Oracle Bone Inscriptions: It records the social production and class relations in Shang Dynasty, and the history of writing can be traced back to Shang Dynasty. Bronze Inscription: Some bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties are often engraved on bells or ding, also called "Zhong Dingwen". The third revolution of information technology was the invention of printing. Around 1040, China began to use movable type printing technology (Europeans began to use printing technology in 145 1 year).
Before the invention of printing, bamboo slips or silks were used as book materials until Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 105). This kind of paper is called "Cai Hou Paper". From the late Tang Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty, the feudal government printed Confucian classics, which was the beginning of the large-scale printing of books by the China government. The printing centers are Chengdu, Kaifeng, Lin 'an and Fujian Yang. After the completion of the Northern Song Dynasty, movable type printing was 400 years earlier than that in Europe.
The fourth information revolution was the invention and popularization of telegraph, telephone, radio and television. /kloc-After the middle of the 0/9th century, with the invention of telegraph and telephone and the discovery of electromagnetic waves, fundamental changes have taken place in the field of human communication, realizing the transmission of information by electric pulses on metal wires and wireless communication by electromagnetic waves. 1837, American Morse invented the world's first wired telegraph.
The telegraph uses the principle of electromagnetic induction (when current passes, the electromagnet is magnetic, and when no current passes, the electromagnet is non-magnetic) to make the pen connected to the electromagnet rotate, thus drawing the symbols of points and lines on the paper tape. The proper combination of these symbols (called Morse code) can represent all the letters, so that these words can be transmitted through wires.
1844 On May 24th, he gave a public performance of "Sending information by wire" in the parliament hall of the Federal Supreme Court of the Capitol, connected to a telegraph machine, and sent the first telegram in human history with a string of Morse code consisting of dots and dashes: "What a miracle God has created!" Long-distance telegraph communication was realized, from the US Capitol to Baltimore, 40 miles away.
Maxwell, a famous British physicist, published a paper (electricity and magnetism) in 1864, which predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves and explained that electromagnetic waves and light have the same properties and both travel at the speed of light. 1875, Scottish youth alexander bell invented the world's first telephone. 1878, the first long-distance telephone experiment between Boston and new york, which are 300 kilometers apart, was successful.
The discovery of electromagnetic waves has had a great impact, realizing the radio transmission of information, and other radio technologies have sprung up like mushrooms after rain: Conrad, an American radio expert, established the world's first commercial radio station in Pittsburgh in 1920. Since then, the broadcasting industry has flourished all over the world, and radio has become a convenient way for people to understand current events.
1933, Frenchman Clarville established the first commercial microwave radio line between Britain and France, which promoted the further development of radio technology. On March 1876 and March 10, Bell, an American, had a phone call with his assistant. 1888, the young German physicist H.R. Hertz conducted a series of experiments with radio circuits and discovered the existence of electromagnetic waves.
He proved Maxwell's electromagnetic theory through experiments. This experiment caused a sensation in the whole scientific community and became an important milestone in the history of modern science and technology, which led to the birth of radio and the development of electronic technology. 1895, Russian popov and Italian Marconi successfully conducted radio communication experiments respectively. The movie came out on 1894. 1925 TV was first broadcast in Britain.
Electrostatic copiers, tape recorders, radars and lasers are all important inventions in the history of information technology. The fifth information technology revolution began in the 1960s, which was marked by the popularization and application of electronic computers and the organic combination of computers and modern communication technologies. With the rapid development of electronic technology, the military system, scientific research and calculation tools that need to be solved urgently have also been greatly improved.
1946 the first electronic computer developed by the university of Pennsylvania was born. 1946~ 1958 first generation electronic computer, 1958~ 1964 second generation transistor electronic computer. 1964~ 1970 the third generation integrated circuit computer. 1971the fourth generation LSI computer in the 1980s. So far, the fifth generation intelligent computer is being studied.
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The development trend of information technology;
1. Microelectronics is developing towards high efficiency.
Modern computers are based on microelectronics. There used to be a Moore's law in microelectronics: every 18 months, the number of transistors integrated on a chip doubled. According to the latest research, it has broken through and doubled every 12 months. In 1950s, only 1 electronic components could be installed on a silicon wafer with an area of 0. 1 square inch, but now there are more than 30,000 electronic components.
It is generally believed that microelectronics technology is about to enter the "post-lithography era", and with the development of nanotechnology in the future, computers may be built on the basis of more micro-integration and higher speed, causing a new revolution in the field of sieve. The result is that (1) is more efficient. Nanotechnology can make more energy-saving and cheaper microprocessors and improve the efficiency of computers by one million times.
It can produce more efficient broadband networks, large-capacity storage and intelligent devices integrating sensing, data processing and communication. (2) Small size. Nanocomputers can be reduced to one thousandth of the diameter of hair. The United States used nanotechnology to make a flea-sized robot. This technology uses a microcomputer, and the robot has primary logical thinking ability.
In addition, the robot can also work under absolutely dangerous or inaccessible environmental conditions, and it can be used to complete fault handling in nuclear reactors. This technique can also be used to transport atoms and rearrange them. (3) The function is strange. Nano-chips with airplane pilot programs can be implanted into human bodies, receive information through cells, and can fly airplanes without training.
It is predicted that there will be a powerful computer applying electron spin, nuclear spin, photon technology and biochip in this century, which can simulate the human brain for cognitive perception and thinking processing. It is predicted that biochips with storage capacity of 6.5438+0 million g per cubic millimeter will be produced in the next decade, and the power consumption is only one tenth of that of VLSI.
In short, it can be predicted that the functions and integrated structures of microelectronics and electronic devices will develop in the direction of high integration, high speed, low power consumption and low cost.
2. Computers are developing towards multipolarization.
2 1 century, computers are developing towards ultra-high-speed, miniaturization, parallel processing (simultaneous processing) and intelligence. Its development track is different from the "big fish eat small fish" in nature, but "fast fish eat slow fish". Whoever takes the lead in the market will become the leading product. At present, there is a speed law of 10 times in the computer field: every 5 to 7 years, the speed increases by 10 times and the volume decreases by 10 times.
The price drops by 10 times, and this rule is about to be broken. In terms of ultra-high-speed, the peak of IBM's high-performance computers has reached more than 300 trillion times per second. The United States plans to develop trillions of computers by 20 10. The limit computer deduced from quantum theory will have a speed of 105 1 times per second and a memory of 103 1 bit. In miniaturization, Japan is using integrated circuits.
A TV station (including equipment and information collection and storage) is compressed in a chip with a small button, which has achieved initial results. They are going to re-press it into the size of a pill, and even imagine putting the inspection equipment into the patient through the pill to directly observe the patient's condition. In terms of intelligence, your eating habits are stored in the refrigerator and computer in advance, snacks, oily rice sauce vinegar and so on. It's over.
It will automatically connect to the internet and order from the supermarket for you; The microwave oven can download recipes automatically. As long as you put the chicken, duck and fish you bought in advance, it will automatically thaw at your scheduled time and make delicious food. These predictions actually show people the infinitely broad development prospects of information technology, and also show that there is still a lot of room for development of information technology from "maturity".
3. The network is developing in the advanced direction.
Computer technology belongs to information processing technology, and communication technology belongs to information transmission technology. In their independent development stages, it is difficult for information technology to make a big breakthrough. After 1960s, with the improvement of computer technology and digitalization of communication technology, the two information technologies were organically combined on the basis of compatibility and coexistence.
Information technology has entered a new era of information transmission, processing and storage integration. On the one hand, it realizes the automation and high efficiency of modern communication system under the control of computer, and integrates various communication modes; On the other hand, computers are networked through communication lines. The general trend is the integration of data, voice and image technology.
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