The content of global e-commerce business is complex and data exchange is frequent, which requires the e-commerce system to be strict, accurate, safe and reliable, and to formulate unified e-commerce standards and e-commerce (trade) agreements worldwide.
Basic introduction Chinese name: global e-commerce mbth: global e-commerce part of speech: main characteristics of nouns: unbalanced development. Brief introduction: The main features, relative comparison, development and existing problems of international electronic trading activities, and the main features of 1. BTOB is dominant. In 2000, the transaction volume of B2B was $65.438+084.85 billion, accounting for 79% of the global online trade, while the transaction volume of B2C was $48.5 billion, accounting for only 26.5438+0%. In the next few years, the proportion of B2B in global online trade transactions will further expand, reaching 87% in 2003. By 2005, the global inter-enterprise e-commerce transaction volume will exceed $545.8 billion, that is to say, B2B will develop at an annual rate of 66% in the next five years. 2. Uneven development. Mainly manifested in the imbalance of regional development and industry development. (1) Regional development is uneven, with developed countries led by the United States, Europe and Japan taking the lead. The United States is one of the countries with the earliest development of e-commerce in the world. With its network technology, market advantages and good business foundation, it has an absolute advantage in global online trade. The United States alone accounted for $654.38+0.7 billion, accounting for 69% of the global online trade of $50 billion in 654.38+0.998. Followed by Canada, Japan, the European Union and other developed countries. Online retail sales in North America have tripled every year. Japan, Singapore and South Korea, which have developed information industries in the Asia-Pacific region, have also developed rapidly in e-commerce. 1998 The developed countries account for 96% of the global online trade. E-commerce in developing countries, including China, is still in its infancy. It is predicted that China's online trade will reach 4 billion US dollars in 2003, which is only 23.53% of the US 1998. (2) The development of the industry is unbalanced. From the perspective of industry distribution, e-commerce is mainly concentrated in the tertiary industry. Especially in the financial industry, tourism, computer software, audio-visual products and information consulting industries. According to the statistics and forecast of Businessweek 1998, the total online transaction of financial services industry in 1997 is1200 million USD, and it will reach 5 billion USD in 200 1 year; The total online transactions of computer software also increased from $863 million in 1997 to $3.8 billion in 200 1 year. The total amount of online travel transactions has also increased from $654 million in 1997 to $7.4 billion in 201; 1997, the total online transactions of audio-visual products, entertainment and ticketing services were 654.38+56 million, 298 million and 79 million respectively, and will reach 11billion, 2.7 billion and 2 billion dollars in 2006/year respectively. The e-commerce transaction volume of computers and electronic products accounts for the highest proportion in the total trade volume of this industry, reaching 8.2%, followed by aviation and national defense (3.5%) and hydropower (2.9%). Among all online sales services in France, cultural products have the largest number of transactions, followed by electronic products and travel services. Compared with general e-commerce, global e-commerce has its particularity, mainly in the following aspects: 1. General e-commerce refers to the electronic process of all business activities, mainly domestic business activities, while global e-commerce is mainly aimed at e-commerce in global business activities. 2. General e-commerce includes all types of e-commerce activities, such as business to consumers, business to business, business to administration and consumer to administration. However, in global trade activities, transactions generally involve government administrative departments, trading partners and related commercial departments such as settlement, transportation and commodity inspection, and the trading behavior and process of global trade itself are not directly aimed at consumers in the market. Therefore, global e-commerce only includes business-to-business and business-to-administrative e-commerce activities. The transfer of orders and related documents and files between trading partners and related banks, transportation departments, insurance departments, commodity inspection, customs and government departments has become one of the main contents of international e-commerce activities. 3. Although general e-commerce enables enterprises to directly face the global market and adopt the online trading mode, they can directly conclude transactions on the Internet, but the global business activities that enterprises engage in are not only the transactions themselves, but often involve all aspects of transactions from preliminary preparation to contract performance. After all, these activities are different from general trade activities, which are subject to foreign trade policies and measures of different countries and should be incorporated into international norms. The specific operation of global e-commerce involves more departments and scopes than general e-commerce, and its related coordination work and legal practice are global. Therefore, global e-commerce activities still have their particularity. The development of global e-commerce has gone through two stages: (1) from 1960s to 1990s, e-commerce based on EDI. EDI appeared in the United States in the late 1960s. When traders use computers to process various business documents, they find that 70% of the data manually input into one computer comes from the documents output from another computer. There are too many human factors, which affect the accuracy of data and the improvement of work efficiency. People began to try to exchange data automatically on computers between trading partners, and EDI came into being. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) is an electronic transmission method, which transmits business documents from one computer to another according to recognized standards. Because EDl greatly reduces paper bills, people also call it "paperless trade" or "paperless transaction". Before 1990s, most EDI was realized on private network not through Inter, but through leased computer lines. This private network is called VAN (Value-added Network), and the main purpose of this is to consider security issues. However, with the improvement of the security of Inter El, Inter, as a system with lower cost, wider coverage and better service, has shown the trend of replacing VAN and becoming the hardware carrier of EDI. Therefore, some people directly call EDI realized through InterEDI. (2) Since 1990s, e-commerce based on the Internet. Because of the high use cost of VAN, only large enterprises can use it, which limits the expansion of e-commerce application based on EDI. In the mid-1990s, the Internet (Inter) gradually moved from universities and scientific research institutions to enterprises and people's families, and its function also evolved from information sharing to a popular information dissemination tool. Since 199 1, business activities that have been excluded from the Internet have officially entered this kingdom, and e-commerce has gradually become the biggest hot spot in Internet applications. The online sales of Dell 1998 in the United States reached $5 million in May, and by 2000, the online revenue accounted for half of the company's total revenue. Amazon.com, another upstart online bookstore, saw its revenue soar from15.8 million US dollars in 1996 to1400 million US dollars in 1998, making it the largest book retailer in the world. EBay is the largest person-to-person auction website on the Internet, and the sales of this flea market in the first quarter of 1998 reached 1 billion dollars. The number of commercial websites like this in the United States soared from 2,000 in 1995 to 424,000 in 1998, and now there are more than 2 million. By 2006, the number of Internet websites had exceeded 654.38 billion, and the total number of frequently visited and updated websites was about 47 million to 48 million. By 2005, the global B2B network transaction volume alone reached 8.5 trillion US dollars, and increased by more than 20%. Faced with the rapid development of e-commerce, all countries have formulated a series of policies and regulations to promote the development of e-commerce according to their own specific conditions. Among them, the governments of developed countries took the lead in adjusting relevant policies. The United States launched the global e-commerce policy framework in 1997; 1998 declare e-commerce as a duty-free zone and internet as a global trade zone; 1999, government procurement is all online, which has seized the commanding heights of e-commerce. Europe, Japan and other countries are not far behind, and have successively issued the European E-commerce Action Plan, the EU Declaration on Supporting E-commerce, the EU Legal Framework Guide for Electronic Signatures, and the Archives for Improving the E-commerce Environment in Japan. Under their active promotion, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCI-TRAL) launched the Model Law on Electronic Commerce. Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) signed the Declaration on Electronic Commerce, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) reached a landmark document "A borderless world: giving full play to the potential of global electronic commerce" at the ministerial meeting held in Ottawa. Business celebrities from all over the world also held an influential "E-commerce Global Businessmen Dialogue Conference" in Paris. In the change of international trade mode caused by this information technology revolution, developing countries are in an awkward position. They hope to seize the opportunity to gain a late-comer advantage, but they can't do anything about the inherent shortage of funds and technology. Therefore, except for a few countries such as Singapore, South Korea and Malaysia, which have published their own e-commerce policy framework, e-commerce basic law and e-commerce development strategy, most countries still cannot occupy the leading position of e-commerce in the field of international trade. Problems Faced The development of global e-commerce faces the following new problems: (1) Legal issues E-commerce, especially EDI, as a trade mode, has its own characteristics and can bring considerable economic benefits to users, but as a carrier different from traditional technologies and concepts, it challenges the existing civil and commercial laws. The technical platform of global e-commerce is improving day by day. In the construction of global e-commerce laws and regulations, the international community is also trying to break the boundaries between regions and countries and establish a set of international unified trade norms and legal framework, including the recognition of electronic contracts, the acceptance of electronic signatures and other similar authorization procedures, the formulation of dispute settlement mechanisms, and the formulation of fundamental principles with clear rights and responsibilities. 1In June 1996, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law issued the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce, which stipulated the time and place of establishment of electronic contracts, the validity of contracts and the validity of electronic evidence. E-commerce involves authentication issues such as electronic documents, contracts, notarization and signatures, and dispute resolution in business. Participants in the e-commerce market, including consumers, enterprises, financial institutions and Internet service providers, need to establish a set of business rules that they should abide by. The United Nations Model Law on Electronic Commerce provides a good example in this respect, but it needs the efforts of governments and relevant international organizations to incorporate it into their respective legal systems. 1In February 1999, the European Union put forward a proposal to establish an international charter aimed at coordinating global communication, especially e-commerce; 1In May, 1999, the United States and Japan issued a joint statement, in which the two sides established the principle of * * * identity in terms of tariffs, taxation, privacy and identity confirmation. (2) Standardization is the focus and difficulty of e-commerce popularization. According to the definition of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), standardization refers to the activity of obtaining the best order within a certain range and formulating the same and repeated rules for actual or potential problems. Standardization can be divided into two categories: one is de facto standardization, and the other is legal standardization. Because the implementation of e-commerce is inseparable from the development of network technology, the standards adopted in e-commerce standardization are actually based on network technology standardization, mainly including network standardization and data transmission standardization. International standardization organizations that play an important role in network standardization include the International Organization for Standardization, ITU-T, ANSI, IEC, IEEE and IAB. At present, there are many industry standards related to e-commerce at home and abroad or being formulated, and the relevant standards that are suitable for China's national conditions and can be passed should guide domestic enterprises to actively apply them in time; If it is not feasible, it is necessary to carry out reforms on the basis of reference, so as to promote the development of domestic related industries and achieve international integration. When conditions are ripe, we should organize industry forces to directly participate in the research and formulation of international standards for e-commerce. Existing industry standards include: UNSPSC (United Nations Standard Classification of Products and Services), which is used in international trade, especially international B2B business and services. UUDI: abbreviation for Universal Discovery, Description and Integration Protocol. Web service providers use UDDI to publish their own registration, allowing applications to find specific web services and realize connection and interaction. EBXML: United Nations (UN/CEFACT, Center for Trade Promotion and Electronic Commerce) and OASIS (Organization for the Development of Structured Information Standards) * * * are the norms advocated, developed and used worldwide. As a global standard of e-commerce, it is a set of norms supporting modular e-commerce framework and global electronic market, which enables enterprises of any size to contact and handle business without geographical restrictions through information exchange based on XML. CnXML: On the basis of absorbing EBXML, the E-commerce Research Center of Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, as the initiator, combined with China Institute of Electronic Information Development, 8848, Lenovo Digital China, Founder Digital, UFIDA and other domestic enterprises to form the CnXML alliance, and developed the e-commerce transaction specification language and its supporting platform with independent intellectual property rights in China. It is estimated that if CnXML standard is widely used to implement ERP and e-commerce system in China, the scale effect can reduce the cost of ERP by 10%, and the integration cost of ERP and e-commerce can be completely eliminated, and the cost savings will be considerable. CnXML software can save10.5 trillion RMB for China in three years. Logistics standardization system: China has done some work in the construction of logistics standardization system, such as the formulation of national standards such as logistics terminology, commodity bar code, storage and transportation unit bar code and logistics unit bar code, but there are still problems in promotion, standardization level and application scope. For the above-mentioned standards or specifications, as well as other standards and specifications that will be used in e-commerce but not mentioned here, we should conduct research, establish our own views on these standards, and guide relevant industries to gradually apply, research and develop correctly. Future global trade is an intelligent business based on e-commerce applications. If we don't actively participate in the formulation of international electronic trade service standards and game rules now, we will be subject to people in the future global trade, which will be unfavorable to the national economic development. Just like the WTO, we want to join it because we can have a dialogue in it and take the lead in formulating some rules that are beneficial to our country. International e-commerce standards are just like the e-WTO, and we can't take them lightly. On the other hand, actively establish China Electronic Commerce Association and China Electronic Commerce Standardization Organization, and invite domestic enterprises, experts and relevant management departments that have done some work in this field to participate. We also actively welcome units and individuals who are willing to do some work in this field to participate, actively follow up the formulation of relevant standards, and start to study relevant standards. At the very least, we should be able to correctly guide China enterprises how to use these developing standards to obtain operating benefits and avoid detours. (3) Tax Issues Internet users are generally not clear about the path of information running on the Internet. The registration requirement as user identification is only the minimum requirement, and it is easy to arrange an untraceable site on the Internet, which makes the connection between the Internet address (computer domain name) and the actual location of supply fulfillment or consumption activities quite subtle. Although the website can let you know who is responsible for the maintenance of that outlet, it will never let you know any information about the computer related to the Internet address, or even the location of that machine. In this case, it is very difficult for the tax authorities to track the transaction, and it is impossible to determine the location of the trader and the place where the transaction took place, thus adding considerable difficulty to the tax work. Internet has opened up a new way for enterprises and individuals to avoid taxes. Consumers in a country with a high tax rate can buy goods from another country with a low tax rate through the Internet that are much cheaper than their own prices, and trading companies or enterprises can also evade taxes in the same way, which will have a very adverse impact on countries with relatively high tax rates and cause financial and tax losses. However, governments all over the world are facing various practical difficulties in online taxation. If the policy is improper, it will probably hinder the application of the Internet and the development of e-commerce, and the result will be wasted. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain the greatest economic benefits from the Internet, but also to ensure adequate tax sources, and not to hinder the development of this new technology. This is a thorny issue for governments all over the world, and it is also a challenge for countries to carry out e-commerce. Internationally, in terms of online transaction tax, 1997, 17 In February, the EU and the United States issued a joint declaration on e-commerce, reached an agreement with the United States on the guiding principles of global e-commerce, and promised to establish a "tariff-free electronic space"; 1998 in may, the members of WTO 132 signed the declaration on electronic commerce, which stipulated that all trade activities on the internet would be tariff-free for at least one year. Subsequently, OECD countries also accepted the proposal of tariff exemption, and WTO also recognized this principle. 1In February, 1999, the European Union put forward a proposal to formulate an international charter, aiming at coordinating global communication, especially e-commerce. The United States has signed the Joint Declaration on Electronic Commerce with Japan, France, Canada, the Netherlands, Ireland, Australia, South Korea, the Philippines, Chile, Egypt and other countries according to the principles stipulated in the global electronic commerce policy framework. (IV) Security Issues In terms of global e-commerce security certification system and security guarantee system, many countries are striving to establish a complete security guarantee system. The international CA security authentication and guarantee system based on public key system (PKI) has been generally recognized. Most countries are establishing their own CA security certification and guarantee systems, but there is no international unified certification body at present. In the development of technical standards and standardization mode, in order to solve the problems of interconnection, interoperability and interoperability, many large international companies put forward B2B e-commerce architecture, aiming at providing efficient interaction between enterprises through the Internet. Many international organizations, such as international standardization organizations (such as ISO, IEC, ITU), Internet Society (ISOC) and enterprise alliance standardization organizations, have also studied and analyzed the e-commerce standardization model. From the perspective of the security of global e-commerce, there are generally three requirements: 1. Safe and reliable telecommunication network; 2. Effective methods to protect network-related information systems; 3. Effective methods to verify and ensure the confidentiality of electronic information and prevent unauthorized use of information. Facing the danger of Web server on the Internet, enterprise managers or security personnel will pay full attention to the security problems and network configuration problems that make the enterprise network potentially dangerous. According to a survey of 428 managers in charge of information security conducted by the San Francisco Computer Association, 42% said that their systems had been illegally used, 37% thought that they had never been illegally used, and 2 1% admitted that they didn't know whether their systems had been illegally used. On the whole, setting up a home page on the Internet is a corporate image established by enterprises. For many enterprises, the online homepage is the enterprise. The damage of intruders to the corporate homepage image is the damage to the corporate image. Third parties spread rumors such as mergers and acquisitions and false press conferences on the homepage of web pages, which will affect the market and thus adversely affect enterprises. At present, the behavior of hackers is becoming systematic and organized. Enterprises, organizations and financial circles hire hackers with high salaries to fight behind the scenes of commercial espionage, which has increasingly become a problem. If there are no sensitive files in the Wed server, intruders will enter the intranet again to seek information in order to gain an advantage in the fierce competition. At present, the opening of intranet to the third party has a growing trend, which will inevitably bring opportunities to network hackers. Therefore, enterprises must take adequate security measures when connecting Internet and intranet. For example, using common devices such as modems can also be a means of security protection. According to the figures provided by the federal government of the United States, the annual loss of stolen information in the United States alone is as high as $654.38+000 billion. In addition to intruders entering the enterprise from the outside to spy, employees in the enterprise also made many security mistakes. From the perspective of security requirements, effective methods are needed to protect network information systems. These effective methods are realized through a series of technical means. No technical means can accomplish this arduous task alone, and they must be achieved through different levels of security methods. For example, firewall technology, a properly installed firewall can greatly reduce the possibility of unauthorized external intrusion, but it can not protect the enterprise network from computer viruses.