From the founding of the People's Republic of China to the reform and opening up, under the strict planned economy system, China implemented the welfare housing allocation and low-rent housing system, and the state and state-owned units were responsible for the investment, construction, distribution and management of housing. Theoretically, it belongs to the state guarantee, but from the actual effect, due to the limited financial resources of the state and the inefficiency of the guarantee mechanism, a large number of residents have poor living conditions, especially the vulnerable groups who should be guaranteed the most. From 65438 to 0978, the per capita housing area in China was only 7 square meters, and about 47.5% of urban families lacked or had no housing. After the reform and opening up, China's housing system and housing security have also undergone corresponding adjustments and reforms, which have roughly experienced the following four stages of development.
The first stage: the initial attempt of reform (1978 ~ 1990)
1978, Deng Xiaoping first raised the issue of housing reform. 1980, the Central Committee and the State Council approved the Outline of the Report of the National Capital Construction Work Conference, and officially announced the implementation of the housing commercialization policy in China. During this period, I began to try to sell public houses. The typical policy is 1982, and the relevant departments put forward the principle that the state, units and individuals should pay the house price reasonably, that is, individuals should pay13 of the house price, and the remaining 2/3 should be subsidized by the government and the employees' units. From 65438 to 0986, a leading group for housing system reform in the State Council was established. The characteristics of housing reform in this period are low rent, rent subsidy, combination of rent and sale, rent promotion and other supporting reforms. From 65438 to 0988, the first national conference on housing system reform was held in the State Council, and the "Implementation Plan on Promoting China's Urban Housing System Reform by Stages" was issued, which marked that the housing system reform entered the stage of overall scheme design and comprehensive pilot. Its basic idea is to "raise wages, increase wages, change the dark stickers into bright supplements, and change the physical distribution of housing into monetary distribution to increase rents and promote housing sales." However, difficulties have been encountered in the implementation process. During the period of 1988, inflation was high, and it was difficult to implement the rent subsidy. As a result, the wind of selling houses at low prices has been set off all over the country, and the original right to use has been divided.
Unfair distribution is transformed into unfair property possession, which further aggravates the unfairness in housing distribution, but it cannot solve the absolute shortage of housing. At this stage, only the exploration and attempt of reform have been made, with little effect.
The second stage: comprehensively promote the reform (199 1 ~ 1997).
199 1 year, the State Council issued the "notice on continuing to actively and steadily promote the reform of urban housing system", which clarified the fundamental purpose of the reform of urban housing system, reiterated the relevant policies of the reform of urban housing system, put forward the theory of partial property rights and demanded the implementation of the new house system. In the same year, the General Office of the State Council issued the Opinions on Comprehensively Reforming the Urban Housing System, which is a programmatic document for the reform of the urban housing system, and sets the overall goal and subsection goal of the reform of the urban housing system. The overall goal is to reform the low rent of public housing, and gradually transform the public housing welfare distribution system into a monetary wage distribution system. However, it is also facing problems such as difficult rent increase and ultra-low price selling. 1994 the State Council issued the "Decision on Deepening the Reform of Urban Housing System", proposing that the main tasks of the reform are: comprehensively implementing the housing accumulation fund system, actively promoting the rent reform, steadily selling public housing, vigorously developing the real estate transaction and socialized housing maintenance management market, and accelerating the construction of affordable housing. 1994 promulgated the administrative measures for the construction of affordable housing in cities and towns, and 1996 promulgated the opinions on strengthening the management of housing provident fund formulated by the leading group for housing reform in the State Council. Provident fund system and affordable housing system have become two new housing security systems. Generally speaking, the housing system reform has made great breakthroughs and substantial progress at this stage, and entered a new stage of comprehensive promotion and comprehensive supporting reform, but the promotion is not strong and the speed is slow.
The third stage: deepening reform (1998 ~ 2005)
1July, 1998, on the basis of the previous stage of reform practice, the State Council issued the Notice on Further Deepening the Reform of Urban Housing System and Accelerating Housing Construction, clearly proposing to stop the physical distribution of housing, gradually monetize housing distribution, improve the multi-level urban housing supply system with affordable housing as the mainstay, develop housing finance, and cultivate and standardize the housing trading market. This marks the beginning of the new housing policy system and the goal of housing socialization and commercialization in the reform of urban housing system. Units withdrew from the direct control of housing distribution, and employees entered the housing market for consumption according to their personal economic conditions, "reasonable burden, according to one's ability", and the state and units no longer need to provide housing for employees, greatly reducing the burden. In this process, the policies of provident fund and affordable housing have been continuously promoted. 1999 promulgated the "Administrative Measures for Urban Low-rent Housing", which made specific provisions on the low-rent housing system, thus basically forming a housing security system based on these three policies, including the low-rent housing policy that has not been reformed. At present, the housing system reform has made substantial and rapid progress. However, on the one hand, due to the rapid commercialization and marketization of housing, housing prices have remained low.
Sustained high-speed growth, on the other hand, housing security has been ignored and ignored by the government, especially local governments, which has led to many social contradictions such as the difficulty of buying a house.
Second, the main products of housing security analysis and suggestions for improvement
(A) low-rent housing system
Low-rent housing system is the most important housing security system in developed countries. Because China has a low-rent housing system, there is no need to design another low-rent housing system. After the housing system reform from 65438 to 0998 was fully rolled out, China began to introduce this policy. In 2000, the "Trial Measures for Low-rent Housing in Cities and Towns in Shanghai" was promulgated, which marked that Shanghai became the first city in China to implement the low-rent housing system. It should be said that this policy is a very reasonable and important housing security measure, but later facts prove that the system construction in various places is very unsatisfactory. Even Shanghai, which has made great efforts, has not covered 1% of the urban population.
(B) affordable housing system
Affordable housing system is also an important part of housing security system, which is called "social housing" in the United States, "government housing" in Singapore and "public housing" in Hong Kong. China's affordable housing policy was originally one of the supporting policies for housing system reform; 1998 "notice of the State Council on further deepening the reform of urban housing system and speeding up housing construction" clearly puts forward that a housing supply system with affordable housing as the mainstay (accounting for 80% of the total supply) should be established; In the 2004 Measures for the Administration of Affordable Housing, it is no longer mentioned that affordable housing is the mainstream; In 2007, the newly revised Administrative Measures for Affordable Housing further narrowed the scope of application to low-income families.
(3) Provident fund system
The housing accumulation fund system is an important policy that China uses Singapore's experience for reference to solve the housing problem of employees and is implemented uniformly throughout the country. It is an important part of the construction of social security system and one of the supporting measures of housing system reform. Shanghai started the trial as early as 199 1, and the State Council officially issued the Regulations on the Management of Housing Provident Fund in 1999 by the State Council Decree No.262, which was specially revised in 2002, and re-issued the new Regulations on the Management of Housing Provident Fund by the State Council Decree No.350, further establishing the legal basis of the housing provident fund system.
Housing accumulation fund is a long-term housing deposit paid by units and their employees, which is used for employees to purchase, build, renovate and overhaul their own houses. The management of housing provident fund shall follow the principles of decision-making of housing provident fund management committee, operation of housing provident fund management center, storage of special bank accounts and financial supervision. The deposit and loan interest rate of housing provident fund is proposed by the People's Bank of China, and submitted to the State Council after consulting the construction administrative department of the State Council.
With the approval of the Institute, its deposit and loan interest rate is lower than that of commercial banks. The cities where the people's governments of municipalities directly under the central government, provinces and autonomous regions are located and other cities divided into districts shall set up housing provident fund management committees as decision-making bodies for housing provident fund management, and set up housing provident fund management centers.
According to the data released by the Ministry of Construction, by the end of 2006, the total amount of housing provident fund has been collected nationwide.
12,687.37 billion yuan, and the average utilization rate of provident fund is 72.05%. The national net housing accumulation fund194.583 billion yuan, accounting for 24.72% of the national deposit balance. The personal loan balance of provident fund is 38047 1 100 million yuan, accounting for 48.34% of the national deposit balance. Gold as a residential industry
The integration of innovation system and provident fund system has indeed played a positive role in promoting the transformation of China's housing system from welfare housing distribution to monetization housing distribution; It not only effectively encouraged some employees to buy houses, but was once an important source of funds for new housing construction.
Third, the housing security model conforms to China's national conditions.
In terms of the scope of protection, the ideal model should cover the groups below middle and low income. According to the current classification of urban households in China (according to the caliber of the National Bureau of Statistics), it specifically includes three groups: first, the lowest-income families accounting for 10% of urban households in China; Second, low-income families account for 10%, and third, low-and middle-income families account for 20%. Historically, developed countries have experienced the process of housing security from large to small. At present, except the Nordic countries with high welfare, most countries are aimed at low-and middle-income groups. At present, the coverage rate in Hong Kong is over 50%. From the analysis of development process, according to China's current economic level, the scope of protection should be small first, then big and then small. In other words, we should first focus on solving the security problem of the lowest-income and low-income families, and then gradually expand it to middle-and low-income families. Then, with the improvement of residents' income level, the scope of protection will be moderately narrowed, so that the market mechanism can play more roles.
In the security mode, the ideal mode should take into account both the physical distribution system and the monetary subsidy system. Developed countries have experienced a transformation from large-scale construction of public housing to supplementary supply of public housing. At present, the United States, which has the highest degree of marketization, gives priority to monetary subsidies, while Sweden, the Netherlands, Singapore and Hong Kong have a large proportion of in-kind subsidies. Most other countries give consideration to these two protection methods. Take Hong Kong as an example. People living in public housing (low-rent housing) account for about one-third of the total population, and those who own home ownership (affordable housing) account for about one-sixth. This distribution-oriented approach is not suitable for the mainland. At present, the monetary subsidy of low-rent housing in China is an absolutely dominant distribution model. In the future, the proportion of rent in kind should be appropriately increased, and the scale of affordable housing should maintain the proportion of Hong Kong, not exceeding 15%. In addition, we should also establish new subsidy methods such as housing loan discount and personal income tax credit.
In terms of security mechanism, the ideal model should be government-led and give full play to the advantages of market in allocating resources. Housing security work does not depend entirely on a planned economic model, nor does it depend entirely on financial expenditure. On the premise of government administrative means, we should also give play to the effectiveness of market allocation of resources. For example, the government can encourage private developers to participate in the construction and operation of low-rent housing and affordable housing, and can also attract commercial financial institutions to make a difference in personal mortgage loans and real estate securitization, thus invigorating real estate finance. In addition, people, associations and other organizations can be mobilized to cooperate in building houses. Only by constantly innovating mechanisms and mobilizing the enthusiasm of all parties can housing security truly enter a benign development track.
To sum up, in the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China's housing security system has also experienced an evolutionary process, with achievements and detours. Fortunately, since 2007, China's housing security system has been readjusted, and it is forming a relatively perfect housing security system that is more in line with China's national conditions.