Knowledge points of social psychology preparation for 2020 psychological counselors: the road to socialization
Ways of Socialization —— Social Education and Individualization
There are two ways of individual socialization: one is social education, and the other is internalization. Social education analyzes socialization from the perspective of social environmental factors, while individualization discusses socialization from the perspective of individual initiative. The two complement each other and realize the socialization of individuals.
social education
Social education refers to the process of socialization through socialized executors. However, in different stages of individual growth, different executors have different influences. To sum up, the executors of social education mainly have the following factors:
1, family Family is the starting point of social education, the first executor of socialization encountered by individuals, and also an extremely important executor. The success of individual socialization is directly related to the parent education of the family. This is because: first, childhood is a critical period of a person's life, and the formation and development of children's intelligence level, personality characteristics and social quality during this period have a decisive impact on their socialization in the future; Second, children are the most dependent on their families both psychologically and physically, and parents have unshakable authority and dominance over their children; Third, the family is a basic unit in the social structure, and various social relations are reflected through the family, reflected on children, and affect their development. Therefore, children's initial life knowledge, experience and attitude towards life are basically learned from their parents.
2. school. Schools are specialized institutions that teach people knowledge, skills, values and social norms in a planned, systematic and purposeful way. When children enter the school, the influence of the school gradually rises to the primary position and becomes the most important executor of socialization. Schools play a role in students' socialization through textbooks, teaching, teachers' personality, students and various organizations and activities organized by schools.
3. Peer groups. Peer group is an intimate informal group composed of people with similar status, age, interests, hobbies and values. Peer groups, like families and schools, are also extremely important executors of socialization. Especially after the individual enters adolescence, the influence of peer groups on individuals is more and more significant, even far exceeding the influence of parents and families in some aspects.
Peer group can become the executor of socialization, which is determined by its characteristics: first, peer group is an informal group, and individuals can freely combine and choose and interact with peers on the basis of equality. And families and schools are often in a position of obedience and unequal interaction. Second, members of peer groups have similar interests and hobbies. Arrange activities completely according to your own wishes. Third, peer groups have their own codes of conduct and values, and members often use these codes to demand themselves and guide their behavior. Fourthly, peer groups should pay attention to meeting the psychological needs of their members, let them pour out their thoughts, opinions and emotions, and get comfort, support, sympathy and great psychological satisfaction from them.
4. Mass communication. Mass communication is a way to convey information to most members of society through printed media (newspapers, magazines, books, etc.). ) and electronic media (movies, radio, television, etc. Mass communication plays an important role in modern society. It not only provides people with a lot of information about social events and social changes quickly every day, but also provides and publicizes various role models, role evaluation, value standards, behavior norms and so on. And imperceptibly educate people and become the executors of individual socialization.
(2) Personalization
Individualization refers to the process in which individuals understand the internal relationship of social reality, process and transform social influence, and transform external reality into internal consciousness. Social enlightenment is the external motive force of individual socialization, individualization is the internal motive force, and external causes can only work through internal causes.
Personalization is a process of continuous enhancement. With the growth of individual age, the main force of individual socialization. Specifically, personalization has the following forms: first, imitation learning; Second, subjective identification; Third, understand processing; Fourth, role-playing.
The difference between the above internalized forms is that imitation learning is only learning explicit actions, while subjective identification is purposefully imitating other people's behaviors in order to obtain psychological satisfaction. Through subjective identification, individuals can also learn life knowledge, behavior patterns and master social norms; Cognitive processing refers to the process that individuals process the received information and form judgments through psychological activities such as feeling, perception, memory, imagination and thinking. Cognitive processing makes people have different understandings and judgments about the same environment, the same social factor and the same influence. It is this ability and way of people that leads to different ways of looking at the world, different influences and different personalities. Role-playing is a comprehensive understanding and practice. Imitation learning, subjective identification, cognitive processing and role-playing are interrelated and interact with each other to realize individual socialization.