Ukraine was assigned to Poland as early as the second half of the14th century, following the United Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Fugitive farmers and urban poor living in grassland areas of the lower Dnieper River in Ukraine, Belarus and Poland form free refugees who live on fishing, hunting, animal husbandry and agriculture, and are called Cossacks. Cossacks are constantly demanding to increase the number of registered personnel in order to fight for the rights of the Polish kingdom. However, due to the lack of financial resources, the Polish government could not meet the requirements, and the Cossack Uprising in Ukraine continued. 1648 in may, the largest Ukrainian national uprising broke out in polish history, and the leader of the uprising was Bao hemenitsky. The uprising swept the whole territory of Ukraine, and the uprising in 165438+ 10 extended to Belarus. After six years of war, Polish government forces and rebels are no longer able to fight. The two sides reached a compromise on the basis of 1653+02+ 18 Zborov Treaty: the Polish government allowed the Russian-Polish war, allowed the Ukrainian Cossack to establish an autonomous command country, and did not allow Polish troops to enter the territory; The number of registered Cossacks has increased to 40,000; Restoration of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church; Polish landlords who have been evicted can return to their homes.
The annexation of Ukraine and Belarus is an important goal of the foreign policy of the czars of past dynasties. With the pacification of the domestic uprising in Russia and the succession of the new Polish king, especially Poland and Ukraine, Russia began to merge. 1653 in July, the Russian government decided to accept Ukraine to join Russia. In the same year, 65438+1October 1 1, the Russian gentry meeting approved the government's decision. The annexation of Ukraine by Russia broke out.
The Russian-Polish War lasted 13 years and was divided into two stages.
The first stage (1654— 1656). In May, 1654, 65438+ one million Russian troops attacked Belarusian and Polish troops in Smo hosk on the northern line, which were divided into three roads: north, middle and south. On the north road, the Russian army set out from Daluji and went to Lenkneville, Polotsk and Vitebsk. Russian troops in the middle set out from Vyazma, captured Dorogobzh in July, and captured Smolensk in September. South Road Russian troops set out from Bryansk and advanced to Minsk along the Roslav-Olza-borisov line. During the 1654 War, Russian troops cooperated with Ukrainian Cossack Army, which not only recovered the lost land in western Russia, but also occupied parts of Belarus and Lithuania between Dnieper River and Devinast River.
1654-1In the winter of 655, the Polish-Tatar Coalition launched a counterattack in the southern line, namely Ukraine. There was a fierce battle between the Polish army and the Ukrainian Cossack army. After Mogilev's victory, the Polish army advanced to Busha and joined forces with Uman. 1655 65438+1October 10, the Polish-Tatar allied forces besieged Uman and could not attack it for a long time. The victory of Nanbo Army can't reverse the defeat.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/655, Russian troops made smooth progress in the Belarusian-Lithuanian battlefield, including Minsk, Vilnius, kaunas, Grodno and other important cities. Russian troops recovered most of the land in Belarus and Lithuania. On the battlefield in Ukraine, the Russian-Ukrainian Cossack Coalition forces began to counterattack and advanced to western Ukraine. In September, the Allies surrounded Lviv; Russian troops occupied lublin on the North Road, reaching lower Kazimir and poitiers on the Vistula River. Warsaw, the capital of Poland, is threatened.
1655 In June, Sweden declared war on Poland, and at the same time took military action in Polish territory and the Baltic Sea to prevent Russia from entering the Baltic Sea. 1September 8, 655 and 161October 9, the Swedish army conquered Warsaw and Krakow successively. King Jan Kashmir of Poland fled to Silesia.
The change of the war situation forced the Russian government to temporarily stop its military action against Poland. In addition, Russia has basically achieved the task of annexing Ukraine and Belarus, so it decided to unite Poland against Sweden. Russia began negotiations with the Polish government in the spring of 1656. 165 165438 On June 3rd, Russia and Poland signed an armistice agreement in Nemeza near Vilnius, and joined hands to wage war against Sweden. The first stage of the Russian-Polish war is over.
The second stage (1658— 1667). 1657 On August 6th, Bao Hemenetsky passed away, and I, Vi Cioschi, who came from a noble family, took over as the leader of the Ukrainian Cossack.
The Polish government got a respite from Russia's two-year war against Sweden, and then refused to recognize the reintegration of Ukraine and Belarus into Russian territory. Wiechowski, an upper-class Cossack in Ukraine, pursued a pro-Polish policy and attempted to secede from Russia. This policy led to the division of the upper Cossack in Ukraine, and Ukraine fell into civil war. 1658 In June, the representative of Wiechowski went to Warsaw to negotiate with the Polish government. 16 In September, representatives of Poland and Ukraine signed the Gagarin Treaty, and Ukraine joined the Polish-Lithuanian country in the name of the autonomous "Russian Principality".
The signing of the Gagarin Treaty aroused the opposition of some pro-Russian Cossacks and farmers. An anti-Wiechowski uprising broke out again in Ukraine, led by I Bogon and I Silkko. In order to prevent Ukraine and Belarus from falling into the hands of Poland, Turkey and the Crimean Khanate, the Russian army and its cossack army launched an attack on the Polish army and Wiechowski's cossack army, and the Russian-Polish war resumed. 1658165438+1October, Russia and Sweden signed an armistice agreement. Subsequently, Russian troops launched attacks on Polish troops in Belarus and Lithuania.
1659 In April, Russian troops surrounded the Polish First Army in Ukraine and lost in June. In August, the main Russian army set out from Kiev and won on the left bank of Dnieper River. D Cioschi fled to Poland. Yuri Hemenetsky, son of Bao Hemenetsky, was elected as the leader of Ukrainian Cossack. Russia revoked Ukraine's autonomous status.
1660 on may 3rd, Poland and Sweden signed a peace treaty in Oliwa near Gdansk to restore the original border between the two countries. Poland rallied to counter the Russian attack. On June 25th of the same year, the Polish army defeated the Russian army in Belarus. Then on 10 year 10 8, the Russian army was defeated again. Russian troops were forced to retreat to Polotsk and Mogilev. In the same year, in 65438+February, Polish troops successively recovered Vilnius and Grodno.
On September 1660, Polish-Tatar coalition forces besieged Russian troops in Chudnov. 1654381October 3, the Russian army was forced to surrender because of the exhaustion of ammunition. At the same time, Poland forced Yuri Hemenetsky to declare his secession from Russia and allegiance to the Polish king. Polish troops control Ukraine on the right bank of the Dnieper River. The attempt by the Polish army, which was firmly adhered to by the Russian army, to seize Kiev never worked. On the left bank of Dnieper River, Ukrainian Cossacks refused to recognize Yuri Vitaliy Hmelnitski and re-elected I Liu Bo Huo Weici as the leader. Ukraine is divided into two parts.
1663-1In the winter of 664, Polish troops launched an attack on Ukraine on the left bank of Dnieper River, and the Russian-Polish war entered a white-hot state. The two sides fought fiercely in Grukhov and northern Novgorod. The wave army was defeated and returned to the right bank.
1664- 1665, riots broke out in Ukraine on the right bank of the Dnieper River, but none of them could shake the new leader's policy of loyalty to the Polish king.
The long war between Russia and Poland exhausted Poland's treasury and made it impossible to fight again. 1667 65438+1On October 30th, representatives of Russia and Poland signed an armistice agreement in Andrews Sovo near Smolensk: the left bank of Dnieper and parts of Ukraine and Belarus in Smolensk provinces belong to Russia; Ukraine and Belarus on the right bank of the Dnieper River still belong to Poland. The Russian-Polish war ended.
The Russian-Polish War ended with the defeat of Poland and the partition of Ukraine between the two countries. /kloc-The Cossack Uprising in Ukraine in the middle of 0/7th century was a great national liberation war. However, under the historical conditions at that time, neither Russia nor Poland allowed Ukraine to gain real independence. /kloc-The Russian-Polish war in 0/3 years led to the division of Ukraine, and the ethnic oppression suffered by the Ukrainian people was even more cruel.
The war further changed the balance of power between the two countries. Poland eventually declined and gradually disappeared into the politics of European powers. Russia's power is expanding rapidly, and its political, economic and military strength is increasing day by day: the hierarchical monarchy is transitioning to absolute monarchy, and the autocratic czar system is forming day by day; Commodity currency economy breaks regional boundaries and is forming an all-Russian market; A strong army and a steady stream of financial revenue have become an important basis for Russia's external expansion and its struggle for European hegemony. After1the Northern War in the early 8th century (1700- 172 1), Russia finally became one of the European powers. By the end of 18, Tsar Catherine II carved up Poland three times, and finally achieved the goal of annexing Ukraine.