Keywords: water conservancy project; Geological disasters; Cause of formation; prevent
1 analysis of the present situation and characteristics of geological disasters in water conservancy projects
China has a vast territory and rich natural resources. There are many rivers on the earth, and there are more than 1.000 km2 of large rivers. Since 1949, about 654.38 million water conservancy and hydropower projects have been built. These projects have brought good social and economic benefits such as flood control, power generation and shipping, but water conservancy projects have brought great benefits and convenience, and also caused geological disasters. The types of disasters can be roughly divided into three types: the first is the earthquake caused by reservoirs; The second is the stability of reservoir bank slope, and the third is the problem of immersion. Among them, reservoir earthquake refers to the earthquake problem in the process of reservoir impoundment. So far, there have been more than 100 such cases. Generally speaking, the actual fluctuation of reservoir water level is obviously related to the frequency and intensity of earthquakes, and the depth of earthquakes caused by reservoirs is generally less than 20km. The main forms of reservoir bank slope failure are bank collapse and collapse, which usually occur in plain or basin areas.
2 types and causes of geological disasters in water conservancy projects
2. 1 Geological disasters directly caused by engineering construction
Engineering construction activities (such as dam foundation excavation, slope excavation, artificial slag piling, reservoir water storage, etc.). ) directly lead to geological disasters, mainly including collapse, landslide, collapse of surrounding rock, large-flow leakage of reservoir, earthquake induced by reservoir, large-scale collapse of foundation (or goaf) and so on.
2.2 Geological disasters caused by engineering construction and natural factors * * *
Geological disasters (such as debris flow, landslide or ground collapse) caused by engineering construction and natural factors (such as rainstorm, flood and earthquake). Among them, the geological disasters of floods in flood season are the most obvious. Flood geological disasters in flood season mainly include landslides, mudslides, river bank scouring or other natural or man-made disasters related to floods. In some hydropower and water conservancy projects, river banks collapse due to scouring, especially in flood season, if diversion tunnels or flood diversion channels are used for flood discharge, the outlet river banks and downstream rivers often collapse due to scouring and erosion, resulting in disasters.
2.3 Geological disasters caused by natural factors
Geological disasters caused by natural factors are generally seismic geological disasters and flood geological disasters exceeding the standard, which mainly refer to disasters that cause great losses to people's lives, people's property and engineering construction in all hydropower and water conservancy project construction areas due to natural seismic activities and extreme weather conditions, mainly including natural disasters such as collapse, landslide, rolling stone, debris flow or collapse in the project area during earthquake or torrential rain.
3 Practical measures to prevent geological disasters in water conservancy projects
3. 1 Using information technology to improve the quality of engineering survey
The prevention and control of geological disasters in water conservancy projects must be continuously strengthened in order to effectively improve the quality of the whole project investigation. At present, the use of information technology is one of the effective measures to prevent geological disasters generally adopted by water conservancy survey departments.
3. 1. 1 High-tech information mapping technology.
Surveyors related to water conservancy projects adopt information-based high-tech survey technology, generally including some relatively high-tech information technologies such as GPS positioning and three-dimensional imaging technology, thus forming a three-dimensional understanding of the surrounding areas of the project. In the past, traditional two-dimensional design drawings were transformed into three-dimensional model drawings by selective modeling technology. At present, the main development trend of all survey technologies is that the mobile ArcGIS platform can effectively improve the survey quality in the process of water conservancy inspection.
3. 1.2 Rational use of information monitoring technology
After all the geological disasters of water conservancy projects appear, relevant technicians must choose information monitoring technology to effectively monitor the geological changes around the project, so as to effectively realize the important function of automatic risk warning.
3.2 according to the engineering practice, do a good job in disaster prevention and control scheme design.
It is an important task to study the effective prevention and control scheme of engineering geological disasters and effectively prevent and control the later geological disasters.
3.2. 1 Select an appropriate monitoring method.
At present, monitoring methods are divided into three situations: daily monitoring, flood monitoring and emergency monitoring. Among them, daily monitoring refers to the risk supervision mode of the whole water conservancy project in non-flood season. Because the risk is relatively low, the three-level monitoring mode is usually adopted, while the two-level or one-level monitoring mode is adopted in flood season. The mode of emergency monitoring is mainly aimed at some situations with relatively high geological risks, such as floods, earthquakes or landslides, or disasters have occurred. Because the risk of engineering geological disasters is higher than other disasters, we must choose the monitoring mode of super-monitoring and start the corresponding rescue plan when necessary.
3.2.2 Take effective emergency plans.
The risk prevention plan must include a strict emergency plan. For example, the rational distribution of emergency materials and the technical measures taken to deal with the risk of geological disasters are all important contents that must be strictly regulated in emergency measures.
3.3 Combined with the concept of environmental protection, reduce the formation of man-made disasters.
For natural geological disaster groups, in the process of preventing geological disasters caused by human factors, the effect of human intervention is relatively more obvious and effective. Therefore, preventing human intervention is the key point of preventing geological disasters in the whole water conservancy project, and the important basic work of soil and water conservation is vigorously carried out, because the basic work of soil and water conservation is one of the very important links in the prevention of geological disasters in the whole water conservancy project and surrounding areas.
3.4 Do a good job in the allocation of disaster prevention materials and manpower.
The design and prevention measures of geological disasters in water conservancy projects not only need advanced ideas, but also need scientific and reasonable guidance, which inevitably requires material and human support. Therefore, in the prevention and control measures of geological disasters, there must be a scientific and reasonable allocation of prevention materials and manpower. In the event of geological disasters, we must ensure that we can fully allocate the required amount of materials and rationally allocate human resources.
4 conclusion
Water conservancy project is a complex systematic project, which involves many geological disasters. In China, under normal circumstances, water conservancy projects are closely related to people's livelihood issues. We should constantly strengthen the supervision of water conservancy projects and the monitoring of geological disasters to ensure that water conservancy projects play their due and important roles.
References:
[1] Wang. Study on geological disasters of water conservancy and hydropower engineering in southwest China and its prevention measures [J]. Geotechnical Mechanics, 20 13 (10): 307.
[2] Yang Zaibin. Prevention and control technology and measures of geological disasters in reservoir water conservancy engineering [J]. Enterprise technology development, 2014 (10): 81-82, 109.
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