I. animals living in water
1. There are about 1.5 million known animal species, which can be divided into vertebrates and invertebrates according to whether they have backbones or not. According to the living environment, it can be divided into terrestrial animals, aquatic animals and air animals.
2, the most common aquatic animals are fish, in addition, there are ① coelenterates, such as anemones and corals; 2 mollusks, such as squid and octopus; (3) Crustaceans, such as shrimps and crabs; ④ Aquatic animals such as dolphins (mammals) and turtles (reptiles).
3. The two most important characteristics of fish adapting to life in water are: ① they can get food by swimming and defend themselves against enemies. (2) can breathe in water.
The four major fishes are herring, silver carp, grass carp and bighead carp.
5. Fish are lower vertebrates.
6. The fish is spindle-shaped, which reduces swimming resistance and is suitable for swimming. Fish is divided into three parts: head, trunk and tail.
8. When a fish swims, it mainly relies on the left and right swinging of its body, trunk and tail fin to hit the water flow to generate forward power, and other fins play an auxiliary role. When fish move, dorsal fin, pectoral fin and ventral fin all have the function of maintaining balance, and caudal fin has the function of determining the direction of fish movement.
9. The sensory organ of fish is the lateral line (sensing the current and determining the direction).
10, fish gills are bright red because they are rich in capillaries; The gill filaments are many and thin, which greatly increase the contact area with water and promote the gas exchange between blood and the outside world.
12. Water flows into the gills from the fish mouth, and then flows out from the rear edge of the gill cover (gill hole). When water flows through the gill filament, oxygen dissolved in the water enters the capillary of the gill filament, while carbon dioxide is discharged into the water from the gill filament. Therefore, compared with the water flowing in through the mouth, the water flowing out through the gills has a lower oxygen content and a higher carbon dioxide content.
13, the main characteristics of fish are: suitable for living in _ water _; The surface quilt _ scale _ breathes with _ gills _; Swim by swinging the tail and coordinating the fins.
14. Anemones, jellyfish, corals and other animals have simple structures. They have mouths, but no anus. Food enters the digestive cavity from the oral cavity, and the digested food residue is still discharged from the oral cavity. These animals are called coelenterates.
15. Molluscs, such as mussels and moths, which rely on shells to protect their bodies, are called mollusks. Squid and octopus have degenerated shells and are also mollusks.
16, shrimps and crabs have hard nails on their bodies, which are called crustaceans.
17. Various organisms in water are an important part of aquatic ecosystem. They form a close and complicated connection through food chain and food web, and at the same time they are all affected by water environment. The change of their species and the increase or decrease of their quantity will affect human life.
18. Seahorses are fish, whales, dolphins and seals are mammals, and turtles and turtles are reptiles.
Second, animals that live on land.
1, adaptation of terrestrial animals: ① dry climate ... structures to prevent water loss in the body, such as reptiles with horny scales or nails and insects with exoskeletons. ② Water lacks buoyancy ... organs that support the body and movement ... There are many kinds of movement modes, such as crawling, walking, jumping, running and crawling. In order to find food and avoid the enemy. (3) Gaseous oxygen for breathing ... There are respiratory organs that can breathe in the air and are located in the body, such as lungs and trachea (except earthworms, which breathe by the body wall). (4) The temperature difference between day and night is large, and the environment changes rapidly and complicatedly ... There are developed sensory organs and nervous system, which can cope with the changeable environment in time.
2. Earthworms live in moist soil rich in humus, make their bodies squirm through the cooperation of muscles and bristles, and breathe by the body wall that can secrete mucus and always keep moist. You can judge the beginning and end according to the fact that the infant is attached to the front end of the body (also called the reproductive belt).
3. The significance of earthworm segmentation: it can make the earthworm move flexibly and turn easily.
4. Touching the abdominal surface of earthworm segments with fingers has a rough feeling. Observing with a magnifying glass, we can see that there are many small protrusions on the abdominal surface that are bristles, and the role of bristles is to assist movement (fixation; Support)
5. The reason why earthworms dig holes in the deep layer of moist soil: It can provide earthworms with suitable living and living environment and breeding conditions, which generally include suitable temperature, humidity, gaseous oxygen, food and habitat that is easy to avoid enemies. Earthworms can't keep a constant body temperature and can only live in deep soil with little temperature change.
6. In the experiment of observing earthworms, why do you often wipe the body surface of earthworms with wet cotton balls dipped in water to keep the body surface moist?
7. Earthworms' living environment: burrowing in soil with certain temperature and humidity, little change in temperature difference and rich humus. Living habits and eating habits: generally, I don't sleep at night and feed on dead leaves, rotten roots and other organic substances.
8. Earthworms will climb to the ground after heavy rain. Reason: After the heavy rain, too much rain will crowd out the air in the soil, so the burrowing earthworm is forced to climb to the surface to breathe.
9. Breathing process of earthworm: The body wall of earthworm is densely covered with capillaries, and the oxygen in the air first dissolves in the mucus on the body surface and then enters the capillaries on the body wall. Carbon dioxide in the body is also discharged from the body surface through capillaries on the body wall.
10. Animals whose bodies are composed of many similar annular segments are called annelids, such as earthworms, nereis and leeches.
Third, animals that live on land.
1. Mammals: viviparous, breastfeeding (high survival rate of offspring), hairy body surface and constant body temperature, such as rabbits and giant pandas.
2. Warm-blooded animals: animals that can keep their body temperature constant through self-regulation so that their body temperature does not change with external changes, including birds and mammals. On the contrary, animals whose body temperature changes with the ambient temperature are temperature-changing animals, such as snakes and insects. The significance of constant temperature: reducing dependence on the external environment and expanding the scope of life and distribution.
3. Rabbit: Hair on the body surface (insulation), breathing with lungs, four cavities in the heart, systemic and pulmonary circulation, constant body temperature, developed incisors and molars, developed cecum (under the action of bacteria, it is helpful for the digestion of plant fibers), developed brain and flexible limbs.
4. Jumping is the main movement form of rabbits (the back is longer than the front legs and muscular).
5, the feeding habits of rabbits: plants (grass). Rabbit's body is divided into four parts: head, trunk, limbs and tail.
6. Rabbit's teeth are divided into incisors and molars. The front teeth are like chisels, suitable for cutting food, and the molars have a wide chewing surface, suitable for grinding food. Rabbits have developed cecum, which is suitable for rabbits to eat plants. Mammals such as wolves and tigers also have sharp canine teeth, which are used to tear food (also used for attacking and preying).
6. Diaphragm is a unique structure of mammals.
7. Adequate food, water and shelter are the basic environmental conditions for the survival of terrestrial animals.
8. The internal structure of rabbits is similar to that of humans, indicating that humans and rabbits are close in taxonomic status and belong to mammals, but human cecum has degenerated because humans are omnivorous.
Four, flying animals in the air
1. Animals flying in the air include insects, bats and birds.
There are more than 9000 kinds of birds in the world. Except for a few birds such as ostriches and penguins, most of them are good at flying. Flying expands the range of birds' activities, which is conducive to foraging and breeding offspring.
3. Birds are suitable for flying: ① the body is streamlined (which can reduce the air resistance during flight); ② The body surface is covered with feathers; Forelimbs become wings; ③ There are towering keel-like protrusions on the chest; Long bones are hollow (filled with air); ④ The pectoral muscles are developed; ⑤ Eat a lot and digest quickly. That is, the digestive system is developed, and the digestion, absorption and elimination of feces are very rapid. ⑥ The heart has four chambers, with fast heartbeat, perfect circulatory system structure and strong ability to transport nutrients and oxygen. ⑦ There are developed airbags, which can not only lose weight, but also form unique double breathing with the lungs. 8 short beak, toothless mouth, no bladder, short rectum, timely defecation, degeneration of right ovary and fallopian tube (these are all for weight loss and suitable for flying).
4. Wings are the flying organs of birds. Airbags help the lungs breathe.
5. Birds' feathers are divided into normal feathers (mainly used for flying) and fluff (mainly used for keeping warm).
Five, flying animals in the air
1. Insects are the most diverse animals, exceeding 1 10,000 species. They are also the only flying invertebrates, so they are the most widely distributed animals.
2. The insect body is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen. There are usually three pairs of feet and two pairs of wings. Spiders, centipedes, shrimps and crabs are not insects, but they are all arthropods. Arthropods are characterized in that the body is composed of many segments, with exoskeleton, feet and tentacles on the surface.
3. The exoskeleton of an insect is a tough shell covering the surface of the insect body, which can protect and support the soft organs inside and prevent the evaporation of water in the body.
2. Amphibians: larvae live in water, breathe through gills, develop into adults through metamorphosis, live in amphibians, breathe through lungs, and use skin to assist breathing. Representative animals: frogs and toads.
Six, the movement of animals
1. The motor system of mammals consists of bones and muscles. Bones are made up of many bones.
2. Skeletal muscle includes a thick abdomen in the middle and thin tendons at both ends (milky white). The two ends of a group of muscles are attached to different bones. Skeletal muscle has the characteristic of contraction after nerve stimulation.
3. Skeletal muscles can only contract and pull the bone, but can't push it away, so at least two groups of muscles are connected with the bone, and they cooperate with each other to complete various activities, especially elbow extension and elbow flexion: when elbow flexion, the biceps brachii contracts, the triceps brachii relaxes, and when elbow extension, the opposite is true.
4. The arm naturally droops, the biceps brachii relaxes, and the triceps brachii relaxes; When lifting a heavy object vertically with both hands or grasping the horizontal bar with both hands, the body naturally sags, and the biceps brachii and triceps brachii contract.
5. Functions of sports system: sports, support and protection. In exercise, the nervous system plays a regulatory role, bones play a lever role, joints play a fulcrum role (also called fulcrum role), and skeletal muscles play a dynamic role. It can be seen that the human body must have the adjustment of the nervous system, the participation of bones, skeletal muscles and joints, and the coordination of multiple groups of muscles to complete an action.
6. Relationship between bones, joints and muscles: Skeletal muscle contracts, which affects the bones attached to it and moves around the joints, so the body moves.
7. The exercise system is controlled and regulated by the nervous system, and completes the exercise with the cooperation of the digestive system, respiratory system and circulatory system (energy comes from the decomposition of organic matter). Developed sports ability is conducive to predation and avoidance of the enemy, thus adapting to the complex and changeable environment.
8. The joint consists of articular surface, articular capsule and articular cavity. The articular surface includes articular head and articular fossa. The structural features that make the joint firm are: joint capsule and ligaments inside and outside the joint capsule. The structural feature that makes joint movement flexible is that the articular surface is covered with a layer of articular cartilage with smooth surface, and the inner surface of joint capsule can secrete synovial fluid, which can reduce the friction between the two articular surfaces during exercise and cushion the vibration during exercise.
Six, animal behavior
1. According to different behaviors, animal behaviors can be divided into aggressive behaviors, feeding behaviors, defensive behaviors, reproductive behaviors and migratory behaviors. According to the different ways of acquisition, it can be divided into innate behavior and learning behavior.
2. Congenital behavior refers to the innate behavior of animals, which is determined by the genetic material in the body and is necessary to maintain the most basic survival, such as spiders weaving webs, bees collecting honey, ants nesting and so on. Learning behavior refers to the behavior obtained from life experience and learning through the role of environment on the basis of genetic factors. The higher an animal is, the stronger its learning ability, the stronger its ability to adapt to the environment, and the greater its significance for survival.
3. Social behavior: the behavior of social animals, and the division of labor and cooperation between different members of the group to maintain group life. (Note: Not all animals living in camps have social behavior, such as locusts. )
4. Most social behaviors have the following characteristics: ① certain organizational members are often formed within the group, and there is a clear division of labor among them; ③ Some even form ranks.
5. Communication: The phenomenon that an animal in a group sends some information to other individuals, and the individual who receives the information produces some behavioral response. Division of labor and cooperation need to exchange information at any time, including actions, sounds, smells and so on.
Seven, the role of animals in the biosphere
1. The role of animals in nature:
(1) Maintain the ecological balance of nature.
(2) Promote the material circulation of the ecosystem.
③ Help plants pollinate and spread seeds.
2. Ecological balance: The quantity and proportion of various organisms in the ecosystem have always remained relatively stable. This phenomenon is called ecological balance.
2. There are interdependent and restrictive relationships between the food chain and various organisms in the food web. If any one of them goes wrong, it will affect the whole ecosystem. It is precisely because of the existence of material flow, energy flow and information flow that all kinds of creatures and environments become a unified whole.
3. The role of animals in people's lives: they can be eaten, used medicinally and watched by human beings, which is closely related to bioreactor and bionics.
Eight, bacteria and fungi
7. Colony: An aggregate visible to the naked eye formed by bacteria or fungi after reproduction, called colony.
Bacterial colony characteristics: the surface is small, smooth and sticky or rough and dry, white;
Fungal colony characteristics: large, fluffy, flocculent cobweb-like, with red, green, yellow, brown, black and other colors.
8. Culture methods of bacteria and fungi: ① preparation of culture medium ② high temperature sterilization ③ inoculation ④ constant temperature culture.
9. Culture medium: organic matter containing nutrients.
10. The survival of bacteria and fungi also needs certain conditions: moisture, suitable temperature, organic matter (nutrients), certain living space, etc. In addition, some are aerobic and some are anaerobic (that is, life activities are inhibited when aerobic). 1 1. Scientists have discovered archaea in extremely special environments such as deep-sea craters. The existence of archaea shows that: ① archaea has strong adaptability to the environment; ② Bacteria are widely distributed.
12. In hot summer, food is perishable, and many people get gastroenteritis. The reason is that in hot summer, the air humidity is high and the temperature is high, which is suitable for the reproduction and growth of bacteria and fungi. If the food is not preserved properly or for a long time, it will deteriorate due to the pollution of bacteria and fungi, and people will get gastroenteritis if they eat the deteriorated food.
13. Clothes washed and dried will not mildew, but dirty clothes and shoes are prone to mildew. The reason is that the washed clothes are clean and dry, lack of nutrition, and are not suitable for the propagation of fungi, so the washed clothes are not easy to grow mildew; On the contrary, dirty clothes provide a suitable growth environment for fungi, so dirty clothes are moldy.
14. When making kimchi, cover it and seal it with water. The purpose is to prevent air from entering the tank, but to maintain the anoxic environment in the tank, because lactic acid bacteria can only decompose organic matter in vegetables into lactic acid in anoxic or anaerobic environment.
15.65438+Dutch Levin in the second half of the 7th century? Hook invented the microscope and discovered bacteria; /kloc-in the 0/9th century, Pasteur, the "father of microbiology", used the gooseneck experiment to prove that bacteria are not naturally produced, but are produced by existing bacteria.
16. Bacteria are very small.10 billion bacteria are only as big as a grain of rice and a single cell. (The virus is smaller than it)
17. bacterial characteristics: tiny, rod-shaped, spherical, spiral and other forms, without forming nuclei. Most of them can only live with ready-made organic matter and belong to decomposers. Split and reproduce. Some bacteria can form a dormant body with strong resistance to adverse environment, which is called spore.
18. structural characteristics of bacteria: the basic structure includes: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA concentration area, no forming nucleus; No chloroplasts; Accessory structure: some bacteria have capsule (protective effect) outside the cell wall, and some bacteria have flagella (for swimming in water); Some bacteria form spores (light dormant bodies resistant to harsh environment) in the late stage of growth and development.
19. Master the bacterial structure diagram on 60 pages of the textbook.
20. The reproduction mode of bacteria: division and reproduction, fast, divided once in less than half an hour.
2 1. Nutritional mode of bacteria: general heterotrophy (including saprophy and parasitism), that is, there is no chloroplast, and most bacteria can only survive by using ready-made organic matter and decompose the organic matter into simple inorganic matter.
22. Bacteria are decomposers in the ecosystem.
23. What are the characteristics of bacteria related to their distribution? Bacteria are tiny and easy to be carried by various media; Split propagation, rapid propagation, large number; In the later stage of growth and development, some bacteria contract and their cell walls thicken to form spores, which have strong resistance to adverse environment; Spores are small and light, can be scattered around with the wind, and can germinate into bacteria when they fall in a suitable environment. These characteristics are beneficial to the wide distribution of bacteria.
24. Comparison of animal, plant and bacterial cells
Compare animal cells, plant cells and bacterial cells.
Cell wall ×√√
Cell membrane √√√
Cytoplasm √√√
There is a DNA concentration area in the unformed nucleus.
Chloroplast ×××××
Some capsules are available.
Flagella ×× Some have it.
25. Fungal characteristics: The thallus is composed of hyphae connected by many cells; Each cell has a cell wall, a cell membrane, a cytoplasm and a nucleus; There are also unicellular fungi, such as yeast; Without chloroplasts, they all live with ready-made organic matter, that is, heterotrophy; Reproduce offspring with spores
26. Penicillium: turquoise, with spore-bearing hyphae in a broom shape;
Aspergillus: dark brown (sometimes yellow, green, etc. ), spores attached to the top of radial hyphae;
Mushrooms get nutrients from decaying plants. These fungi live in places with suitable temperature, sufficient water and rich organic matter.
27. Various fungi: mushrooms, fungus, tremella, ganoderma lucidum.
28. Mushrooms are also assembled from mycelium.
Nutrition mode: heterotrophic (saprophytic)
Reproduction: Spore reproduction
Environment: dark and humid, rich in organic matter and warm.
29. The role of bacteria and fungi in nature:
① Participate in the material cycle as a decomposer. That is, the remains of animals and plants are decomposed into carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts, which are reabsorbed by plants and made into organic matter.
② Causes diseases of animals, plants and people. These microorganisms live parasitically and absorb nutrients from living animals and plants.
(3) with animals and plants. * * * refers to the phenomenon that one creature and another live together, interdependent and inseparable, in short, mutual benefit * * *. For example, some bacteria in the human intestine can produce vitamin B 12 and vitamin K, which is beneficial to the body.
30. When making steamed bread or bread, yeast is used. The carbon dioxide gas it produces will form many small holes in the dough, which will make steamed bread or bread swell and soften, and the alcohol contained in the dough will evaporate during steaming and baking.
3 1. Use yeast to make steamed bread, lactic acid bacteria to make yogurt, acetic acid bacteria to make pickles, and distiller's yeast to make wine.
Nine. Biodiversity and its protection
32, biological classification
Concept: According to the similarity of organisms (including morphological structure and physiological function), organisms are divided into different levels of species, and the morphological structure and physiological function of each group are described scientifically.
33. The order of plants from simple to complex is algae, bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
The classification of plants mainly observes their morphological structures, such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of angiosperms.
Flowers, fruits and seeds are the most important basis for angiosperm classification.
34. Animals are divided into vertebrates and invertebrates according to whether they have backbones or not.
The order of vertebrates from simple to complex is fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
The main groups of invertebrate zoology are protozoa, coelenterates, mollusks (flat animals, linear animals), annelids and arthropods.
35. Biological taxonomic units are phylum, class, order, family, genus and species, among which species is classification.
The most basic unit of.