1. Number of literature studies
The literature research on "network information service" in China began at 1998. 1998, Mo Meiqi and Xu Yixin of Shanghai Medical University published "Research on User Education Mode under the Network Environment" in library journal, and discussed the user education mode under the network environment, pointing out that the network environment has changed the traditional way for users to obtain information, and user education has become the hot spot of network information service today. 1998 Zhang Li, School of Library and Information Science, Wuhan University, published the Expression Forms of Potential Network Information Needs of University Users, pointing out that with the advancement of social informatization and information networking, network information services are playing an increasingly important role in all aspects of social life. As a result, related research results began to appear.
From 1998 to 2009, * * * published 3 19 papers on "network information service", which came from 167 domestic academic journals including library science and humanities and social sciences. Analyzing the development process from the distribution of papers, the research of 12 can be roughly divided into three stages:
The first stage: 1998 ~ 2000. Early published papers 18.
The second stage: 200 1-2005. At the peak, the number of research papers increased year by year, and 208 papers were published in five years, accounting for 65.2% of the total literature, which gradually became a research hotspot. This period can be regarded as the peak and platform period of network information service research.
The third stage: 2006-2009, a stable stage, published 93 papers in 4 years, accounting for 29.2% of the total literature.
2. The content of literary research
Theoretical research on network information service. With the networking of social information, the library is no longer the only place to obtain information. Socialization of information resources, modernization of information service means, networking of information service resources and high efficiency of information service have become the mainstream of the times. Relying on the Internet as a digital information means, the library provides users with multi-directional remote services by using information processing technology and computer terminal equipment. By summarizing and analyzing the themes of 3 19 papers published since 12, it is found that the theoretical research on library network information service accounts for the majority (more than 60%), such as "Where is the literature information service industry going?" -Reorganization and Function Realization under Network Environment (Qi et al., 2003), Challenges and Countermeasures of Library Information Service under Network Environment (Zhu Yalan, 200 1), Talking about Library Network Service (Gao Xian, 200 1), Characteristic Service of Library Online Information under Network Environment (Xu
Network information service mode. Taking "network information service * mode" as the key word, 3 19 papers were retrieved again, and 25 papers were retrieved by * * *, accounting for 7.8%. All these articles have studied and discussed the network information service mode, especially the six master's degree theses, which have carried out in-depth research and discussion. "Research on Personalized Information Service Mode and Application Based on Internet" (Chang Xin, 2007) firstly expounds the theoretical basis of personalized information service from the perspective of economics. Because the information service mode changes with the development of the main supporting technologies of information service, based on the study of the main supporting technologies of personalized information service, the basic mode of personalized information service is studied and the functional model of personalized information service is put forward. On the basis of full investigation and comparative study of libraries at home and abroad, The Study of Modern Library's Network Information Service Mode (Shen Ying et al., 2007) makes a systematic and in-depth study on the development mode of modern library's network information service and its related problems by using various scientific research methods such as questionnaire survey, literature study and case study, and discusses the development mode of modern library's network information service in detail from the aspects of operation mechanism, service type, digital information resource construction and user management. In the article "Discussion on Library Information Service Mode under the Network Environment" (Zhang Lihua, 200 1), this paper probes into the effective ways of strategic transformation of library information service mode under the network environment. In the article "Research on Information Service Mode of Central South University Library" (Luo Xinxing, 2008), this paper mainly introduces the existing service modes of Central South University Library, such as online public catalog query, virtual reading room reading, network reference service, network database service, auxiliary reader service, information resource navigation, and cross-database literature retrieval on a unified platform. This paper analyzes the functions, technologies and processes of seven service modes, and puts forward some solutions to the existing problems.
3. Summary and analysis
At present, many domestic scholars have made a lot of discussions on the concept, significance, function, service mode, personnel training, operation mode and service management of library network information service, and achieved many meaningful theoretical results.
First of all, the research literature of network information service is growing rapidly. From the retrieval strategy of "Library * Network Information Service" in China Academic Literature Online Publishing General Database, we can clearly see the general situation of the increase of 3 19 documents (1998 ~ 2009).
The second is the hot spot of network information service research. The research focus and popularity of network information service are different in different periods, and the number of research results fluctuates, especially since 200 1, the domestic papers on network information service have shown an obvious growth trend. Mainly as follows: First, the modernization of information service means. Internet has changed the internal and external environment on which the traditional library information service depends, making the library a node in the global network, and electronization, virtualization and digitalization based on the network have become the development direction of the library. From this point of view, many papers discuss the modernization of modern library information service means. The second is the networking of information service resources. The library under the network environment should not only speed up and strengthen the construction of resource pool, but also rely on the internet environment, take the website as the development and service platform, take rich electronic resources, digital collections and purchased commercial databases as the main content, and take information transmission and resource sharing as the characteristics of a new service model. Third, the quality of information service personnel is high. The quality of personnel is one of the key factors that determine the quality of information service. In order to improve the quality of information service personnel, it is necessary to increase capital investment, provide on-the-job training and continuing education for existing service personnel, and provide convenience for them to participate in various training and academic seminars, so as to improve the level and grade of library information service.
The third is the main problems existing in the research of network information service. First, users lack network knowledge and retrieval knowledge. Library users lack in-depth understanding of network knowledge and retrieval knowledge, and some users have knowledge and skill barriers with the network. The information users need cannot be obtained from the network, and the rich network resources cannot be fully utilized. Second, there is a lack of standardized and unified standards for network information resources. Libraries have different standards in information processing, information processing and data entry, and there is no unified management organization, unified catalogue and unified publishing standard. Third, the library lacks compound talents. Under the network information service environment, librarians need to master the knowledge and technology of modern network information retrieval and play different roles in the service, such as network information navigator, network system maintenance expert and information resource coordinator. In fact, because the network construction and operation are ahead of the cultivation of compound talents, there is a serious shortage of high-quality compound talents, which directly affects the quality and efficiency of network information services. Fourth, the network information service lacks cooperation. The ultimate goal of information service network development is to enjoy resources and services. The openness and distribution of the network determines the dispersion and extensiveness of users' regions, which leads to the complexity and diversity of users' needs, and it is impossible to fundamentally meet the needs of readers by relying on any single collection. Many libraries are competing to develop their own network systems. Because there is no communication and repeated network construction, a large amount of information is repeatedly stored in each library system, and because of the differences in data formats, standard systems and information. Fifth, there are more theoretical discussions, less applied research, and lack of depth and innovation. Chinese researchers have discussed the network information service from various aspects and achieved certain results. However, there are many theoretical discussions and few applied studies. The subject characteristics of the research are not prominent enough; The viewpoints of theoretical research articles are a lot of repetition and similarity; The research results are vague and impractical; Lack of convincing examples.
Second, the library information service model research
Information service is the most basic and important function of the library. Information service is completed through different information service modes, so the research on information service modes has a long history. However, the in-depth and systematic research began in the 1990s, and the research on information service mode in China still lags behind that abroad. With the emergence of new technologies, new service models have also developed simultaneously and been continuously explored.
1. Overview of domestic information service model research
(1) information service mode classification
First, three patterns are classified. ① Traditional information service. In the network environment, traditional information services will continue to exist. Traditional information services include borrowing, reading, copying, publicity and reporting services, reference services, thematic information services, sci-tech novelty retrieval services, and bibliographies, indexes and abstracts of secondary documents. ② Traditional information service based on network. Under the network environment, the connotation and extension of traditional information services have been further expanded and extended. Literature information institutions use the network to provide information services such as borrowing, reading, topic selection, special topics and reference consultation, as well as bibliographic publicity, reporting and retrieval. ③ New information service. Under the network environment, many new information services have emerged: network database service, search engine, full-text literature information retrieval service, CD-ROM information service, information push service and so on.
Second, four-mode classification. (1) Open * * Directory Query (OPAC) on the Internet. Through the online bibliographic inquiry system, users can inquire the bibliographic information of our library. ② Database retrieval service. Including CD-ROM database, online database, self-built characteristic database and mirror database. ③ Auxiliary reader service. Including news briefing, reader's guide, online consultation, reader's feedback, etc. ④ Electronic reference service. Including topic selection service, virtual library and online sci-tech novelty retrieval.
Third, the two modes are classified. ① Application of traditional information service in network environment. This is actually the result of the networking of traditional information services, mainly in the following forms: circulation service based on document retrieval, document delivery service based on network reading, online reference service and CD-ROM remote retrieval service. ② New network information service. Including basic network information service, database service, search engine service, network information resource navigation service, information push service, digital library service, etc.
Fourthly, there is a three-mode classification based on network scope. ① Information service based on the internal LAN of the library. It mainly provides online catalogue and index of library bibliography, online reservation service, new book notification, topic selection service and CD-ROM database retrieval service. ② Developing information service based on campus network. Establish library information server and CD-ROM LAN service. ③ Developing Internet-based information services. It is mainly to establish the online cataloging system of each library, link external virtual libraries to carry out inter-library cooperation, and use Internet network resources to carry out services. Its important symbol is the appearance and wide application of digital library.
(2) Other research on information service mode.
The main viewpoints of researchers are as follows: ① The formation of network environment not only makes modern information technology represented by computer technology and network technology widely used in libraries, but also further expands the traditional literature information service under the network environment, and network information service will become the main service mode. At present, the construction of network information resources in university libraries in China has begun to take shape, and primary network information services such as simple browsing and retrieval services have matured. ③ New information technologies are constantly emerging, such as information relay technology, guide library technology, intelligent agent technology and push technology. With the emergence of new technologies, new service models have also developed simultaneously and been continuously explored. Facing the challenge of social informatization and information service industry, university libraries are faced with the problem of how to use modern information technology and products to innovate service content and service form, increase the development of information resources and make better use of the network to carry out information services.
2. Overview of foreign information service modes.
As the most developed country in information technology in the world, the comprehensive service level of American university libraries is also very high and representative. American network information service projects are quite rich, mainly including the following characteristic service modes:
(1) thematic digital collection service
Many colleges and universities in the United States digitize the characteristic documents in their collections according to the subject characteristics and provide joint use on the Internet.
(2) Electronic reference service
Many colleges and universities have established research and consulting services to provide in-depth help for information users to identify and locate the most valuable information resources.
(3) Online publishing
American university libraries actively cooperate with publishing institutions to explore new forms of academic information publishing and exchange.
(4) User training and education
Provide training on the use of collections, and also provide training on the use of information technology in user research and teaching.
(5) Network teaching service
Provide two kinds of electronic information: tutorials and learning materials. These textbook versions integrate educational support software for students to comment and discuss.
(6) Personalized active information push service
Push customized professional information or other required information in real time.
(7) Provide various learning and research tools.
Integrate various valuable information resources and tools for academic research and teaching on campus.
(8) Online directory query
Provide library catalogue query by means of World Wide Web.
Third, the development and evolution of library information services
1. Development and evolution of domestic library information services
The concept of library information service is developed and improved with the evolution of the times. China is an ancient civilization with a long history of 5,000 years. Throughout history, the concept of library service has gone through the following stages:
(1) The germination of the service concept of "open book collection"
Due to the influence and restriction of feudal social system, the main function of early libraries was to preserve books. The original works are usually only allowed to be used by feudal rulers, and ordinary people can't see them. After the Song Dynasty, some individual book collectors agreed to borrow books from ordinary people. In order to expand the circulation scope and spread of books, Cao Rong in the late Ming Dynasty proposed to promote the spread and circulation of books by copying and printing in his works, but the social response at that time was not great. During the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty, a "* * * reading building" appeared on the basis of the library building. The function of "* * * reading building" is to let a few readers enter reading. Its managers have also formulated borrowing rules, which stipulate the opening hours, borrowing quantity, management methods and so on. This borrowing rule is the earliest form of contemporary library work guide and a relatively perfect borrowing rule in the early days. The purpose of opening books in ancient times is to enlighten the wisdom of the public, so the characteristics of ancient information services are as follows: first, the service is limited, the service target is only a few educated people, and the service for ordinary people is very scarce; Second, the space is limited, the reading scope is limited to indoor, and outdoor reading cannot be mentioned; Third, the early lending system and rules appeared.
(2) The emergence of the service concept of "facing the public"
During the period from 190 1 to 1905, we vigorously carried out books and periodicals lending activities and publicity activities related to lending, advocated expanding the scope of service for readers, and adopted a positive and enthusiastic service attitude, which reflected the progressive and trendy service idea. By 1909, the Qing government promulgated the General Regulations of Shi Jing Library and Provincial Libraries, with the aim of fully opening it to people. After the May 4th Movement, Li Dazhao, a revolutionary pioneer, put forward his own understanding of the educational function of the library. He thinks that the library is not only a place to store books, but also a place to educate people. Li Dazhao advocates opening the books in the library to the outside world so that more people can enjoy reading. Under the guidance of advanced ideas, library services developed rapidly at that time, and a few libraries could extend their opening hours from time to time to provide readers with more reading space. It is worth mentioning that at that time, some libraries also set up facilities and places such as circulation institutions and carried out various reading guidance activities. The service for readers came into being with the appearance of modern libraries, and its service features are as follows: first, the service targets are wide, involving people from all walks of life; Second, the service mode has developed from simplification to diversification; Third, extend service hours and expand service space.
(3) the formation of the service concept of "readers first"
After 1949, the service concept and service mode of the library have undergone essential changes. The library gradually abandoned the backward concepts that affected the development of the library and formed the service concept of * * * sharing resources. The types of library services are increasingly diversified, the scope and efficiency of services are constantly expanding and improving, and the library services have undergone unprecedented changes. The service work of modern library is as follows: first, readers become the focus of library service, and the library completely breaks away from the concept of "library building" and becomes a cultural and educational place and institution serving the public; Second, the development of network information services is becoming more and more perfect, which has the potential to replace ordinary circulation services; Third, the means and methods of service are becoming more and more modern.
2. The evolution of foreign library information service development
Since there were characters, people began to use clay tablets, bamboo and wood as writing carriers, and recorded the initial knowledge information on the carriers in the form of symbolic characters, resulting in the Iraqi babur Library as early as 2600 BC. From a worldwide perspective, from the 8th century BC to the 6th century BC, libraries experienced the process of emergence, development and prosperity. For example, Greece established the first library in Athens, and the Assyrian Empire established a palace library in Nineveh. At the peak of Arab culture, the number of libraries in Baghdad reached more than 30. When the Renaissance Movement arose and the Reform Movement was launched, it was also the origin of modern western libraries. When Europe entered the capitalist period, education began to be widely popularized in Europe because machine production needed high-quality workers. Since then, the demand for literature has greatly increased, leading to the opening of previously closed libraries to the public. At the same time, modern university libraries and professional libraries have also developed rapidly. Before the Middle Ages in Europe, there was no concept of "university" in the West. After this period, universities appeared. However, there were no libraries in early western universities, and professors could have their own private books. So students can only buy books from booksellers or borrow books from teachers. At the turn of15th century and16th century, western university libraries developed rapidly, and the service content and scale also developed accordingly.
Public libraries in western countries such as Britain and America were formed at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century. At that time, public libraries developed greatly. After World War II, information technology developed rapidly in developed countries such as Europe, and the application of computer and other technologies made libraries move towards automation, integration and modernization. The brand-new advanced technology has changed the traditional service mode of the library, and the library has made an essential leap in all aspects. The 1920s-1930s was an important period in the development of library theory and Universal Library. Because Indian librarian Ranganathan published the Five Laws of Library Science, which pointed out the direction for the development of Universal Library. During the 1940s and 1960s, some events of great significance to the development of libraries also occurred. For example, the official adoption of the UNESCO Declaration on Public Libraries, the birth of information science, and the application of computer technology in library and information science. In 1970s and 1980s, due to the impact of information technology, the development of foreign libraries was almost at a standstill. In 1990s, digital library came into being, and its appearance was of epoch-making significance at that time, now and even in the future.
3. Conclusion
Today's era is an era of knowledge economy and innovation. The amount of information is increasing, and the diversification and spatialization of information put forward higher and higher requirements for the orderly and effective management of information. Through the research on the development and evolution of library information service at home and abroad, this paper makes a complete analysis of the concept of library service from scratch, from simple to complex, from mechanical to scientific, from one-sided to comprehensive, so as to further study the innovation of university library information service and give full play to the function of university library in serving the society.