Historically, there are three purposes of genealogy revision of surnames: consolidating family unity, expanding family activities and maintaining family order. Nowadays, many surnames rebuild their genealogy, but the more important purpose is to carry forward the national advanced culture, absorb the essence from it, integrate the essence of surnames culture into the treasure house of China's history and culture, and combine it with the fine tradition of our nation and the spirit of the times, so that surnames can benefit the family from generation to generation, and future generations will always maintain a spirit of striving for progress.
The feudal society in China paid attention to family status and blood relationship. "An official should have a family background, and the family should also have a family background. The bookkeeper should check the official rank, and the clerk should check the genealogy to distinguish the branch. " Especially in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the official also set up a spectrum bureau to manage the pedigree. For some time, a wide range of writers have been studying genealogy. Since the Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties, it has become a social atmosphere and cultural tradition, and it has continued.
There are countless genealogical documents in the history of China, but due to the changes of the times, mismanagement, natural disasters and the destruction of bandit wars, few ancient genealogies can be seen now.
He regards genealogy as his life and has always attached importance to the compilation of genealogy by editors. He genealogy is also the earliest in Han dynasty, but it is only the number of bibliographies.
After the Song Dynasty, it was not uncommon for ordinary people to compose music because of the climax of editing, continuing and combining music, as well as the progress of printing and papermaking. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China, more and more genealogies were preserved. The He family tree we can see today is the largest and relatively complete, which was compiled in the 1920s. The genealogy and related contents of 1 1 provinces and cities and 152 are recorded. The Ho family tree 135 species are collected in Shanghai Library. Relevant departments and individuals in the National Library, Sichuan, Henan, Shaanxi and other places have also collected many genealogical documents of He.
The genealogy of He Datong in Lujiang County believes that the general trend of the world tends to be consistent, and the political way lies in democratic constitutionalism and pays attention to local autonomy. Local autonomy should start with "clan rule", and clan rule should first modify the genealogy. The Preface says that the genealogy of He Datong is a narrow sense of respecting the ethnic group and Na nationality, and a broad sense of living in harmony and evolution in order to unify the world. Obviously, this arrangement thought was influenced by the constitutional monarchy in the late Qing Dynasty and the idea of "One World" in the early Republic of China.
1933 (Republic of China 12), in the preface of He Family Tree in Baqiao, Nanhai, it is said that the importance of pedigree lies in social morality. In view of the social reality that the world was cold and the people's hearts were not ancient, I was afraid that young people would be submerged and benefited a lot, and they didn't know what home was and what they were doing. Based on this ideological basis, we advocate compiling genealogy, educating young people and informing new people, so as to transform social atmosphere. This thought and method reflects that the compilation thought of He's genealogy was influenced by the times.
Family culture is contained in family genealogy, and the family culture of He surname is concentrated on the thick foundation of "loyalty, filial piety and benevolence", but compared with other nationalities, it has its own obvious characteristics: ① He has the characteristics of complex history, wide distribution and frequent migration. ② He's historical development is characterized by complexity and diversity. Historically, the Ho family has produced many talents and celebrities in the fields of politics, economy and culture, which has made great contributions to the development of the Chinese nation. At the same time, the Ho family has also grown, with deep roots and flourishing branches. (4) The branches of surname line are arranged orderly. In the third year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty, He Xian decided to compile He Family Tree. In Jinling, his surname is one sentence: "Etiquette and righteousness are of the same rank, poetry and calligraphy are prosperous, names are often broadcast, and respect is always new." 192 1 year, who compiled He Datong's Genealogy, and He's behavior in Lujiang, Anhui Province: "Yunlong believed in repairing fruit, and Ruixin's family was happy to take a break, and became a constitutional guest and hero for Yunbi Beijing. He showed his ambition when he was beautiful, and he was persistent and prosperous. The behavior of another spectrum Sect: "loyalty, filial piety and honor." The maintenance line is: "Xiang Ze Shu Xun." . "1934, He compiled" He Family Tree ",and the surname of a party in Nanhai, Guangdong Province wrote:" Xu Yerongzu, an economically prosperous country. "
Genealogy, as a summary of the history of He family and a harbinger of the future, runs through the thought of loyalty, filial piety and benevolence. He clan people have taken this as their goal for generations, pursued and practiced tirelessly, and strived to reach the highest level. Some families and genealogies simply regard the matter of compiling genealogy as an important symbol of declaring and practicing loyalty, filial piety and benevolence. For example, "Castle Peak and Family Riding" holds that the revision of genealogy is "a benevolent dutiful son, hidden in the genealogy of the previous generation, and must be conscientious, once every five years and once every ten years." Almost all He genealogies have specific provisions requiring all ethnic groups to carry out the thought of loyalty, filial piety, benevolence and righteousness. There is a saying in the ancestral training of He Jia Qi that "five don't bully": staying at home doesn't bully relatives, officials don't bully kings, heaven doesn't bully heaven, people don't bully others, and ghosts and gods don't bully. And earnestly warned the people: "People who walk for life are here!" "There is no moment to spare their hard work, and there is no place to exhaust their sincerity." The Family Tree of He Family has formulated the family rules of "five must not be lost" in the inscriptions on family instructions. The first rule is to honor your parents and remember your ancestors. The genealogy of He family in Yimen, Qiushan has the saying that "filial piety comes first". Lu Jiangtang's "He Family Tree" stipulates the punishment clauses for disobedient and unfilial children: birds still eat, sheep still kneel, "grumpy attitude towards relatives, and abrupt words are called" satisfaction ". The owner of the house should be responsible for the rule of family law. " Loyalty, filial piety, benevolence and righteousness, such as loyalty to the monarch and patriotism, caring for the family, helping the poor, helping the poor, and caring for the widowed, are all codes of conduct that people of He surname abide by, and these contents can be seen everywhere in the genealogy of He surname.
He genealogy records the family history and clan history of He's development and change. Genealogy is what we usually call genealogy, genealogy and genealogy, that is, books that record family lineage and deeds. Generally, it includes the story of the origin, spread and moving of a family, that is, the rich family history of this family, such as its life, reproduction, marriage, official position, economy, culture, family training, clan rules and so on. The earliest known genealogy in China is Shiben, which records the surname, lineage, capital, production and so on. From the Yellow Emperor to the princes and doctors in the Spring and Autumn Period. Since then, some early genealogies have appeared, such as "genealogy", "genealogy" and "branch surname".
Today, the earliest genealogy of He family is the three-volume Biography of He Family contained in Chronicle of Sui Shu, followed by the original two-volume Biography of Seven Sages in Lujiang and the two-volume Biography of He Tuo contained in New Tang Book, which only contains L volumes. But these genealogies are hard for us to see today. What we can see today is the He Family Tree compiled after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, especially during the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. At present, there are about 183 kinds of He genealogy in Qing Dynasty and Republic of China.
It is also common to repair music everywhere. The earliest revision of Guangdong's genealogy was the Ho family in Shawan, Panyu. Shawan Hejia was a famous family in the Pearl River Delta in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Kaijizu, who settled in Shawan, was later listed as the fourth ancestor. Who decided that he lived in Shawan, and in the fifth generation, he was admitted to the Jinshi of the Ming Dynasty for the first time. He began to build ancestral temples in the form of family temples at the end of Yuan Dynasty. Later, he compiled a "spectrogram", the preface of which reads:
Guan Yu's home of poetry and etiquette has a genealogy after literature. However, it is foolish to live in one's ancestors instead of one's own, or to seek the ancestors of predecessors. My family has been judging public morality from the government for more than one hundred years, and it has been in the middle stage. There are dozens of grandchildren, poets, officials and bureaucrats, and his family is far behind ... Now the ancestral temple is deserted, and no one cares about offering sacrifices. I wonder who will cheer up and prosper. All my children and grandchildren should be inspired by their views.
Judging from this passage, some scholar-bureaucrat families had compiled genealogies at that time, but the atmosphere of attaching importance to the celebrities of the previous generation had emerged. As a scholar-bureaucrat, He Haizi certainly wanted to show that he didn't deserve this kind of behavior, so from the meaning of his words, it seems that his "spectrogram" only started with who settled in Shawan. From what he said and referring to several genealogies cited by Chen Baisha in the past, we can infer that the "home of poetry and propriety" like Shawan He nationality, or the famous family name like Xinhui Tang, all began to compile genealogies in the middle and early Ming Dynasty, and there was probably no written genealogy before. When they began to compile genealogy in the Ming Dynasty, they could only trace it back to several generations, and this trace was probably based on the genealogical memory passed down orally within their family at that time.
The typical example of oral genealogy is He Zhen. According to reports, He Zhen was a local strongman in Guangdong at the end of Yuan Dynasty. After entering the Ming Dynasty, He Zhen dictated a copy of He Family Records, which was recorded by his son. At the beginning of this Genealogy, He Zhen is listed as the address and burial place of the above five generations, while the ancestors of several generations farther away are attached to a temple of General He in Nanxiong, Guangdong Province, which is called the "originator". The Ho family's record of its ancestors is probably the original oral record. Because the text is long, we only quote the simplest words:
My ancestral home was due to the Song Dynasty, and I traveled to Yangcheng, arrived in Dongguan, and lived in the west of the city with Guo Zhakou, giving birth to Gao Zu. Ancestors were buried in front of Nanyue Temple in the city. Great-great-grandfather married Yuan in the tea garden, was born with seaweed, and his family was well-off. He created famous families such as Toushan, Shibitou and Zhoutang, and built houses in Toushan, attracting surnames such as Zhang, You, Wu, Li, Chen, Wei, Huang and Ye to live next door ... Yuan's great-grandmother ... His great-grandfather married virtuous and childless Xiao.
Judging from the construction of He Zhen's clan at that time, it seems that he didn't have a written genealogy before, so we can believe that this record of genealogy in Family Records was compiled on the basis of the original oral genealogy. This narrative about the family history of ancestors is closer to the emergence of oral communication. But obviously, at the time of recording, this genealogy relying on oral memory can only tell the genealogical relationship of several generations of ancestors, and the genealogical relationship of earlier ancestors is often unclear. In fact, it is difficult to remember too many generations in the genealogy memorized by this narrative method, but compared with the genealogy of Ming and Qing dynasties, the most obvious difference is that it is difficult to cover all lineages under the same ancestor, so it is generally only a description of the immediate ancestors, not a genealogy that can play the role of "gathering families".