The research of modern molecular biology proves that genes control and decide everything. This provides a scientific explanation for the saying that "dragons give birth to dragons, phoenixes give birth to phoenixes, and mice can make holes when they are born". But this statement only shows one aspect of the inheritance of life, and there is another aspect that is not reflected. Before people knew about genes, China culture had already explained that there were nine kinds of dragons, all of which were different.
Einstein's descendants are not clever.
Foreign countries have experimented with the sperm of Nobel Prize winners, based on the identification and utilization of dominant genes. Americans conducted an experiment to copy genius. For the sake of secrecy, only a limited number of people know about the plan, but people don't know about the experiment because the result is not wonderful. In the late 1980s, a genetics team in the United States found a male physicist (who won the Nobel Prize in Physics) and a female musician who were willing to do experiments, combined their sperm and eggs through artificial reproduction technology to form a fertilized egg, and then implanted it into the abdomen of the female musician. A boy was born in October.
The child has been carefully nurtured and cared for. From early education to preschool education, from family education to school education, this child has even received more care and care than his peers. However, until he graduated from primary school, the child didn't show the slightest genius. Average academic performance and average personality. The only thing commendable is that he is more interested in music. But as far as the present situation is concerned, this child is not a musical genius as people think.
Another story is more convincing. Based on Einstein's letters and manuscripts published in 1987, Einstein, a scientific genius and Nobel Prize winner, fell in love with a Serbian female classmate Maric and later lived together. Soon, they ushered in the crystallization of love, and Marich gave birth to a daughter. They were so happy that they named their child Lieser. However, not long after the happy days, the doctor told Einstein and Malik that their children might have serious problems, if not serious mental retardation or congenital stupidity (
Down syndrome).
Sure enough, Einstein and Maric observed the serious mental problems of children. After six months, the child still can't laugh, or even laugh. Normal children will laugh for two months and laugh for four months. Other children seldom cry, don't cry immediately after being stimulated, and are not interested in people and things around them. More importantly, Lieser has the unique facial features of children with congenital stupidity. The distance between the eyes is too large, the outside of the eyes is oblique, the mouth is half open, the mouth keeps drooling, and the nose is low. Einstein and Marek were in a bad mood, while Marek was in Lacrimosa all day. She felt that she and Einstein obviously couldn't cope with the demented child, but maternal love didn't allow her to give up the child casually.
Einstein was a male chauvinist and this daughter was their illegitimate child, so Einstein didn't take care of the children too much. Under the pressure of study and life, Maric, the mother, gave her children to her parents in her hometown in Serbia. Of course, there is another ulterior reason, that is, Marich left the children in the care of his parents. The child is a deranged child. Although Einstein was not famous at that time, both Einstein and Marich were college students. According to the popular saying, they are also people with high IQ. It would be embarrassing if people knew that people with high IQ like them also gave birth to children with dementia.
The mystery of genes
Why did a universally recognized genius and a mother who was not stupid give birth to a mentally retarded child? Nobody knows why. Later, Lieser died of scarlet fever in 2 1 month, so no one mentioned this past again.
Richard from England? Roberts and Philip from America? Sharp won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the broken gene. They found that the genetic information in genes is arranged in a discontinuous way. In the unequal exchange of some biological genes, chromosomes are not completely aligned for homologous chromosome exchange, but for non-homologous chromosome exchange, and the DNA rearrangement is relatively complete through the unclear DNA recombination process. However, there are generally two ways to break the source of genes. One is that they are mostly independent repeats of the same or similar ancestor genes, and the other is that they are composed of exons randomly.
This shows that not all good genes are copied when sperm and eggs are combined, and good gene fragments may not be expressed and passed on to future generations, whether they are sperm of celebrities or sperm of ordinary people. In other words, the genetic inheritance of sexual reproduction is not only influenced by time and environment, but also depends on the random combination of complex and huge genomes of both men and women. Offspring can only get some genes from parents at random, but not all of them, and this kind of acquisition is sometimes random and unstable. Some fragments and information of genes are likely to move and combine freely and randomly, which is the so-called "broken gene". In this way, the inheritance of each individual will not be the same, and even the descendants of Nobel Prize winners may not inherit all the excellent genes of their parents. This may also be why brothers and sisters born to the same parents are very different, even very different, and there are nine kinds of dragons.
In addition, even if all the offspring inherit all the excellent genes of the previous generation, whether they can all be reflected in the acquired environment and transformed into talent and creativity is unknown, because the growth environment of human beings and biological individuals plays an important role in what kind of person he will become in the future, and even has a decisive role.
The Children's Research Institute of China Youth Research Center conducted a major research on "Childhood and Education of Excellent Teenagers" in 1995, trying to find out the factors and main factors of teenagers' success through research. Although the investigation is not mainly about the relationship between heredity and success, the results of this study illustrate the relationship between them in some aspects, and heredity is unreliable in some aspects.
The environment after tomorrow is more important.
The study surveyed 400 people, all of whom were excellent young people. The definition of outstanding young people is: people who have won model figures at or above the provincial level or made outstanding contributions in a certain professional field in recent years, generally under the age of 45. They are the top ten outstanding young people in China, young scientists in China, outstanding young entrepreneurs in China, national post experts and winners of national outstanding social science achievement award for young people. The most striking thing in this study is the family and genetic situation of these talents. Only a very small proportion of talents are really born from the so-called "dragon begets dragon, phoenix begets phoenix".
First of all, the parents of these talents are not well educated. A survey on the educational level of excellent young fathers shows that illiteracy accounts for 9%, primary school education accounts for 38%, and junior high school education accounts for 38%.
2 1%, high school and technical secondary school account for 13%, and college degree or above accounts for 19%. If you draw a clear line with junior college, most people's fathers
(8 1%) only have primary school education, and even nearly half of them are illiterate and have primary school education (47%).
)。 This shows that cultural, intellectual and other genetic factors are not the main factors in the growth and success of these outstanding young people, but secondary, accounting for only a very small proportion.
Judging from the educational level of excellent young mothers, illiteracy accounts for 40%, primary school accounts for 30%, junior high school accounts for 10%, senior high school accounts for 12%, and college or above accounts for 8%. If we draw a clear line with junior college, most people (92%) do not have the genetic advantage of intelligence and culture. Moreover, illiteracy and primary school education add up to 70% of outstanding young mothers, which is even more shocking, but such families have trained talents. This result once again weakens the role of heredity.
However, the results of this survey are quite different from similar studies abroad. Foreign surveys show that if parents, especially mothers, have a high level of education, they will have a positive impact on their children's learning and morality, and their role will be even greater. Generally, children in such families have good academic performance, high social identity, courtesy and good moral character.
Although the parents of these outstanding young people are not well educated and have no opportunities for education, they all have a strong desire to get rid of their parents' fate through their children's education, so they are more concerned about their children's education and growth and are willing to invest. Moreover, although these parents are not well educated, their personality factors are good, especially the qualities of honesty, enterprising, diligence and hard work have a great influence on their children, so that the next generation will benefit from their personality and personality factors for life. From these results and explanations, heredity also plays a role, such as the inheritance of parents' personality and excellent quality to children, but more importantly, the education and edification of children by the acquired environment. Obviously, the growth environment of these outstanding young people is the most important, not the intellectual genetic factor.
Look at the influence of parents from the parents' occupations of these 400 outstanding young people. The occupations of fathers of these outstanding young people are as follows: farmers account for 28%, workers account for 26%, government officials account for 18%, intellectuals account for 18% ... The occupations of outstanding young mothers are: farmers account for 37%, housewives (unemployed) account for 22%, and workers account for 17%. These situations show that the parents of outstanding young people are mostly ordinary workers (workers, farmers) or even unemployed, which is consistent with their low educational level. But this did not affect their children to become outstanding talents, indicating that the role of heredity is not the main one, and the acquired environment plays a major role.
Although the influence of parents' occupation on children is different from that of foreign surveys (the result of foreign countries is that parents' occupation affects children's academic performance and mental development. The higher the parents' occupation category, the more educated they are, and the better and more satisfactory their children's academic performance and mental development will be.
), but China's survey may be more in line with China's national conditions, and it can also be used as an important proof that heredity is not the main factor and the only factor of success.