Maria met another lecturer pierre curie, her later husband, at the University of Paris. The two of them often study radioactive materials together, mainly pitchblende, because the total radioactivity of this ore is stronger than that of the uranium it contains. 1898, the curies put forward a logical inference to this phenomenon: pitchblende must contain some unknown radioactive component, which is much more radioactive than uranium. On February 26th, 65438, Madame Curie announced the idea of the existence of this new substance.
In the following years, the Curies continued to refine the radioactive components in pitchblende. After unremitting efforts, the Curies finally separated radium chloride and discovered two new chemical elements: polonium (Po) and radium (Ra). Due to the discovery and research of radioactivity, the Curies and henry beck Rael won the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics, and Madame Curie became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in history. Eight years later, 19 1 1 year, Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for successfully separating radium. Unexpectedly, after winning the Nobel Prize, Madame Curie did not apply for a patent for the method of refining pure radium, but made it public, which effectively promoted the development of radiochemistry.
In her later years, Madame Curie had an affair with paul long Wan Zhi, a student of her husband's life, which caused an uproar in France. 19 1 1 Paris news (June 5438+065438+1October 4) in the headline "Love Story: Madame Curie and Professor Lang Wan Zhi", it is widely rumored that Pierre is alive and Lang Wan Zhi is in close contact with Madame Curie. Einstein's view on this matter is that if you love each other, no one can control it. He wrote a letter to Madame Curie on123 October to express his comfort.
Madame Curie was the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in history, and she was also one of only two people who won Nobel Prizes in different fields. During the First World War, Madame Curie advocated the use of radiology to rescue the wounded, which promoted the application of radiology in the medical field. After that, she went to the United States on 192 1 to raise money for radiology research. Madame Curie died in Haute-Savoie, France, on July 4, 1934 due to excessive exposure to radioactive substances. Later, her eldest daughter, Elaine Joliot-Curie, won the 1935 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Her youngest daughter, Eve Curie, wrote a biography of Madame Curie after her mother died. During the inflation in the 1990s, Madame Curie's head appeared on Polish and French currency and stamps. The chemical element curium (Cm, 96) was named in memory of the Curie couple. Madame Curie wrote down my beliefs.
First of all, I entered the University of Paris by my own efforts.
Marie Curie is the youngest and cleverest of her five children. Her father is a middle school math and science teacher with very limited income, and her mother is a middle school teacher. Mary's childhood was unhappy. Her mother has a serious infectious disease and is taken care of by her sister. Later, my mother and elder sister died when she was less than 10 years old. Her life is full of difficulties. Such a living environment not only cultivated her ability to live independently, but also tempered her very strong character since she was a child.
Mary has been studying very hard since she was a child. She has a strong interest in learning and special hobbies. She never misses any learning opportunities easily, and shows tenacious enterprising spirit everywhere. Since primary school, she has been the first in every subject. 15 years old, graduated from high school with a gold medal. Her father studied physics at St. Petersburg University earlier, and her father's thirst for scientific knowledge and strong enterprising spirit also deeply influenced little Mary. She likes all kinds of instruments in her father's laboratory since she was a child. When she grew up, she read many books on natural science, which filled her with fantasies. She is eager to explore the scientific world. But her family at that time did not allow her to go to college. /kloc-started to be a tutor for a long time at the age of 0/9, and at the same time taught himself various courses to prepare for future study. In this way, until the age of 24, she finally came to study at the Faculty of Science of Paris University. With a strong thirst for knowledge, she listened carefully to every class. Hard study has made her worse and worse, but her academic performance has always been among the best, which not only envies her classmates, but also surprises her professors. Two years after entering school, she confidently took the Bachelor of Physics examination and won the first place among 32 candidates. The next year, she won a bachelor's degree in mathematics with the second place.
At the beginning of 1894, Mary accepted the magnetic research project of various steels proposed by the French National Association for the Promotion of Industry. In the process of completing this scientific research project, she met pierre curie, a teacher of Physical Chemistry School, who is an accomplished young scientist. The agreement to use science for the benefit of mankind is willing to combine them. After Mary got married, people addressed her as Madame Curie. 1896, Madame Curie finished the post examination for college graduates with the first place. In the second year, she completed the research on the magnetism of various steels. However, she is not satisfied with her achievements, and she is determined to take the PhD exam and determine her own research direction. Stand at a new starting line.
Second, the light of radium.
1896, French physicist becquerel published a work report, which introduced in detail the uranium element he discovered through many experiments. Uranium and its compounds have a special ability, which can automatically and continuously emit an invisible ray, which is different from ordinary light and can make photographic negatives become sensitive through black paper. It is also different from Roentgen rays found in the absence of high vacuum. Uranium and its compounds constantly emit rays and radiate energy outward. This aroused the great interest of Madame Curie. Where does this energy come from? What is the nature of this unusual ray? Madame Curie was determined to uncover its secret. From 65438 to 0897, Madame Curie chose her own research topic-the study of radioactive substances. This research project has brought her into a new scientific world. She worked hard to open up a virgin land, and finally completed one of the most important discoveries in the history of modern science, and discovered the radioactive element radium, which laid the foundation of modern radiochemistry and made great contributions to mankind.
Third, a mind of gold.
Due to their amazing discovery, the Curies and becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics in February 1903. Their scientific achievements are unparalleled, but they are extremely contemptuous of fame and fortune and most tired of those boring social parties. They devoted everything they had to the cause of science, without any selfish interests. After the successful extraction of radium, they were suggested to apply for a patent right from the government to monopolize the manufacture of radium in order to make a fortune. Madame Curie said, "That is against the scientific spirit. Scientists' research results should be published publicly, and others should develop them without any restrictions. "Besides, radium is good for patients, so we should not use it for profit. The Curies also donated their Nobel Prizes to others.
1906, Mr. Curie died in a car accident, and Madame Curie suffered great pain. She is determined to redouble her efforts to realize her scientific ambition. The University of Paris decided that Madame Curie would take over from Mr. Curie to teach physics. Madame Curie became the first female professor in the history of the famous Paris University. When the couple separated the first batch of radium salts, they began to study the various properties of radiation. From 1889 to 1904, they published 32 academic reports and recorded their exploration footprints in the field of radiation science. 19 10, Madame Curie finished the book Radioactivity Monograph. She also cooperated with others to successfully prepare metal radium. 19 1 1 Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. A female scientist, in less than 10 years, won the highest prize in world science twice in two different scientific fields, which is unique in the history of world science!
19 14, the institute of radium science was established in Paris, and Madame Curie served as the research director of the institute. After that, she continued to teach at the university and engaged in the research of radioactive elements. She spread scientific knowledge to all who want to learn without stint. She has been studying and working for 50 years since 16. But she still doesn't change that strict lifestyle. She has a high spirit of self-sacrifice since she was a child. In her early years, in order to provide for her sister's schooling, she was willing to work as a servant in someone else's house. During her study in Paris, she studied in the library every night in order to save fuel and heating costs, until the library closed. The pitchblende needed to extract pure radium was very expensive at that time. They saved up bit by bit from their living expenses and bought 8 or 9 tons successively. After Mr. Curie's death, Madame Curie donated radium, which was painstakingly extracted and valued at more than 654.38+100,000 gold francs, to the laboratory for cancer research and treatment.
1932, 65-year-old Madame Curie returned to China to attend the opening ceremony of Warsaw Radium Institute. Madame Curie has been away from the motherland since her youth and went to study in France. But she never forgot her motherland. When she was a child, her motherland Poland was occupied by Russia, and she hated the invaders. When the couple separated a new element from the mineral, she named it polonium. This is because the roots of polonium are the same as those of Poland. She expressed her deep nostalgia for the motherland enslaved by Russia.
For decades, Madame Curie has been engaged in the research of radioactive substances for a long time. Coupled with the harsh experimental environment and lack of strict protection for her body, she is often attacked by radioactive elements, which gradually damages her blood and causes leukemia. She also suffers from lung disease, eye disease, gallbladder disease, kidney disease and even insanity. In Madame Curie's view, scientific research is more important than her own health. In order to attend the World Physics Congress, she asked the doctor to postpone the kidney operation. She returned to China to attend the opening ceremony of the Radium Institute. She once endured the fear of blindness and stubbornly carried out scientific research. Until the last breath of her life, she was lying in bed with pernicious anemia and high fever. She still asked her daughter to report to her about the work in the laboratory and proofread the book Radioactivity for her. Madame Curie passed away on July 4th, 934. She devoted her whole life to the science she loved.
1July 4, 934, Madame Curie died of illness. She eventually died of pernicious anemia. She created and developed radiation science all her life, studied strongly radioactive materials fearlessly for a long time, and finally contributed her life to this science. In her life, * * * won 10 famous awards including the Nobel Prize, and won 16 medals issued by international advanced academic institutions; Governments and scientific research institutions around the world have awarded more than 107 titles. But she is as modest and prudent as ever. Albert Einstein, a great scientist, commented: "Among all the famous people, Marie Curie is the only one who has not been spoiled by fame!" Madame Curie is a representative of women.
Madame Curie won 10 awards, 16 medals and 107 honorary titles, especially two Nobel Prizes.
[Edit this paragraph] Celebrity anecdotes
indifferent to fame and wealth
Madame Curie is famous all over the world, but she seeks neither fame nor profit. She won 10 prize, 16 medal and 107 honorary title all her life, but she didn't care. One day, a friend of hers visited her home and suddenly saw her little daughter playing with the gold medal just awarded to her by the Royal Society, so she was surprised and said, "Madame Curie, it is a great honor to receive the medal awarded by the Royal Society. How can I play for my children? " Madame Curie said with a smile: "I want children to know from an early age that honor, like a toy, can only be played, and must not be taken too seriously, otherwise nothing will be achieved."
Teach your daughter well
Madame Curie has two daughters. Grasping the age advantage of intellectual development is an important "trick" for Madame Curie to develop children's intelligence. As early as when her daughter was less than one year old, Madame Curie instructed her children to carry out intellectual gymnastics training for children, guided them to get in touch with strangers extensively, went to the zoo to see animals, and let them learn to swim and enjoy the beautiful scenery of nature. When the children are older, she teaches them to do an artistic intellectual gymnastics, sing children's songs and tell fairy tales. When they are older, let them have intellectual training, teach them to read, play the piano, make handicrafts and so on, and teach them to drive and ride horses.
Madame Curie discussed with her friends-these friends are all Sorbonne professors like her; Are the same parents as her. At the instigation of Madame Curie, an educational cooperation plan came into being-some talented and wise scholars brought their children together and implemented new educational methods. Madame Curie's great contribution to human education lies in that she joined a large number of scientists (many of whom were Nobel Prize winners) to form a group of science lecturers, opened their laboratories to children, personally educated children in science, stimulated their scientific interest, broke their mystery about science, cultivated their scientific interest, encouraged them to establish lofty scientific ideals and strengthened their scientific will. By teaching children scientific methods, scientific thinking and experimental knowledge, children have formed extremely high intellectual potential in adolescence, and their natural genetic intelligence has been developed. Madame Curie finally trained more than 10 Nobel Prize winners.
Simple life
1895 When Madame Curie and pierre curie got married, there were only two chairs in the new house, one for each person. Pierre curie felt that there were too few chairs, so he suggested adding more chairs to prevent the guests from having nowhere to sit. But Madame Curie said, "It's good to have a chair, but the guests won't leave once they sit down. In order to have more time to do research, forget it! "
Madame Curie's annual salary has increased to 40,000 francs, but she is still "generous". Every time she comes back from abroad, she always brings back some banquet menus, because these menus are very thick and good pieces of paper, which are convenient to write on the back. No wonder some people say that Madame Curie was "like a poor woman in a hurry" until her death.
Once, an American journalist went to visit Madame Curie. He went to the door of a fisherman's house in the village and asked a woman sitting barefoot on the slate at the door about Madame Curie's residence. The woman looked up and the reporter was surprised: it turned out that she was Madame Curie.
character education
1. Cultivate their frugality, simplicity and light wealth. Her love for her daughter is manifested as a restrained love and a rational love. She strictly controls her daughter's life and asks them to "save money to support their ambitions". She educated her daughter and said, "Being poor is inconvenient, and being too rich is not necessarily a good thing. We must make a living on our own. "
2. Cultivate their unrealistic and practical style. She warned her two daughters, "We shouldn't waste our lives".
3. Cultivate their brave, strong, optimistic and overcoming difficulties. She often encourages children: "You must have perseverance, especially self-confidence."
Teach them that they must love their motherland. Madame Curie not only taught them Polish, but also infected Elena and Eve with her actions to help students in the motherland and Poland develop scientifically, especially the motherland that they never forget.
Before the Curie couple discovered radium, people only knew that there was a rare metal called uranium, which could emit penetrating rays, that is, X-rays. When Madame Curie knew the news, she immediately thought that there might be other radioactive substances similar to uranium. To confirm this conjecture, they began to do experiments.
The Curies have a small laboratory transformed from a storage room. There is no floor in this laboratory. It's cold in winter and hot in summer. There is only a stove with a broken chimney, four stools with uneven length and a worn blackboard in the room. They started their hard work in this laboratory.
Mary observed a pitchblende with an instrument, and she thought it contained another element with strong radioactivity, which was a new element that people had not yet discovered. She and her husband decided to find out this element. They first called this new element "radium". In order to prove the existence of radium, we must extract radium from pitchblende. In order to save money, they did not buy expensive pitchblende, but only bought a large number of pitchblende residues refined from uranium. There is special refining equipment in the yard, but it is hot in summer and hard in winter. When it rains heavily, two people have to scramble to move the machine into the house.
Mary and her husband devote themselves to their work. They wear work clothes covered with dust and various liquids every day, guarding the boiling minerals in the pot and constantly stirring with iron bars in their hands. Soot and toxic gases irritate their eyes and throats, making them very uncomfortable. This kind of work is hard and monotonous, and in this way, one year, two years and three years continue, and radium still does not appear.
Because it was too hard, my husband wanted to stop working for a while, but Madame Curie said, "No, I will never give up. I believe we will succeed! " "They imagine that radium will have beautiful colors. When they are tired from work, they will sit together and talk about radium, a new element, which makes them excited and excited.
Finally, one day, the radium that Mary and Pierre had been thinking about for a long time appeared.
That night, they came home and couldn't sleep alone. Madame Curie felt particularly uneasy, so she stood up and took her husband and said, "Come on, shall we go there?"
"There" is their laboratory. They hurried to the laboratory in the moonlight, as if they heard radium calling them gently.
The couple walked along the street, past factories and open spaces, past a residential area, and finally walked into their small laboratory.
When the door opened, Mary said softly, "Honey, don't light the lamp!" " Don't we want radium to have beautiful colors? "Pierre nodded." Well, let's see. "
The room is dark. In the darkness, there is a blue light flashing like a flame. It jumps in the dark, like a firefly at night. Mary looked at the beautiful blue light and squeezed Pierre's hand excitedly. She knew that they had succeeded. The beautiful light came from the mysterious element radium.
Four years later, the Curies overcame difficulties and proved the existence of radium. Many scientists didn't believe in radium at first, but now they have to admit it in the face of facts. They expressed their admiration for the curies.
Mary married pierre curie, a physicist. Since then, the husband and wife have devoted themselves to the study of radioactive elements.
Marie Curie tested the radioactivity of many substances with an electroscope, and found that pitchblende was extremely radioactive. It was preliminarily inferred that it must contain radioactive substances much stronger than uranium. So she was determined to extract it. However, it is easier said than done. First of all, asphalt ore must be decomposed, and then after numerous separation and purification, it is possible to capture new elements. This job is like looking for a needle in a haystack.
However, the most difficult thing is not difficult for female scientists. In the absence of funds and equipment, Marie Curie asked her husband, Curie, to give up physical research for the time being and fully assist her in the battle to capture new elements. In order to realize his wife's ambition, Curie resolutely agreed to her request, and * * * undertook the work of handling a large number of pitchblende.
Tons of pitchblende have arrived from Austria, but there is really no laboratory that can handle such a large amount of uranium. Therefore, Marie Curie had to borrow a damp and unventilated warehouse from the school as a laboratory. The room temperature is only 6℃ in winter, and it is hot and stuffy in summer. When the Curies were nervous at work, they had to eat cold bread and drink cold milk to satisfy their hunger. They have created world-class scientific research results in this humble laboratory.
Pitch uranium ore contains a lot of impurities, including bismuth, copper, lead, iron, uranium, thorium and other dozens of compounds, which must be dissolved with acid first, then precipitated with hydrogen sulfide and separated one by one. Finally, a new radioactive element was found in bismuth sulfide precipitation. This is the result of their couple's efforts for several years.
What is the name of the new element?
Marie Curie said to her husband, "Although I married you and became a French citizen, I still cherish my bitter motherland, Poland, which gave birth to me, raised me and nurtured me. Let me name it polonium to commemorate that great and bitter motherland! " Curie fully understood his wife's painstaking efforts and readily agreed.
Madame Curie's fame spread all over the world from the moment she discovered radium, and it has been one hundred years since then. This is the honor she bought with all her youth, faith and life. She won 10 awards, 16 medals and 107 honorary titles, especially two Nobel Prizes. She can enjoy any reward or honor. But she treats fame and fortune like dirt. She gave prizes to French scientific research and war, and gave those medals as toys to her 6-year-old daughter.