National flag: it is a horizontal rectangle with a length-width ratio of about 3: 2. The flag surface consists of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles, which are white, blue and red from top to bottom. Russia has a vast territory, which spans three climatic zones: the frigid zone, the sub-frigid zone and the temperate zone, and is connected in parallel by three-color horizontal rectangles, indicating this feature of Russia's geographical location. White represents the natural landscape with snow all year round in the cold zone; Blue not only represents the sub-cold zone, but also symbolizes Russia's rich underground mineral deposits and natural resources such as forests and hydropower. Red is a symbol of temperate zone, and it also symbolizes Russia's long history and contribution to human civilization. The white, blue and red tricolor flag comes from the red, white and blue tricolor flag adopted during the reign of Peter the Great in 1697. Red, white and blue are called pan-Slavic colors. 1965438+The tricolor flag was cancelled after the victory of the October Revolution in 2007. 1920, the Soviet government adopted a new national flag, consisting of red and blue, with vertical blue stripes on the left and five-pointed stars and crossed hammers and sickles on the red flag on the right. This flag is followed by the flag of Russian Soviet federalism. 1922 after the founding of the Soviet socialist union, the national flag was changed to a red flag with a golden five-pointed star, a sickle and a hammer in the upper left corner. 199 1 year, the Soviet Union disintegrated, the Russian Soviet Federalist Socialist Republic was renamed the Russian Federation, and then the white, blue and red national flag was adopted as the national flag.
National emblem: It's a coat of arms. 1993165438+1October 30th, Russia decided to adopt the double-headed eagle pattern national emblem of Ivan the Beagle before the October Revolution: there is a golden double-headed eagle on the red shield, with three crowns of Peter the Great on its head, and a scepter and a golden ball symbolizing imperial power on its claws. The eagle's chest is a small shield with knights and white horses on it. The origin of the double-headed eagle can be traced back to15th century. The double-headed eagle was originally the emblem of Constantine I of Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine Empire once spanned two continents: Europe and Asia. It looks at the west and the east, symbolizing the unity of the two continents and the unity of all ethnic groups. 1453, the once glorious Byzantine Empire was destroyed by the Ottoman Turkish Empire, and the Byzantine emperor Constantine Xi died heroically. His two younger brothers, one surrendered to the Ottoman Empire, and the other fled to Rome with his two sons and daughter Sophia Gulog. Later, two sons and a daughter were raised by the Pope after their father died. In order to resist the Turks with the help of Russian military power, Roman politicians at that time betrothed Sophia to the Russian Ivan III of Russia, the Grand Duke of Moscow. Sophia came to Russia wearing the majestic double-headed eagle emblem of Byzantine Empire. Sophia assisted her husband, Ivan III of Russia of Russia, and basically unified the land of Russia, forming a vast and unified country. 1497, the double-headed eagle first appeared on the Russian national seal as the national emblem until 19 18. 1993165438+1October 30th, this two-headed eagle symbolizing the unity of the Russian nation "flew" back to the Russian national emblem. At the end of the 20th century, the State Duma legally determined that the double-headed eagle was the national symbol of Russia.
National anthem: music: Alexander/word: mikhalkov
Main idea of lyrics:
"Russia, our sacred motherland,
Russia, our lovely home.
Strong will, great glory
Is your eternal treasure!
Proud of our free motherland,
The fraternal national alliance has been passed down from generation to generation.
Ancestors endowed people with wisdom!
Be proud, motherland! We are proud of you!
From the South China Sea to the Arctic
Our forests and fields are everywhere.
You are unique!
You are the only fertile ground for God's blessing!
Proud of our free motherland,
The fraternal national alliance has been passed down from generation to generation.
Ancestors endowed people with wisdom!
Be proud, motherland! We are proud of you!
Infinite ideal realm, broad living space
Times have opened up the future for us.
Loyalty to our motherland gives us strength.
Past, present and forever!
Proud of our free motherland,
The fraternal national alliance has been passed down from generation to generation.
Ancestors endowed people with wisdom!
Be proud, motherland! We are proud of you! "
Defender's Day of the Motherland: February 23rd (Army Day of the former Soviet Union)
Victory Day of the Great Patriotic War: May 9
Declaration on National Sovereignty (National Day): June 12.
Harmony and Reconciliation Day, October Revolution Festival and Military Honor Day:165438+1October 7th (formerly October Revolution Memorial Day) >>
Constitution Day: 65438+February+February.
Aerospace Festival: April 12 (1962 Soviet Union decides to commemorate Gagarin's first space flight)
State dignitaries: President Vladimir Putin,199965438+February 3 1 served as acting president of Russia and was re-elected as president in March 2004; Sergei Mironov, chairman of the Federal Council (the upper house of parliament), took office in February 2006 1 1 and was re-elected in June 2003; Boris Gryzlov, Chairman of the State Duma (lower house of parliament), was elected in February 2003. Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov took office in May 2004; Igor Ivanov, Secretary of the Security Council, took office in March 2004; Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov took office in March 2004.
Population: 65,438+42.2 million (as of June 65,438 438+ 10/October 65,438+0, 2007). There are more than 130 ethnic groups in China, of which 82 are Russians. 95%. The main ethnic groups are Tatars, Ukrainians, Chuwashi, Bashkir, Belarusians, Moldovans, Germans, Udmurts, Armenians, Awars, Malians, Kazakhs, Ossetians, Buryats, Yakutians, Kabardino, Judaism, etc. The population distribution is extremely uneven, with an average of 52-77 people per square kilometer in the developed areas in the west, reaching 26 1 in some places and less than 1 in the tundra in the northeast. The ethnic composition in the Caucasus is the most complex, with about 40 ethnic groups living here. Most residents believe in the Orthodox Church, followed by Islam. Russian is the official language throughout the Russian Federation, and each country has the right to define its own national language, which can be used together with Russian in that country. Major ethnic minorities have their own languages and scripts. The main religion is Orthodox Church, followed by Islam.
Physical geography: 17075400 square kilometers (accounting for 76% of the territory of the former Soviet Union), ranking first in the world. Located in eastern Europe and northern Asia, most of its European territory is the Eastern Europe Plain. It borders the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The longest is 9000 kilometers and the widest is 4000 kilometers. The land neighbors are Norway and Finland in the northwest, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Belarus in the west, Ukraine in the southwest, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in the south and China, Mongolia and North Korea in the southeast. It faces Japan and America across the sea. The coastline is 33,807 kilometers long. Most areas are located in the north temperate zone, with diverse climate, mainly continental climate. The temperature difference is generally large, with an average temperature of-1℃ to -37℃ in June and 1 1℃ to 27℃ in July. The annual average precipitation is 150- 1000 mm. Feel the real Lake Baikal.
Capital: Moscow, with a population of about 8.5 million (as of 65438+February 2002). 1995 may 16 sister city with Beijing.
Crasner Luzhski Bridge on the Moscow River.
Brief history: the ancestors of Russians are Russian tribes of Eastern Slavs. /kloc-At the end of 0/5, Russian Grand Duke Ivan III of Russia established a centralized state-the Grand Duchy of Moscow. 1547, Ivan IV called himself "Tsar" and his country was Russia. 16-17th century, all ethnic groups in the Volga river basin, Urals and Siberia successively joined Russia and became multi-ethnic countries. Ukraine and Russia merged into a unified country in the middle of17th century. 1689 August, Peter I officially took charge of Shuaiyin. After the Northern War of 1700- 172 1 year, Russia was given access to the Baltic Sea, which turned Russia from a landlocked country into a coastal country. /kloc-defeated the invasion of feudal lords in Poland and Sweden in the 0/7th century. Russia wiped out the invading Napoleon army. 1825 65438+ February aristocratic revolutionaries held an uprising in Petersburg (that is, 65438+ February Party uprising) and were suppressed. 1861February Russia abolished the agricultural rights system. 1898, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (the predecessor of the Soviet * * * Production Party) was established. Under its leadership, Russian workers and peasants experienced the first Russian revolution in 1905 and the bourgeois-democratic revolution that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in February19/7 (that is, the February revolution). 1917165438+1October 7 (Russian calendar 65438+1October 25) established the Russian Soviet Federalist Socialist Republic. Shortly after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), after three years of arduous civil war, it crushed the armed intervention of 14 imperialist countries and the armed rebellion of landlords and capitalists, and defended the Soviet regime. 1922, 1922 On 30 February, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formally established, and the Russian Federation joined Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia (including Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia). 1990 On June 12, the first people's congress of the Russian Federation adopted the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Russian Federation. 199 1 year 65438+February 2 1 day, the leaders of the former Soviet Union 1 1 country decided in Almaty, Kazakhstan, that the seat of the former Soviet Union in the UN Security Council would be inherited by Russia. On February 25th, 65438, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Socialist Federation decided to change the official name of the country to "Russian Federation". 1April 1992 16, the Sixth People's Congress of Russia decided to change the country name to "Russia", thus restoring the historical name; 17 finally decided to use the two official country names "Russian Federation" and "Russia", which have the same status. Republic of North Ossetia
St.Petersburg
Politics:1993 65438+February 12. The Russian Federation held a referendum and adopted its first constitution after independence. On February 25th of the same year, 12, the new constitution came into effect. This constitution established the Russian presidential federal state system. According to the Constitution, the President of the Russian Federation is the head of state, which is the guarantee of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the rights and freedoms of people and citizens. The President decides the internal and external policies of the country in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws; The president appoints the prime minister, deputy prime ministers and ministers of the federal government and presides over the meetings of the federal government; The president is the supreme commander of the national armed forces and leads the national security conference; The president has the right to dissolve the parliament, and the parliament can impeach the president only after accusing the president of treason or other very serious crimes and being confirmed by the Supreme Court. According to the Constitution, the Parliament of the Russian Federation is the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation. The Federal Council consists of the Federal Council (upper house) and the State Duma (lower house). The Federal Council consists of two representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation: one from the state representative body and the other from the state executive body. Its main functions are to approve federal laws, change the boundaries of federal subjects, issue presidential orders on state of war and emergency, decide on overseas garrison, presidential election and impeachment, and the relations between the central and local governments. The State Duma is the legislative body of Russia, which consists of 450 members and is elected every four years. Half of the seats are elected by one representative from each of the 225 major constituencies in the country, and the other half is allocated by the electoral parties with more than 5% of the votes. According to the Russian Constitution, any political party that does not cross the "threshold" of 5% of the votes cannot not only participate in the allocation of seats for party elections, but also the representatives elected by the party as independent candidates in local constituencies have no right to form parliamentary groups in the State Duma alone. The State Duma is mainly responsible for drafting and formulating national laws, deliberating the appointment of the Prime Minister by the President, and deciding on the trust in the President. The State Duma has more than 20 committees, including the International Affairs Committee, the Security Committee, the National Defense Committee, the Legislative Committee, the Economic Policy Committee and the Ethnic Affairs Committee. (The State Duma was first established in 1906. In the Russian era, this was an elected legislature. 19 17 was dissolved in March. 199 1 After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia elected the first State Duma in1993+February. However, the decision of the State Duma to initiate legal proceedings and the decision of the Federal Council to dismiss the president must be passed by two thirds of all members of both houses of parliament, and no less than one third of the members of the State Duma must make recommendations. According to the Constitution, the Government of the Russian Federation is the executive organ of the Russian Federation. The federal government consists of the prime minister, deputy prime ministers and federal ministers. The Constitution also stipulates that all federal entities (republics, border areas, states, autonomous prefectures and autonomous regions) have equal rights and status. The status of the subject of the Russian Federation can only be changed after mutual consultation between the Russian Federation and the subject of the Russian Federation in accordance with the federal constitution. Russian presidential election system successive Russian presidential elections
Russian soldiers train for the parade on the Victory Day of the Great Patriotic War on May 9.
Justice: The judicial organs of the Russian Federation mainly include the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Supreme Court, the Federal Supreme Arbitration Court and the Federal Prosecutor's Office. The establishment of special courts is not allowed. The Federal Constitutional Court decides whether the laws and decisions of the Federal Council and the State Duma, the orders of the Federal President, documents of other federal agencies, national constitutions, laws, statutes and other regulations of federal entities, internal federal treaties and international treaties conform to the Federal Constitution, and whether the establishment and activities of social organizations conform to the Constitution. The Federal Constitutional Court also adjudicates jurisdiction disputes between federal state organs, between federal state organs and federal subject state organs, and between federal subject state organs. The Federal Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ in civil, criminal, administrative and other cases. According to the procedure stipulated by the federal law, the court exercises judicial supervision over the activities of the court and explains the problems in the trial practice. The Federal Supreme Court of Arbitration is the highest judicial organ, adjudicating economic disputes and other cases tried by the Court of Arbitration. Judicial supervision of the activities of the arbitration court shall be conducted in accordance with the litigation procedures stipulated by federal law, and the problems in trial practice shall be explained. The federal prosecutor's office supervises the legality of criminal case investigation, supports the court's public prosecution, brings a lawsuit to the court to safeguard national interests and citizens' rights and freedoms, and raises objections to the illegal acts of state organs, local self-government organs and public officials. The procuratorate system implements a centralized and unified leadership system. The Federal Council appoints judges of the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Supreme Court and the Federal Supreme Arbitration Court and the Federal Attorney General on the nomination of the President.
Economy: Russia has a vast territory and abundant natural resources. Its forest coverage area is 867 million hectares, accounting for 5 1% of the country's land area, and the timber storage volume is 80.7 billion cubic meters; The proven natural gas reserves are 48 trillion cubic meters, accounting for more than one third of the world's proven reserves, ranking first in the world; The proven oil reserves are 6.5 billion tons, accounting for 12% to13% of the world's proven reserves; Coal reserves are 200 billion tons, ranking second in the world; The reserves of iron, aluminum, uranium and gold are also among the best in the world.
Rich resources provide a solid backing for the development of Russian industry and agriculture. Russia has a solid industrial base and complete departments, mainly including machinery, steel, metallurgy, petroleum, natural gas, coal, forestry and chemical industry. Russia pays equal attention to agriculture and animal husbandry. The main crops are wheat, barley, oats, corn, rice and beans. Animal husbandry is dominated by cattle, sheep and pigs.
Russia's main export commodities are mineral products such as oil and natural gas, metals and their products, chemical products, machinery and equipment and transportation, precious stones and their products, wood and pulp. The main imported commodities are machinery, equipment and transportation, food and agricultural raw materials, chemicals, rubber, metals and their products, textiles and clothing. In 2005, Russia's GDP reached US$ 765.8 billion, a real increase of 50% compared with 1999. Russian Yukos oil company
Currency: ruble >>
Russian soldiers wearing Soviet military uniforms during World War II.
Military: Russian armed forces are mainly composed of army, air force and navy, as well as strategic missile units, space forces and airborne troops. The number of soldiers in the army is1134,000. In addition to the regular army, the armed forces also include border defense, interior affairs, security, government communications, civil defense and railway forces. The armed forces are under the command of the parliament, the president and the government according to the constitutional authorization, and the president is the supreme commander of the armed forces; The task of the army is to resist foreign aggression and fulfill Russia's international obligations; The number of troops does not exceed1%of the total population of the country; There are two military service systems: conscripts and contract soldiers. The service period is 2 years for sailors, other soldiers 1.5 years, and those with higher education 1 year. The Russian navy includes the Pacific Fleet, the Northern Fleet, the Baltic Fleet, the Black Sea Fleet and the Caspian Sea Independent Zone Fleet. Russia formulates new naval development plan
News: The main newspapers and periodicals are as follows: Russian newspaper, 199 1 started publication, sponsored by the government; Red Star, founded in 1924, run by the Ministry of National Defense; Labor, founded in 192 1, sponsored by the Federation of Independent Trade Unions; The Independent was founded in 199 1. Izvestia was founded on1917; Businessman; Pravda was founded in1912; Today's newspaper was founded on1993; Soviet Russian newspaper, founded in1956; Workers' Tribune organized by the Federation of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs and the Federation of Independent Trade Unions; * * * Youth Pravda was founded in1925; Moscow Newsweek, founded on1930; Literary newspaper, first published 1830, second published 1929, sponsored by writers' freedom forum; Abstract magazine with a circulation of 85,000 copies; Spark magazine was founded in1923; New Times Magazine was founded on1943; Journal of political power; Introduction magazine; Economic Life Weekly was founded on 19 18. ITAR-TASS is the Russian national news agency. Its predecessor was ITAR-TASS, which was founded on 19921October 23rd, and was officially named ITAR-TASS on 1992/October 30th. Russian news agency, referred to as RIA Novosti, is one of the two major national news agencies in Russia. Founded in 196 1, formerly known as the Soviet News Agency. 1993 was confirmed as the national news agency, which has the same status as ITAR-TASS and has a wide range of business. Interfax news agency was established in June 1990, privately owned. The main radio stations are: First Radio (former Soviet Central Radio), Voice of Russia (private), Russian Radio (state-owned), Youth Radio, Lighthouse Radio and Moscow Echo Radio. The main TV stations are: Russian National Television Broadcasting Corporation (also known as Russian TV, national TV), public TV (formerly known as Soviet CCTV, controlled by the state), independent TV (private), Sixth TV (private) and Moscow CCTV (Moscow city).
Study on the Former Residence of Russian Poet Pushkin
Culture: Russian territory spans two continents, Europe and Asia, and naturally blends the two cultures of the East and the West. Russia attaches great importance to the development of cultural undertakings, publishing a large number of books and newspapers, and establishing many mass cultural facilities such as libraries, museums, cultural centers and clubs. Russia also attaches great importance to the protection of museum treasures and historical buildings, and has expanded and built many museums. Russian museums can be divided into revolutionary history museums, history museums, art museums, professional museums and other museums according to their specialties. Famous large-scale revolutionary history museums include Russian Central Revolutionary Museum, National History Museum, Kremlin Museum, Central naval museum, etc. The larger art museum has Koletiyakov National Painting Exhibition Hall in Moscow. Russian literature has a long history and enjoys a high reputation in the world. Pushkin, lermontov, Nikolai Gogol, belinsky, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Gorky, sholokhov and other world-renowned great writers and writers emerged. Russian art has a long history and painting has a long history. Famous artists include Levitan Lie Bin, Surikov and Kramskoi. Russian religious music and folk music have a profound historical tradition. Opera, symphony and chamber music have distinct national temperament and are heroic. Russian drama art has various genres and forms, which first appeared in the court, and entered a prosperous period in the19th century. Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's social dramas, such as An Imperial Envoy, are full of rich flavor of the times, with distinctive national characteristics, and many outstanding artists have emerged. Yani Ostrovschi is the most outstanding representative (19) among many drama writers in Russian literature after 1950s, and is called "the father of Russian drama". Russian circus is also very popular in Russia. Circus members are well trained and skilled. Russians have excellent folk arts, and practical decorative arts include the artistic processing of metals, animal bones and stones, wood carving, wood carving murals, embroidery, patterned textiles, lace weaving and so on. The most famous handicrafts are wooden dolls, wooden spoons, wooden boxes, wooden plates and other wooden products.
Custom: Russians usually use "you" in three situations: 1 for children under 16; 2. Between close relatives and colleagues (between young people); 3. Young people to young people. For old people, strangers (except children) and leaders, it is called "you". Children can be called by their first names, and old people, strangers and leaders should be called by their first names plus their father's names. At present, there are three appellations in Russia: "Mr", "Comrade" and "citizen". People are used to addressing each other as "Mr" in commercial organizations, news media and official organizations. Comrade, which was widely used in the Soviet era, is still used by state-owned enterprises, the army and the public security departments. "citizens" is usually used in public places, such as railway stations and shops. When giving a speech in public, you usually add "Mr", "Comrade" or their corresponding titles such as "Professor" and "Engineer" after the speaker's last name, such as "Now invite Professor Saro to give a speech". When writing an official letter, usually write the name of the recipient and the name of the father; In a very formal letter, the recipient's surname should be preceded by "Mr" or its corresponding title. Most Russians eat at home and only go to restaurants during their lunch break at work. In case of celebrations or weddings, Russian residents usually hold them in restaurants, and the inviter pays for them. Friends get together in a family environment. Guests usually bring small gifts (cakes, wine) and flowers to their hosts.