Confucianism is an important school in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It was founded by Confucius, a famous thinker and educator, and developed by Mencius, a famous thinker and writer. Confucianism advocates "Zhou Li" and thinks that everyone should obey the rules and care for each other, so as to achieve a world of great harmony, that is, "benevolence." Benevolence is the core content of Confucianism. Its main contents are as follows: Ethics: "Benevolence" is the general program of ethics. Benevolence is love. The monarch mainly reflects the people's feelings, cherishes the people's strength and opposes tyranny. If we want to practice kindness, we need loyalty and forgiveness. "Loyalty" means doing one's duty; Forgiveness is pushing yourself and others. Advocate "ceremony" and "joy" to restrain people's behavior and cultivate their temperament. Political view: advocating the rule of etiquette and law and restoring the rule of virtue in the Western Zhou Dynasty. People from all walks of life should do their part to achieve a harmonious situation of "Jun Jun, ministers, father and son", which is the concept of name recognition. Concept of education: Confucius put forward the idea of "teaching without class" and advocated that teaching should not be divided into noble, humble, virtuous and foolish. He thinks "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" is an ideal teaching method. He also advocates learning methods such as "reviewing the past and learning the new" and "drawing inferences from others". Cosmology: holds the attitude of "preserving things" to the theory of ghosts and gods, advocates "staying away from ghosts and gods", but attaches great importance to ancestor worship. Later, Mencius discussed "benevolence" with "the theory of good nature". "People and animals are different, and there is some hope. He believes that human nature is good and has four good ends: compassion, shame, resignation and right and wrong. If we carry them forward, we can become the virtues of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom. Xunzi advocated the theory of "evil nature", holding that human beings are no different from animals, and that "hunger is full and cold is warm". If we obey human nature, it will inevitably lead to disputes. He advocates changing human nature through education, getting rid of evil and doing good. Xunzi emphasized that maintaining social order through "ruling the country by courtesy" and letting people from all walks of life perform their duties can stabilize society. " The "benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith" advocated by Confucianism has been highly praised by rulers and academic circles in past dynasties, and has become the core of China's traditional thought and the mainstream of morality. Representative figures: Confucius, Mencius, Dong Zhongshu, Er Cheng, Zhu, Lu Shouren and Wang Yangming. The representative introduced Confucius, surnamed Qiu, whose first name was Song Guoli (now Xiayi County, Shangqiu City, Henan Province). According to historical records, he was born in the 22nd year of Duke Xiang of Lu (55 1 BC) and died in the 16th year (479 BC) at the age of 73. He is the founder of Confucianism, and is respected by later generations as a "teacher of all ages", also known as a "saint". Confucius traveled around the world and visited Wei, Chen, Cai, Chu, Song and other countries to publicize his political ambitions, but to no avail. Confucius lived in Shandong for eleven years with unfulfilled ambition and disheartened heart. Confucius is sixty-eight years old. Since then, he has devoted himself to speaking and writing books. During this period, he and his disciples re-edited the Five Classics and wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals to record the great events in the Spring and Autumn Period and explain Confucian values. The main contribution of his life was to lay the foundation of education, adopt conservatism in politics and advocate the restoration of the ritual and music system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The enlightened heuristic education method of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and "teaching all classes" and his pioneering views in the ideological field indirectly promoted the formation of the cultural prosperity of "a hundred schools of thought contend" in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Five years later, Confucius died at the age of 73. Later disciples extracted the words of the teacher's life and compiled The Analects of Confucius, which is a record of Confucius' words and deeds and has high literary value. It is a must-read classic of Confucianism. Mencius Mencius, born in Lu Zou (present-day Zoucheng, Shandong Province), was born with the word "Zi" and "Zi". Born in the fourth year of the reign of King Zhou (372 BC), he died in the twenty-sixth year of King Lai (289 BC). He is a disciple of Confucius' grandson Zisi and a master of Confucianism after Confucius. Under the education of his mother, Mencius studied hard, took Confucius' successor as his successor, recruited disciples, traveled around the world, preached the idea of "benevolent government" and "kingly way", and advocated that "the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light." He has been to Qi, Song, Shandong, Teng, Liang and other countries, and met the emperors such as King Hui of Liang. Although he was respected and treated with courtesy, Teng Wengong was the only one who tried to carry out his political ideas, because he was considered conservative, out of line with the trend of the time and was not taken seriously. In his later years, Mencius returned to his hometown to give lectures, wrote books with his disciples Zhang Wan and Gong Sunchou, and wrote seven "Mencius". Liang, Gong Sunchou,,,, and dedication. Because each article is of great weight, it is divided into two parts, so the book has fourteen volumes. Mencius' words and deeds are almost preserved in these seven articles. Xunzi Xunzi, whose real name is Qing, was born in Zhao (now Anze, Shaanxi). He was born on Tuesday (3 13 BC) and died in the ninth year of Qin Shihuang (235 BC). He was a famous thinker and educator at the end of the Warring States Period. There are few records about Xunzi, and there are great differences. Xunzi is the greatest Confucian after Confucius and Mencius. His thoughts were recorded in Xunzi, which had a wide and far-reaching influence on China's feudal society for more than two thousand years. Xunzi traveled to Yan, Qi, Chu, Qin and Zhao countries, and then lived in Lanling until his death. When Xunzi was in Lanling, he began to teach and write books. The famous Han Fei and Li Si were his students at this time, and he also finished his masterpiece Xunzi during this period. Although Xunzi is the heir of Confucianism, he did not blindly accept Confucianism in its entirety. On the contrary, Xunzi integrated and developed Confucianism and put forward "inherent vice" and other far-reaching theories.
Second, Taoism.
"Tao" is the ideological center of the theory of "Laozi and Zhuangzi" and the foundation of everything. Tao is also endless. Taoism emphasizes that everything need not be forced, but should conform to nature and reach the highest state of Tao. Taoist spirit lies in spiritual detachment, not limited to formal drive, but only seeking freedom and spiritual openness. The following is the Taoist concept: world outlook: "Tao" is invisible, the absolute spirit beyond time and space, the highest ontology of the universe and the foundation of all things. Political outlook: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, wars continued and people's livelihood was difficult. People must give up bravado, wisdom, bravado and strength, return to the realm of pure ignorance, and govern by doing nothing, so that the world can be peaceful and stable. Finally, I hope to return to the primitive society of "small country with few people". Outlook on life: everything has its opposite, and extremes meet. Therefore, people must be "content with few desires", "weak and indisputable" and "conform to nature", and abandon all the constraints of ethics and morality in order to avoid disaster. Representative: According to general records, Laozi was born in Qurenli, Li Xiang, Chuku County (now Taiqinggong Town, Luyi County, Zhoukou City, Henan Province), with an unknown date of birth and death, and was born in 604 BC. Some people call him Li Er, others call him Lao Dan. Laozi cultivated himself, learned from the theory of inaction, and took self-concealment as his service. Many scholars believe that Laozi came from the Warring States period, but many people also believe that Laozi came from the Spring and Autumn Period. The theory of Taoism is based on Laozi. Laozi's book Tao Te Ching has five thousand words. The book extensively discusses the metaphysical significance of Tao and the wisdom of life, and puts forward the origin theory of the natural universe, that is, it is composed of things and exists independently. And put forward the ontological thought that the principle of the existence and operation of the world is "the movement against the Tao" For human beings living in it, what they should learn is the wisdom of dealing with the world. Laozi also put forward many political, social and life philosophy viewpoints, advocating "governing by doing nothing, a small country with few people." Zhuangzi, Zhuangzi, was born in the Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu City, Henan Province). He was born in 369 BC and died in 286 BC. According to historical records, he and Liang were contemporary. Zhuangzi worked as a painter in Mongolia in his early years and has been living in seclusion ever since. He lives in poverty, but he doesn't care about fame and fortune. When the king of Chu heard of his virtue, he sent an envoy to give birth to a daughter and asked him to be prime minister, but he refused. He retired for life and lived in seclusion in Baodu Mountain. Zhuangzi is knowledgeable and has a wide range of friends. He wrote the book Zhuangzi, the main purpose of which is to take Lao Zi as the blueprint. But he attributed it to Laozi's words and also had his own unique views. He wrote hundreds of thousands of words, usually as fables. Be a fisherman, steal his feet, despise Confucius' disciples, and show Lao Tzu's skill. Liezi Liezi, whose real name is Kou, also known as Yu Kou (also known as "Yong Kou" and "Guo Kou"), is said to be a Taoist figure in the early Warring States period, (now xinzheng city, Zhengzhou, Henan Province) and contemporary with Zheng Miaogong. His scholarship originated from Huangdi Laozi, and he advocated inaction. At the end of Han Dynasty, the eight volumes of Liezi contained in the Taoist chapter of Ban Gu's Yi Wen Zhi have long been lost. This edition of Liezi consists of eight articles, mostly folk stories, fables and myths and legends. Judging from the ideological content and language use, it may have been written by Jin people, compiled by the people of the Eastern Jin Dynasty who collected relevant ancient materials, and the preface to the Jin Dynasty. Liezi, also known as Xu Chongjing, is an important Taoist classic. Lieyukou's work is of unknown age, generally during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The book is divided into eight chapters, such as Tian Rui, Huangdi, Zhou Muwang, Zhong Ni, Tang Wen, Li Ming, Yang Zhu and Fu Shuo. Each chapter consists of many fables.
Third, mohists
Shang Xian and the monk are the basic political programs of Mohism. Mohism and Confucianism are also called "outstanding studies". The following is the concept of Mohism. Ethics: put forward "universal love" and think that love should not be divided into intimacy, superiority and inferiority, and hierarchy. He thinks the world is chaotic because people don't love each other. Political outlook: advocating "Shang Xian" and "Shang Tong", advocating the selection of talents, eliminating class concept, ruling the world, advocating "not attacking itself" and opposing all wars of aggression. Economic outlook: Oppose extravagant life, advocate frugality, and put forward the ideas of "saving money", "saving burial" and "being unhappy". Cosmology: put forward "fate", thinking that fate can not dominate people's wealth, emphasizing that it can be changed through the efforts of the day after tomorrow. In order to seek blessings and avoid disasters, he also advocated "respecting heaven" and "treating ghosts". Because Mohism, from its founder Mozi to its main representatives, is a literati at the bottom of society, Mohism can better understand the miserable life of working people in war-torn society. Therefore, compared with the excessive emphasis on "courtesy" in Confucianism, Mohism pays more attention to the habit of thrift, is not stingy with low-level labor, and is humiliated by Confucian scholars as "the art of prostitution", with deviation in life, opposition in position and comparison in thought. Representative: Mozi was a thinker and scholar in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period, and the founder of Mohism. Inexplicable Zhai, born and died from about 468 BC to 376 BC, was a native of Lu, now a native of Tengzhou City, Shandong Province. Mozi was born a commoner, calling himself a "northern servant", and was called a "man in cloth" and a "bitch". He used to be a doctor in the Song Dynasty, boasting that "the upper class has nothing to do, and the lower class has no difficulty in farming". He is a scholar who sympathizes with "the people of industry and agriculture". After learning from Shijiao, he inherited the law of Qing Dynasty. He also studied Confucianism, the art of Confucius, praised Yao, obeyed Dayu, and knew poetry, books and spring and autumn. Dissatisfied with Confucian rites and music, he abandoned Zhou Dao and used Xia Zheng. Advocating not attacking, Shang Xian, Shang Tong, frugality, frugality, unhappiness, ambition, ghosts and fate, with universal love as the core. He is "correcting himself with rope and ink in case the world is in a hurry." In order to publicize his ideas, Mozi accepted many students and followed hundreds of disciples, forming a huge Mohist school. Mozi said "princes" and taught "one man should walk", which was almost "following people's words". Wherever I went, I went to Qi in the east, Zheng and Wei in the west, and Chu and Yue in the south. Mozi is knowledgeable, good at craft and production, and also good at guarding the city. Later, he learned to sum up his experience as twenty-one guarding cities. He also made some achievements in the theory of Ming Debate and became one of the founders of Ming Debate in the Warring States Period. Mozi's deeds can be found in Xunzi, Han Feizi, Zhuangzi, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Huainanzi and other books, and his thoughts are mainly preserved in Mozi, a post-school work of Mohism.
Fourth, Legalists.
Legalism is the most important school among the pre-Qin philosophers, which advocates "ruling the country according to law" and puts forward a set of theories and methods. This provided an effective theoretical basis for the later establishment of the centralized Qin Dynasty. Later, the Han Dynasty inherited the centralized system and legal system of the Qin Dynasty and became the political and legal subject of the ancient feudal society in China. Legalists attach importance to the law, oppose Confucian "rites", oppose the hereditary privilege of nobles monopolizing economic and political interests, demand private land, and award official positions according to their merits and talents. The function of law is to "resolve disputes", that is, to clarify the ownership of objects. "Making meritorious deeds and being afraid of violence" encourages people to make meritorious deeds and makes those who are lawless feel afraid. The ultimate goal of meritorious service is to make Qiang Bing rich and win the annexation war. Legalists oppose conservative retro ideas and advocate reform. They believe that history is moving forward and all laws and systems should develop with the development of history. They can neither go back to the past nor put forward the view that "breaking the law is not from the present". Han Fei, on the other hand, collected the Mahayana of Legalists and put forward the idea of "controlling the chaos of those who are not easy", satirizing the conservative Confucianism as a fool waiting for him. Shang Yang, Shen Dao and Shen Buhai advocated attaching importance to law, potential and technique respectively, each with its own characteristics. Han Fei put forward the idea of combining the three closely. Law refers to perfecting the legal system; Potential refers to the power of the monarch, who should be in charge of military and political power alone; Art refers to the strategies and means of controlling ministers, mastering political power and implementing laws and regulations, mainly to find and prevent the offence of insurrection and safeguard the status of the monarch. Representative: Han Fei, surnamed Han, was born in Korea at the end of the Warring States Period (now xinzheng city, Zhengzhou, Henan). He was born into a noble family and is the son of Korea. His date of birth and blood relatives could not be verified, and he died in 233 BC. Han Fei stutters and is not good at talking, but good at writing books. Han Fei and Li Si are classmates and serve Xunzi under the same teacher. Seeing that South Korea's national strength was weak at that time, Han Fei advised Han Wang several times, but Han Wang did not listen. Han Fei hates ruling the country without the rule of law, enriching the people and not strengthening the army, but attaches great importance to people who have no practical experience and are good at expressing their opinions. So he looked at the changes of gains and losses in the past and wrote more than 100,000 words, such as Indignation, Five Mistakes, Internal and External Existence, and Talking about Forests and Difficulties, and became a master of Legalism. After the book was finished, it spread to the state of Qin. After reading it, the king of Qin said, "Hehe! I want to see this man swimming with him, and I will never hate him. Han Fei's works were praised by Qin Shihuang. When Qin attacked Korea, Wang Han didn't need Han Fei. When the state of Qin attacked urgently, Wang Han appointed Han Fei to the state of Qin. The king of Qin was happy to see Han Fei, but he didn't trust him either. Reese thinks that Han Fei is the son of South Korea, and he will eventually become a Korean instead of A Qin. So, he suggested to the king of Qin that since Han Fei was not needed, it was better to punish him so as to avoid endless future troubles. The king of Qin thought so and ordered the mistake to be corrected. Reese secretly sent someone to send poison to Han Fei to commit suicide. Han Fei failed to meet talents and was finally killed by his classmates. Shang Yang Shang Yang (390-338 BC) was born in Gongsun and Weiguo (now Anyang City, Henan Province). When Qin Xiaogong was sealed in Shangyi, he was named Shang Yang, Shang Jun, and Shang Yang, also known as Wei Yang, was the son of the country. Shang Yang first turned Wei Xianggong's uncle CuO into a middle-aged bastard. Uncle CuO knew that Shang Yang was talented but not reused, so he recommended Shang Yang to Wei Huiwang. Hui Wang didn't use Shang Yang. After the death of his uncle CuO, Wen ordered the whole country to look for sages, so Shang Yang went west to Qin. After Shang Yang entered Qin, Qin Xiaogong met him four times. Filial piety does not want the Confucian way of benevolent government and rule by virtue, but believes in hegemony, which is in the same strain as Shang Yang's legalist thought and carried out the most thorough political reform movement in Qin State. Shang Yang carried out two political reforms before and after Qin State, completely abolishing the old system and implementing the new system, making Qin State the first powerful country in the Warring States period. Later, Shang Yang himself was framed by aristocratic conservatives and sentenced to death for car splitting.
In fact, each school has its own advantages, and each school also has its own disadvantages. Due to different times, it has certain limitations. Because of the lack of research in this field, I have some thoughts on Yi Zhongtian's Pre-Qin Hundred Schools of Thought. Have some preliminary understanding of Confucianism, Mohism and Taoism. It can be said that Mohism pays attention to society, leaving behind social ideals of equality, mutual benefit and fraternity; Taoism pays attention to life, leaving behind the pursuit of life, which is true, free and inclusive; Legalists pay attention to the country, leaving behind the concept of governing the country is openness, fairness and justice; Confucianism pays attention to culture and leaves its core values, which are kindness, justice and self-improvement. At the same time, I was also inspired. Teenagers are the period when our outlook on life, world outlook and values are fully formed. We should study hard the precious spiritual wealth left by the sages in the pre-Qin period and be a person who is beneficial to society. The thoughts of pre-Qin philosophers can seek common ground while reserving differences, and each has his own needs: in life, we should learn from Taoism to govern by doing nothing; To do things, we should learn the fairness and justice of legalists; At the same time, we should learn from the justice and self-improvement of Confucianism and the mutual benefit and fraternity of Mohism, so as to integrate the strengths of a hundred schools of thought and become a person with noble moral quality who adapts to the trend of the times.