear less maintenance costs. In order to improve the reputation of enterprises and strive for preferential guarantee and insurance rates, contractors must strengthen quality management and strive to improve the quality level of engineering construction, which is a strategic choice for contractors to win a good social image, survive and develop in the fierce market competition. (4) The mature and perfect engineering guarantee and insurance market provides effective social security for the smooth realization of the quality objectives of construction projects. The United States and other countries have well-organized engineering guarantee and insurance organization systems: the guarantee and insurance companies active in the guarantee market are the main players in the market, and they each assume different market roles organically; Various developed guarantee insurance associations serve guarantee insurance companies, strengthen industry self-discipline and communicate the links between guarantee insurance companies and government regulatory agencies; The legislative, judicial and administrative institutions related to the guarantee insurance industry are its external organizations and also the public opinion supervision institutions. The sound and development of the project guarantee insurance market provides a good legal support and social environment for the project guarantee insurance. (5) Fair and strict government supervision is the guarantee for the cultivation and development of engineering guarantee and insurance market. Generally, the governments of developed countries have set up special institutions to strictly examine and register engineering guarantee and insurance companies and their employees, and conduct annual examination of registered companies and individuals, and announce the examination situation to the whole society, so as to urge employees to continuously improve their own quality and enhance their underwriting ability. A high-level project guarantee insurance industry has enhanced the social supervision and guarantee ability of construction project quality.
1.2 Standardization and professional management of developed engineering consulting industry
(1) Strict and standardized professional institutions and professional qualifications constitute the premise of effective service engineering quality management in the consulting industry. The government regulates the behavior of professional institutions and professionals engaged in engineering construction management by laws and regulations, establishes a perfect qualification evaluation and audit system, and encourages employees in the engineering consulting industry to seek their own development with efficient work and high-quality management effects [3]. The involvement of professionals improves the overall level of project management, promotes the socialization of project quality supervision and management, and ensures the effectiveness of project quality supervision and management.
(2) Strict industry self-discipline, improve their own quality, ability and social reputation, and improve the service quality of project management. The self-discipline and restraint mechanism of consulting industry has contributed to the management and control of engineering quality. The management of professional organizations and professionals depends on the restriction of national laws and regulations on the macro level, and on the supervision of the work norms and professional ethics of trade associations on the micro level. The self-discipline system of trade associations is conducive to improving the quality of employees in the industry and the market competitiveness of their institutions, and has played a positive role in improving the quality of projects. Standardize the work behavior of professionals, improve work efficiency, and provide professional socialized services for the effective realization of engineering quality. (3) A fair, just, competitive and orderly market mechanism promotes the development of consulting industry and provides quality services for social supervision of construction project quality. The unified, open and competitive construction market, high economic benefits and respected social status of the consulting industry have intensified the competition in the consulting industry. First, we have obtained the qualification of engineering consulting through our own efforts. Second, efficient work and professionalism have won social reputation and accepted the entrustment of the government and owners. Competition stimulates the consulting industry to improve the consciousness and initiative of personnel quality and management level, promotes its own development, improves the management level of construction projects, and provides better services for socialized supervision and management of construction projects. (4) The multi-polarization of consulting industry has developed in depth, which has created social security conditions for the continuous improvement of construction quality. The marketization of consulting industry is very suitable for the requirements of investors at all levels for quality supervision and management of construction projects. It presents the following four characteristics [3]: First, the organization of engineering consulting units has the characteristics of privatization, specialization and small scale. Second, focus on supporting and protecting large and medium-sized engineering consulting companies. Third, professional associations tend to develop in the direction of scientific management, economic materialization and international organization. The fourth is specialization, and the social division of labor is getting finer and finer, which is basically based on every professional field of the construction industry.
1.3 Efficient government service function
(1) government service has become the core function of quality supervision and management of construction projects, creating a good market environment for quality supervision and management of construction projects. First, serving the development of the construction industry is the guiding ideology of the government, and promoting the overall development of the construction industry is the primary task of the competent government departments. The government is not on the opposite side of the enterprise, not a leading organization, but a service organization. Whether it is the formulation and implementation of building regulations, the management of domestic construction market or the development of foreign construction market, it reflects the government's service function. Second, the role of the government is to establish an effective and fair construction market, improve the service quality of the industry, and promote the safety and health of construction production activities. The management of participants in the construction industry is achieved through policy guidance, legal norms, market regulation, industry self-discipline and auxiliary management of professional institutions. The use of economic and legal means to restrain the behavior of enterprises and all parties has created a good market environment for the quality supervision and management of construction projects. (2) The government's implementation of project quality supervision and management according to law is the key to effectively play its service function. Developed countries attach importance to construction legislation, and the construction and improvement of construction laws and regulations is the core work of the functional institutions of government construction departments. All links and levels have corresponding laws and regulations to follow, covering all involved builders, including government supervision and management. Clear responsibilities and specific terms provide an accurate and reliable basis for strict law enforcement and are the basis for the government to effectively implement the quality supervision and management of construction projects. (3) Exploiting the international market is an important duty of the government's construction management service. It is an important task for the government to improve the competitiveness of domestic construction industry and explore the international market. The main ways of international cooperation are as follows:
The first is to unify the norms. Standardization and unification are the basis of the unification of the construction market. Countries actively participate in the construction of unified standards, strive to promote ISO organizations, and strive to exclude access to the international market.
The second is to establish a regional market, promote the integration of the education system and mutual recognition of vocational qualifications, and provide legal support for opening up the international market. * * * Enjoy national treatment within the same scope, conduct public bidding, optimize the allocation of regional resources, establish a * * * common market, and clear political and economic obstacles for domestic enterprises.
The third is to publicize and learn the laws and regulations of other countries and regions. The government organizes professional organizations and professionals to study foreign laws and regulations, organize various forms of study and training, provide consultation for domestic enterprises and serve domestic enterprises to enter the international market.
(4) Informatization provides an important means to improve the efficiency and transparency of government management and better serve the construction industry. The formation of global traffic, the development of global market and the exchange of global information have accelerated the internationalization of the construction market. Developed countries actively promote the informatization process of construction industry, provide necessary international and domestic information network services for all levels of their own construction industry as much as possible, strive to improve the efficiency and transparency of government management through government management informatization, drive and promote the informatization process of the whole industry with the advantages of knowledge and information resources, and enhance their competitive advantage in the international market.
1.4 system to strengthen industry education and training
(1) Education and scientific research are the keys to improve the level of the industry and promote its sustainable development. The construction authorities in developed countries have set up special institutions to manage the education and scientific research work in the construction industry, and their main tasks are to engage in the formulation of construction industry education and training plans and policies, the examination and approval of professional qualifications and the development of human resources. Europe and the United States pay attention to the important role of institutions of higher learning in the basic research of the construction industry, while Japan regards the scientific research strength of enterprises as the main force of technological progress in the industry. At the same time, the government is committed to transforming scientific research achievements into real productive forces and spares no effort to serve the transformation of scientific research achievements. Scientific and technological progress has become the main economic growth point of the construction industry in developed countries.
(2) Pay attention to the cultivation of professional talents and insist on high standards and strict requirements for the skills of professional talents. He is not only a compound talent who knows technology, management, economy and law, but also has rich practical experience and the ability to deal with engineering and technical management problems independently according to law. Improve the education system that combines professional education, vocational education and continuing education in colleges and universities. (3) Pay attention to basic education and job training, and constantly improve the quality of employees. There is a specialized agency responsible for the training of construction personnel and the technical level examination. The training courses include all types of jobs in the construction industry. Combining training with employment, issuing certificates to ensure the quality of the project. (4) Pay attention to the shaping of learning enterprises, strengthen continuing education and training, and promote scientific and technological progress and industry development through knowledge updating. Developed countries regard employee retraining as an important strategy for the development of construction industry, and make overall plans for all kinds of retraining and continuing education for on-the-job employees. Through on-the-job retraining, the knowledge structure, technical level, working ability and comprehensive quality of employees are constantly updated and improved, so that enterprises can improve their market competitiveness with the advantage of human resources. (5) The responsiveness of higher education to the development practice of construction industry is an important embodiment of the combination of education and practice. With the development of the construction industry, colleges and universities should reform in time, adjust the curriculum, change the study plan, set training objectives according to social needs, actively participate in theoretical research and scientific research in the construction industry, pay attention to the combination of professional theoretical study and engineering practice, improve students' quality, provide effective professional education guarantee for students to engage in high-level technical management, and form an inexhaustible source of talent demand for construction engineering quality supervision and management.
2. Suggestions on strengthening and improving the quality supervision and management of construction projects in China
(1) change the role, restore the main position of law enforcement, and carry out mandatory supervision on the quality of construction projects according to law [4]. Changing the role is to realize the transformation of the government's supervision and management of construction projects: from authorized law enforcement to entrusted law enforcement; From environmental inspection of entity quality to random sampling; From "look and ask" on-site inspection to authoritative supervision using scientific instruments to provide accurate and reliable data; From directly verifying the quality grade of the project to the filing system of completion acceptance; From the contractor's supervision on the construction site to the comprehensive and whole process supervision. Change the administrative function of government's construction project quality supervision, promote the specialization and socialization of construction project quality supervision and management, and implement law enforcement supervision on all participants in construction project quality by combining economy with law as the main means. Through the role change, the government supervision mechanism will be restored to the status of law enforcement, assume the supervision responsibility, and carry out fair and deterrent law enforcement supervision on the quality behavior and activity results of all participating construction subjects according to law, so that all construction subjects can assume the responsibilities and obligations stipulated by law, promote the effective implementation of the lifelong responsibility system for construction project quality in China, and promote the improvement of the quality supervision and management level of construction projects. (2) Improve the system of laws and regulations related to the quality of construction projects, enhance the social security capacity of construction projects, and realize the internationalization and legalization of the government's supervision and management of construction projects. Drawing lessons from the mature experience of developed countries to improve the social security system, we should strengthen the construction of social consulting service security system for construction project quality in China, including further standardizing construction supervision behavior, implementing construction project quality risk management, effectively developing the compulsory guarantee insurance system for construction project quality, cultivating an effective construction project guarantee insurance market, and strengthening the supervision and management of market participants. Promote the standardized and effective operation of engineering guarantee insurance market and supervision consulting market, give full play to the social security role of engineering guarantee, insurance and construction supervision in the quality assurance system of construction projects, fully tap the intelligent potential of professional institutions and professionals engaged in construction project quality management, and promote the specialization and socialization of construction project quality. At the same time, accelerate the pace of relevant laws and regulations in line with international practices and promote the internationalization and legalization of construction project quality supervision and management. (3) Establish and improve the three systems of quality supervision and management of construction projects to ensure the benign operation of the construction market and improve the overall quality of construction projects. The formation of construction project quality is a complex system involving many parties and influenced by many factors, covering the whole process of construction project decision-making, survey and design, construction preparation, construction, use and maintenance. To fundamentally control the problem of poor quality of construction projects, we must establish a systematic view, carry out all-round, whole-process and all-round system management, and establish and improve the three systems of quality supervision and management of construction projects, that is, the quality assurance system of all construction subjects including construction supervision and engineering. Focus on standardizing the quality assurance system of the construction subject and improving the quality production capacity of the construction project; Taking the social supervision and security system as a breakthrough to promote the professional service of construction project quality supervision and management: taking the government supervision and management system as the driving force to promote the efficient operation of construction project quality supervision and management system and construction market. Improve the elements of the construction market, enhance the ability to transform the quality of construction projects and ensure the overall quality of construction projects [5].
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