The bidding quotation and pricing method of the project are the early factors that affect the formation of the final profit. Taking measures from the perspective of project cost may be a good way to deal with the phenomenon of high income and low profit.
As one of the pillar industries of China's national economy, mainstream construction enterprises are increasingly facing the embarrassing situation of high output and low profit. The formation of this situation is not only influenced by the external environment, but also caused by many internal problems of construction enterprises. This really requires us to summarize the previous projects, analyze and think from all angles, and find out the crux, so as to effectively improve the economic benefits of construction enterprises. This paper discusses the understanding of the phenomenon of high income and low profit from the perspective of project cost.
Influence of high yield and low profit on enterprises
According to the author's investigation, three years ago, a large state-owned enterprise was excited because it contracted a project with a contract price of several hundred million yuan. Because it completed the task of the output value index of that year, the situation that there was no project to do was over, and the personnel and idle machinery could move, which of course became a happy thing. However, in the second year of project implementation, the problems reflected in the project cost are highlighted one by one.
First of all, due to the hasty bidding time at that time, the quantities and items of the bill of quantities provided by the owner were not carefully checked. Therefore, there are omissions and negative quantity differences in the bill of quantities when bidding, and the total price of the project agreed in the contract is all the quantities and projects within the scope of the engineering drawings when bidding. Except for major design changes beyond the scope of engineering drawings during construction, no adjustment will be made, so the losses caused by underestimation of engineering quantities and omissions will not be compensated. Secondly, because the project is located in other provinces and cities, we didn't know much about the local quota when bidding at that time, and we didn't fully investigate the local labor, materials and machinery market, which led to the omission of the list price.
The market price of some main materials is low, and some materials rise in the second year, which leads to a big difference between the actual construction price and the comprehensive unit price at the time of bidding. For example, every 1m3 of commercial concrete on site is higher than the bid price 100 yuan. This large-scale project has tens of thousands of square meters of concrete and thousands of tons of steel bars. The cost higher than the bid price is really terrible. As a result, the daily efforts of laborers have not created benefits for enterprises and individuals, but how much they have lost. High output value is in sharp contrast with low profit or even negative profit. Enterprises don't pay the bill, pay less and pay more. How to get out of the cycle of high income and low profit has aroused our deep thinking.
In order to reduce losses as much as possible, construction enterprises can only reduce consumption as much as possible under the condition of high output and low profit. Skilled workers with high technical level will naturally have higher labor costs; The price difference between inferior materials and qualified materials with excellent performance is very large; The use cost of construction machinery with good mechanical performance and high efficiency is much higher than that of old machinery with poor performance. In this way, the cost of reducing consumption may be to use unskilled labor, choose inferior building materials and use old construction machinery with poor performance.
The quality, safety and progress of the project are closely related to the service level of the service team we choose, the quality of equipment and materials, the safety and efficiency of construction machinery. If the cost is not clearly reduced by sacrificing the quality and safety of the project, it will bring a far-reaching vicious circle to the enterprise. In addition, the situation of high output and low profit will inevitably lead to the psychological imbalance of construction enterprise personnel, and it is difficult to mobilize their sense of responsibility and enthusiasm, resulting in a negative work attitude. At the same time, it also hinders the introduction of talents and the development and application of new technologies, and its influence can be seen.
The blindness of contracting construction projects has laid a hidden danger for high yield and low profit.
Based on the above analysis, it is an important task for construction enterprises to predict and control the project in advance from the perspective of internal cost management, so as not to lay the groundwork for the loss of project implementation and effectively improve the profitability of construction enterprises. Investigate the reasons first, then improve and perfect the internal cost management, reduce unnecessary mistakes in the work, and the benefits of the project have great potential to be tapped.
Due to the oversupply of China's construction market, a buyer's market has been formed, and the fierce competition in the external market environment has made many construction enterprises face the situation of cooking without rice. Therefore, in order to contract the project, some construction enterprises advance funds and some bid below the cost price. These blind vicious competitions are one of the reasons why construction enterprises are struggling on the edge of loss.
The profitability of an enterprise depends not only on efficient enterprise management and cost control, but also on reasonable project price. In the above projects, the price is below the cost line, which is beyond the affordability of the enterprise. No matter how well the construction management is, the loss is irreparable. In addition, some mechanisms of construction enterprises will also cause blindness in undertaking construction tasks. Every year, the superior gives the leaders of grass-roots construction units output value task indicators, and the annual assessment results are directly linked to the reward system. Therefore, it is common for some leaders of grass-roots units to vote after winning the bid, and then talk about the project first. How to make a profit seems to rank second, and the risk awareness is weak. If we undertake engineering projects from this angle, the anticlimactic projects will remain high and the yield will be high.
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In the past, the project cost personnel of the cost system only needed to do repetitive work such as calculating the engineering quantity, setting up the project, collecting fees and summarizing. In the bidding stage, the quotation of each bidder was only a project price at that time. For example, when a project is awarded the bid, the settlement after completion generally takes the form of real settlement, that is, the quantity of works is calculated according to the as-built drawing, and the difference can be adjusted manually, so there is no risk of quantity and price for the construction unit. Therefore, it is not uncommon to win the bid at a low price and settle at a high price. After the implementation of the bill of quantities valuation and the introduction of the corresponding bid evaluation principles, the change of this valuation mode means the change of the responsibilities of the project cost personnel, and the concept and working mode that have lasted for many years will also change. In order to minimize the risk of high income and low profit faced by construction enterprises, I think that in the important link of determining the bidding price of projects participating in market competition, cost personnel should grasp the work focus from the following aspects.
The comprehensive unit price based on bill of quantities includes not only personnel expenses, but also management fee profits and risk expenses. It can be seen that the risk cost needs to be considered and included in the comprehensive unit price. But at present, in most cases, the construction unit analyzes the cost of labor, materials and machinery by setting a fixed consumption item when bidding, in which the material cost is calculated according to the price of material information published by the competent construction department every month, and the management fee profit is also included, so the risk cost is simply too busy to take into account. There are reasons for not considering it, that is, considering the risk cost will increase the project cost, thus reducing the competitiveness of the quotation. This paper holds that the risk cost must be carefully analyzed. Material cost occupies a high weight in the project cost, and its increase degree is also the most sensitive to the impact of the project cost.
Therefore, cost management personnel should do a good job of collecting prices in daily life, establish a database of some main materials in engineering construction, and draw a price curve according to their monthly price changes, and make a summary analysis at designated stages, including the price changes in off-season and peak season, the price increase in natural years and the impact of the international market situation on the prices of some materials. Through the accumulation of daily price data, combined with the situation of specific projects (such as the length of construction period, the construction season of the main body of the project, etc.). ), judge the price risk factors that should be considered in the bidding project.
For bidding projects in other provinces and cities, various risk factors can not be ignored, and it is impossible to build a car behind closed doors in accordance with previous bidding practices. It is necessary to do more investigation and preparation, master the information of another foreign market, and avoid quoting extremely low prices without knowing the market and rules. When the risk is converted into loss, it may eventually offset the increased profit or even reduce the original profit, causing losses to construction enterprises. In addition, in the case of tight time and heavy tasks in the bidding stage, it is also necessary to ensure the accuracy of the calculation data and avoid manual errors, so as not to cause unnecessary losses to the enterprise. Another point, for example, when signing a fixed contract with Party A, it is necessary to stipulate the risk scope of both parties. For example, when the price of materials rises or falls, it can be settled; When the engineering quantity of design change reaches to what extent, the engineering quantity can be calculated and how to determine the price.
When lump sum contract has not made these specific agreements, there is no basis for supplementary materials. Therefore, strengthening the management of construction contract terms can effectively reduce project risks. In a word, the prediction of quotation risk needs the accumulation of daily work, good foresight and sensitivity to the market. Construction enterprises should actively seek measures to prevent risks in order to enhance their ability to resist risks.
Doubts and omissions in the bill of quantities cannot be ignored. As an integral part of the tender documents, the bill of quantities is the embodiment of the quantification of engineering drawings, which should accurately and comprehensively reflect all the contents of engineering drawings. This is also the premise of accurately calculating the project cost. In addition, the bill of quantities attached to the tender documents is not only binding on the tenderee and bidder at the tender stage, but also the basis for the settlement of the project completion. Therefore, the bill of quantities is an important cost document throughout the whole project. If the construction contract adopts a fixed lump sum contract, the contract price is the total price within the scope of project contracting, and it is particularly important to check and fill the gaps in the bill of quantities.
Therefore, the construction enterprises participating in the bidding must organize an experienced cost team to review the bill of quantities provided by the tenderer within a limited time. If there are omissions and errors in the bill of quantities after verification, it should be summarized item by item and submitted to the tenderer within the specified time for answering questions, so that the tenderer can modify the bill of quantities, strive for completeness and rigor of the bill of quantities, and reduce the "quantity" and "item" risks of the construction unit's quotation. However, at present, due to the shortage of time in the bidding stage, the cost personnel of the construction unit pay insufficient attention to the audit of the bill of quantities, or even omit this link. Indeed, the calculation of engineering quantity is professional and there are many projects, so it is not easy to complete it accurately and with high quality in a short time.
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Attach importance to the formulation of competitive expenses and reflect the competitiveness of enterprises. One of the cost components of the project is the cost of measures, including technical measures and other measures, and the bill of quantities is listed in units of items. Construction enterprises should be responsible for the accuracy of the reported measures and expenses, and use them in a lump sum manner. Even if the actual construction exceeds the engineering cost of the above measures, the tenderer will not compensate. It can be seen that it is a competitive fee. Because each project has great individual differences, such as: foundation treatment, drainage and precipitation, whether the project construction period is winter or rainy season, construction site conditions and so on. Therefore, in the project bidding stage, the construction organization personnel should be organized to analyze the project documents, formulate an economical, reasonable, advanced and feasible construction plan, and implement technical organization measures. For some key and difficult sub-projects of the project, multiple construction schemes can be formulated at the same time, such as whether to adopt large excavation, soil nailing or anchor bolt support, well point or deep well dewatering, etc.
Different construction schemes have different costs, and new technologies and processes can be applied at the same time. Through the comparison of various schemes, the trade-offs are analyzed from the technical and economic perspectives, and economic benefits are obtained by technological advantages. However, the quotation of project cost often varies greatly among bidders. Cost personnel can accurately grasp the differences of quotations of various schemes through the cost of each scheme, so that the quotation materials are economical and reasonable, and provide reference data for the final quotation decision.
It is imperative to promote the establishment and improvement of enterprise quota. Since the implementation of bill of quantities valuation in 200 1, the competent construction department has actively advocated that all construction enterprises compile internal quotas reflecting their own construction technology and management level, because the quotas of enterprises are basically formulated according to the specific conditions of their own enterprises in terms of material consumption, labor consumption, machinery types, machinery configuration and use schemes, and the composition of management expenses. Compared with adopting local quota or industry quota, it can truly reflect the characteristics of construction management of this enterprise and accurately reflect the actual cost of the project.
For example, a construction enterprise can compile such a complete set of internal quotas that can truly reflect the management and technical level of the enterprise, and make full use of computer technology to realize the correlation conversion between the two quotas of the same tender offer, that is, the quotation of the social average level compiled according to the local quota and the quotation of the socially advanced level compiled according to the enterprise quota are completed at the same time, so as to clearly understand the internal cost and profit margin of the bidding project, thus ensuring that the final quotation decision will be clear-headed and will not lead to blind price reduction.
But at present, the number of construction enterprises that I know have their own enterprise quotas is very small, and the application of individual quotas is not ideal. Some of them are not simple and fast, and some are not practical for enterprises, just copies of local quotas. Therefore, I think it is imperative to promote the establishment of enterprise quota from the aspects of the development of production technology, the improvement of enterprise management level, the need of market competition and the improvement of economic benefits.
It is urgent to enhance risk awareness. The construction industry is a high-risk industry, especially the implementation of bill of quantities valuation. Some provinces and cities adopt reasonable low-price bidding, while others adopt open bidding, which reduces the project cost by at least 10% or even more. This invisibly reduces the profit level. However, the cost of labor, materials and machinery may increase due to the span of the construction period. Therefore, it is necessary for construction enterprises to establish a sense of risk prevention in the quotation.
At present, China's construction enterprises are facing fierce competition, changing external environment and meager profit level of construction projects. If we continue the traditional management mode, do not study the market, strengthen internal management and improve management level, enterprises will move from "meager profit" to "unprofitable" until they are eliminated by the market. The universality of high income and low profit has attracted our attention, and our construction enterprises will also change it. Opportunities always patronize those who are prepared, and so do our construction enterprises.
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