Fuzhou with three lanes and seven alleys is a famous cultural city with a history of more than two thousand years, and the three lanes in the city are the essence of the history and culture of this thousand-year-old city. Three lanes and seven lanes are the general name of ten lanes arranged from north to south on both sides of Nanhou Street. The three workshops are Yijinfang, Wenrufang and Guanglufang. These seven lanes are Yangqiao Lane, Langguan Lane, Anmin Lane, Huang Xiang, Tower Lane, Gongxiang and Goose Skin Lane. Three lanes and seven lanes were built in the late Western Jin Dynasty. Before Wang Jian Luocheng, Fuzhou people were still using the sub-city built by the Jin Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty, and Nanmen Street (now commonly known as Nanjie Road) outside the south gate moat was a bustling commercial and residential cultural area. At that time, the sandbars of Minjiang River were deposited there, and a "development zone" with both land and river appeared. The "An Shi Rebellion" was a melee in the Central Plains, and people from all walks of life who moved south to take refuge naturally chose this flat land and started a new round of entrepreneurship. In the vicinity of South Street, a block with literati class and culture as the main residents has been formed, which is often referred to as the "three lanes and seven lanes" block today. Sanfangqixiang plot is located in the city center, east to Bayiqi North Road, west to Tonghu Road, north to Yangqiao Road, south to Jipi Lane and Guanglufang. Covering an area of 40 hectares, with white walls and tiles, the layout is rigorous, the house is exquisite and the technology is ingenious. It embodies the residential characteristics of the ancient city of Fujian and Vietnam and is praised as a large-scale "Museum of Ancient Buildings in Ming and Qing Dynasties" by the architectural community. Since ancient times, three lanes and seven alleys have always been the most cultural place in Fuzhou. The three lanes and seven alleys are places where outstanding people are outstanding, and many famous politicians, strategists, writers and poets in the past dynasties have gone from here to glory. Some square names and lane names can better show the charm and glory of the year. Yijinfang was originally named Tongchao Lane, because it is the lane closest to the West Lake in the block of three lanes and seven lanes, and was surrounded by rivers in ancient times. It is said that the tide in the West Lake is connected with the ditch in the alley, which is full of pastoral interest. In the Song Dynasty, the scenery of the water town gradually disappeared, and some people in the alley became officials. First, Lu Yun and Lu Zao returned to their hometowns in the Song Dynasty, and later, Wang Yixiang in the Ming Dynasty was judged as a bigger Jiangdong. In order to add luster to the village, it was renamed Yijinfang. In its initial state, Wenru Square was a tree-lined road that passed through a hill. These hills were later surrounded by tall wind walls and firewalls, forming a deep house compound, so the original name was Yin Shan Lane. When the hills disappeared and the tree-lined trees disappeared, all the people living in the workshop called themselves "scholars", so they changed their names to "Rulin Lane" and further shut out "Ding Bai". During the Song Dynasty, Zheng Mu, the president of the highest institution of higher learning in China, lived here. People in the village were proud of it and changed it into a "scholar's square" with a stroke of a pen. Hundreds of civil and military officials in the Ming and Qing Dynasties lived here, including famous anti-Japanese soldiers in the Ming Dynasty, Gan, commander-in-chief of Taiwan Province Province in the Qing Dynasty, Chen, a scholar of the Five Dynasties in the Qing Dynasty, and Zhang Yan, a modern poet. Guanglufang, near the south of Sanguanglufang, became famous late. At that time, Cheng Shimeng, who was appointed as the magistrate of Fuzhou as Guang Luqing, took office as a civil servant. He expanded the city, dredged rivers and lakes, built bridges, promoted culture through education and helped the victims. He has a good reputation among the people. Adding an hourglass timer to the gate of the expanded Drum Tower, and building a pavilion on Wushi Mountain to invite Ceng Gong, a great writer, to take notes, all these actions show a pursuit of progressive culture and technology. At that time, there was a "Fujian Mountain Fu Bao Temple" in Fangxiang, where Cheng Taishou often met scholars and poets. Out of respect for him, the monks used the most fashionable method at that time to carve the words "Guanglu Yintai" on the cliff stone carving, which inadvertently left a cultural heritage for Cheng Shimeng and the temple, and also gave this Little Square a beautiful and literary reputation. Yangqiao Road in Yangqiao Lane today was called Yangqiao Lane before it was expanded into a road. It is the northernmost lane in the seven lanes. Because the alley leads to yangqiao, it is commonly known as Yangqiao Lane, but its real name is Deng Junfang. At the intersection of Yangqiao Lane and Nanhou Street, there is Lin Juemin's former residence, which is now Fuzhou Xinhai Revolution Memorial Hall. Bing Xin lived here when she was a child. In her article My Hometown, she vividly described her former residence. Langguan Lane Langguan Lane, south of Yangqiao Lane, has narrow and short streets, and the earth walls and wooden walls on both sides are simple and pure. When the alley was built in the Song Dynasty, Liu Tao's family was honored by generations of hereditary Langguan, hence the name. The former residences of Song Dynasty poet Chen Lie and Qing Dynasty celebrity Yan Fu are also located in the courtyard. Tower Lane Tower Lane is south of Langguan Lane and west of Nanhou Street. In Fujian during the Five Dynasties, the residential buildings here had just completed the alley model, and the Ministry of Wang raised funds to build a wooden stupa and an affiliated temple here. I don't know when it was destroyed Although the government once named it "Xiuwen Lane" and "Xingwen Lane", it was later changed to "Wenxingli", but the people always called it "Tower Lane". They regard this tower as the crystallization of hutong culture. In the Qing Dynasty, a small tower was built in the alley to show its real name. In 1950s, Xiaota moved to the alley. According to 1600 years of war in the Central Plains during Yongjia period of Jin Dynasty, the gentry who migrated to Fujian chose to settle in Fuzhou, and the Huang family came second, hence the name. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Pu Huang, the official secretary of Chongwen, lived in seclusion here. When Huang Chao's army entered Fuzhou, he ordered the soldiers to "put out Huang Xiang's candles" at night because of the name of Huangpu, and not to disturb his home. Since then, Huang Xiang has gained great fame. Throughout the ages, many literati lived in alleys and became gathering places for cultural celebrities and social celebrities. Qing magistrate Lin, third runner-up Lin Zhichun, governor Li Fu, couplet master, Chen Shouqi, Zhao Xin, etc. , all live in the alley. During the war-torn Anmin Lane era thousands of years ago, peasant rebels occupied Fuzhou, the capital of Fujian. In that era when there was no television, radio and newspapers, the only way to declare victory, appease the people and prevent rumors was to post a list of "peaceful people". Perhaps the rebel leader chose the place himself, or the lower officers and men posted it casually. In short, at that time, as an unknown alley in the urban-rural fringe, it carried this period of history, and its name was inextricably linked with "Anmin". During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, many officials changed their names and surnames for it, and finally it was still called "Anmin Lane". Gong Xiang Gong Xiang, formerly known as Xianju, named after the purple lane in the lane, is the most complete preserved Gu Xiang Square in Fuzhou. There are 6 buildings in Ming dynasty and 3 buildings in Qing dynasty/kloc-0. Among them, there are as many deep houses with an area exceeding 1000 meters as 10. Celebrities in Fuzhou, especially in modern times, lived in the alley, such as Shen Baozhen, governor of the two rivers in the Qing Dynasty, Lin, the minister of ship administration in Fujian, Lin Zexu's son, and Liu Guanxiong, the chief of the Qing navy. Jipi Lane Jipi Lane is called "Emergency Lane". Zheng Xingzhi, a scholar in the first year of Jiading, Ming Dynasty, was humiliated by a butcher before he made his fortune. When he got home in rags, he killed the butcher who laughed at him to vent his personal anger. Therefore, the hooligans who were rampant in the market in those days were afraid of conflicts with Zheng Xing, so they got the strange name "Avoidance Lane". In the Ming Dynasty, homophonic lane was changed to "Jipi Lane", which means good luck and peace. The ancient buildings in Fuzhou are very attractive. What is the reason? Ceng Gong, a famous essayist in the Song Dynasty and a magistrate in Fuzhou, gave us such a reason in his book Lushan Pavilion. "There are many outstanding trees at the foot, but there are also many skilled craftsmen. People admire the beauty of their living room. Although poor, the family will be rich, and the Buddhist Laozi is especially prosperous in the palace. " However, the three lanes and seven alleys are the representatives of ancient buildings in Fuzhou. There are many ordinary people with simple and elegant gray walls and green tiles. The layout is rigorous, the courtyards are connected, the central axis is symmetrical, and the load is supported by the wooden structure. There are finely carved stone and wood components and stretched red doors. There are saddle-shaped wind and fire walls made of earth around the house, and some walls are decorated with flying dragons, flying phoenixes, flowers and birds, fish insects and characters, which have strong local characteristics. The unique living ecology and architectural style of Sanfangqixiang have high academic value, and are praised by Chinese and foreign architectural experts as the most intact ancient block community, which is an important part of Fuzhou's history and culture. Traditionally, we always say three lanes first, then seven lanes. In fact, from the analysis of building location, there should be seven lanes before three lanes. The ancestors of the Tang Dynasty first built a group of neatly arranged "new villages" along the central axis of the city-South Street. Then it crossed a Nanhou Street, developed westward, built a group of alleys, and became a non-zigzag block with the south back street as the central axis. After thousands of years of wind and rain changes, most of them decided the name of Xiaxiang in the Song Dynasty, and today's architectural pattern was formed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which became the landmark building of Fuzhou's historical and cultural city. Judging from the treatment of architectural space, the main hall of the three lanes and seven lanes on the central axis is obviously higher, larger and wider than the hall in the north, forming a vivid and changeable spatial pattern with other corridors and pavilions. The hall is generally open and integrated with the patio. In particular, in order to make the hall look tall, spacious and open, efforts are generally made in the treatment of the porch. The purlin of the eaves, or a purlin of the auxiliary eaves, is specially made of thick and long high-quality hardwood, and the column is lowered to make the hall without any obstacles, which is rare in northern buildings and other southern buildings. For example, the sedan chair in the former residence of Gongxianglin and the stage in the temple are all handled in this way. This is one of the important features of ancient buildings in Fuzhou. In addition to the unique layout and structure, the three lanes and seven lanes are also unique in wall, sculpture, facade and so on. Saddle-walled houses in three lanes and seven alleys followed the tradition of building walls by stages in the late Tang Dynasty, and all of them had tall and thick brick or earth walls. The wall is streamlined with the ups and downs of the wooden frame, and the upturned angle extends out of the house, shaped like a saddle, commonly known as the saddle wall. The wall is only for the periphery, and the bearing function lies entirely in the column. Most buildings in the south of the Yangtze River are stepped gables formed by a straight line at an angle of 90 degrees. There are not many buildings in Fuzhou, including northern Fujian, southern Fujian and eastern Fujian, but the saddle wall of Fuzhou Sanfangqixiang residential houses is curved. Generally, the two sides are symmetrical, and the walls and corners are painted with mud, forming a unique wall style of Fuzhou ancient dwellings. Carving three sides and seven lanes The most distinctive architectural decoration is the carving of door and window fans. The beams and columns of ordinary residents are mostly unadorned and simple, but they take great pains to carve doors and windows. Its exquisite windows and exquisite wood carvings are beyond the reach of residents from other provinces. There are many kinds of window decorations, such as mortise and tenon leakage and pure wood carving window sash, which are used alternately. It can be said that it is a master of Jiangnan art. In terms of mortise and tenon patterns, craftsmen have carefully arranged different decorative effects, including straight lines, curved lines and mixed lines-straight lines are dense, curved lines are dynamic, and mixed lines are diverse, each with its own auspicious meaning. There are carvings and reliefs in the wood carving window sash, and the themes are birds and beasts, figures and flowers. The whole sash is carved symmetrically and asymmetrically. For example, the Ming Dynasty ancient house in Wenru Square is especially prosperous, and more complicated vase patterns are carved on the door and window partition of the second wing, which symbolizes the safety of living. On the polyester ring board, there are bas-relief flowers. These flower window carvings carved with tenons or hollow wood fully show the superb skills of Fujian folk craftsmen. The floor door treatment of three lanes and seven lanes is also very unique, and there are about four kinds. One is a rectangular gate with a stone frame in the center of the front courtyard wall, and the other is a cornice signboard with saddle walls extending on both sides. The saddle walls sandwich two sloping roofs to form larger buildings, such as Shen Baozhen's former residence, Chen's former residence and Lin's former residence. Three alleys and seven lanes are the historical and cultural heritage of Fuzhou and the context of the city. Its profound cultural heritage and unique architectural style have high academic value. However, after the vicissitudes of history, the cultural atmosphere of the three lanes and seven lanes is getting weaker and weaker, and the prosperity of the past has been unrecognizable and will never return. In the three lanes and seven lanes, we saw uneven stone roads, high walls with white paint falling off on both sides, tattered lanes with incomplete lane names, and some lanes and even lane doors were demolished. The room is in disrepair and disorder, with thick dust on the walls and some remains of ancient buildings on the ceiling, but it is also dilapidated, so it is difficult to find the characteristics of ancient buildings. All these can't help but make us feel deeply sorry, and at the same time let us realize the importance and urgency of protecting cultural relics again. Historical buildings have irreplaceable values and functions. Preserving the original appearance of the three lanes and seven alleys is to preserve the memory and continuation of history, and protecting the history of the city is to protect the future of the city!