Planting method and growth conditions of white pepper 1
Pepper is a climbing vine, which grows in tropical India. It can grow to 12 feet high. In midsummer, it will have white or milky flowers. Pepper can't stand cold or dry environment. If planted outdoors in Fiona Fang 10- 1 1, keep moisture. It can't stand temperatures below 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
Step 2 sow seeds
Seeds need a lot of water and very warm soil (75-85? F) To achieve the best effect, soak the seeds for one day to promote the germination of the seeds and soften their hulls. Sowing should be gently pressed under the soil layer, about 1/8 away from the soil layer is enough. Keep the soil warm and moist while waiting for germination. If the planting area is less than 10 meter. When the temperature is below 60 degrees Fahrenheit, peppers can be planted in containers and spent indoors in winter.
Step 3 maintain
Pepper is better in partial shadows or filtered sunlight. In order to achieve the best effect, the plants in a place are all wet. Stay hydrated.
As a climbing vine, pepper needs the support of grids, fences or similar structures. When growing in cold areas, plan carefully to support plants that can stay indoors if necessary.
Step 4 harvest
Black, white, green and red dried peppers can be harvested separately from peppers. According to different picking time, the characteristics of fruit will be slightly different. Black pepper, the fruit can be collected at the early stage of maturity. The fruits collected at this stage will turn white after they are completely ripe and dried.
After collection, the fruit can be placed on a screen, dried in the sun for a few days, and turned regularly.
Step 5 save the seeds
? White? Zanthoxylum bungeanum (a plant that has started to dry when the fruit is ripe) can collect seeds. After drying, it is stored in a sealed container and placed in a dry and cool place with direct sunlight for the best life.
Pepper planting knowledge (1) Propagation of pepper is mainly through cutting propagation, and cutting seedlings are called seedlings.
1, excellent seedling standard
Practice has proved that plants grow fast, bear fruit early, have high yield and long life when planted with excellent seedlings. The standard of excellent seedlings is: length 30-40 cm, 5-7 nodes; Vines are 4-6 months old, with a thickness of more than 0.6 cm; The gas roots are developed, all of them? Take root and sprout? ; The two nodes at the top of the cutting each have a branch and 10- 15 leaves, and the axillary buds are fully developed; No insect pests and mechanical damage. Excellent seedlings should be strictly selected. The first condition is that all plants in the pepper garden of seedlings are free from mosaic disease and the mother trees should grow healthily. Top the main vine half a month before cutting, and cut after the main vine is fully grown and mature. Seedling cutting is generally combined with plant shaping, that is, cutting off the main vines according to the requirements of shaping. After the main vine is cut off, untie the rope from top to bottom, carefully remove the main vine to avoid sprain, put it in the shade, and then cut it according to the standard of seedlings. The incision should be smooth to prevent breakage. Seedlings should be cut and dipped in water, and then cultivated or planted directly after grading.
The vine cutting season is suitable in spring and autumn in Hainan Island, and it is not suitable to cut vines during low temperature drought or high temperature drought, so as not to affect the growth of mother trees and the spread of diseases. It is suitable to cut vines on cloudy days or in the morning and evening, which can reduce the water loss of cuttings and improve the survival rate of seedlings.
Step 2 raise seedlings
Nursery land should choose sandy loam with good drainage, deep soil layer, gentle slope near water source or flat land. It is not suitable to use the land near the disease park and places with many nematodes such as sweet potatoes and vegetables. Nursery land should be plowed and leveled for many times, and sundries should be removed after drying, and the seedbed should be raised. The boundary is 25cm high and 1 m wide. The soil on the border should be fine and flat, and drainage ditches should be opened around the nursery. When raising seedlings, make an inclined plane with a 50-degree angle according to the row spacing of 20cm, and the inclined plane should be compacted. Arrange seedlings on the inclined plane according to the plant spacing of 5- 10cm, make aerial roots cling to the soil surface, and then compact them after covering the soil, especially the bottom two sections of soil, and then spray enough rooting water for shading, with the shading degree of about 90%. In the future, you should always be drenched with water and moisturized until you survive. Cuttings can be cultivated for about a month before they come out of the garden. However, when the seedlings with the main vine for a long time are to be planted out of the nursery, the root system and the main vine (the new vine should be left in two sections) should be cut off. In the absence of seedlings, you can also plant the four strong nodes.
(2) Reclamation and planting of pepper garden
1, Garden Selection and Planning
Pepper is afraid of waterlogging, so we should choose gentle slope land and well-drained flat land. The soil should be planted with deep, fertile and slightly acidic soil with good structure and easy drainage. Do not choose low-lying waterlogging. In places that are easily flooded by rivers or ditches in rainy season, pepper orchards are established in soil with poor viscosity and water permeability. The gradient should be 3-5 degrees, preferably not more than 10 degrees. Pepper requires high temperature, so it should be planted on sunny slopes in areas with low temperature to reduce freezing injury. The teaching garden should also be close to water and flow, with convenient transportation to solve irrigation and transportation.
Pepper needs a calm environment. The area of pepper garden should not be too large. Generally it should be 5 mu. In areas where there are no or few typhoons, the area can be larger. Zanthoxylum bungeanum garden is best designated as a rectangle, which runs from east to west, and afforestation or virgin forest belt should be reserved around it.
Pepper garden should be equipped with drainage system to eliminate waterlogging. The drainage system consists of large ditches around Jiaoyuan and longitudinal ditches and small ditches in Jiaoyuan. Dagou is 2 meters away from windbreak forest 1-2 and 2.5 meters away from pepper. The ditch is 80 cm wide and 60-80 cm deep. Each 15 plant is provided with a longitudinal groove with a width of 60 cm and a depth of 40-60 cm; Small ditches are arranged between rows to make the ditches communicate and facilitate drainage. Ridges can be raised on the flat land, terraces should be built on the sloping land, and the ridges and small ditches on the inner wall of terraces are connected with longitudinal ditches. In case of drought, ditches can be blocked for drainage and irrigation.
Set roads and septic tanks. Roads consist of main roads and minor roads. The main road is generally located next to the windbreak, which is the main road of the pepper garden. They are connected with the road outside and the path inside. The path and septic tank are located next to the pepper garden, and a septic tank is built in each garden with a specification of 3? 2? 1.5m, divided into two grids.
Afforestation: the main forest belt is located in a relatively high place, perpendicular to the main wind direction, and 5-6 rows of trees are planted. In areas with severe wind damage, the shelterbelt should be widened appropriately, the secondary forest belt should be perpendicular to the main forest belt, and 3-5 rows of trees should be planted. As far as possible, it can not only prevent wind and cold, but also transform the small environment, which is beneficial to plant growth. Tree species can be matched with coarse and economical wind-resistant tree species. Such as acacia Taiwan and jackfruit.
Generally, 3 months before sowing, the cultivated land should be deeply cultivated and fully cultivated. Generally, the tillage depth is more than 30 cm. It is best to use tractors to loosen the whole garden 70 cm deep, so as to remove tree heads, roots, stones and sundries, so that the soil can be fully exposed to the sun and weathered. After deep ploughing, the soil will level off immediately. Terraces must be built on high slopes, and straight planting is absolutely forbidden. Planting two rows of large terraces with a slope below 5 degrees and a width of 5 meters; Small terraces with a slope greater than 5 degrees should be planted in a single row, with a ladder surface width of 2.5 meters. The ladder surface inclines inward, and there is a small drainage ditch along the inner wall of the terrace. Flat land can also be ridged and planted, and drainage can be carried out through ridges and ditches. Generally, it is combined with annual loosening, ridging and ridging line by line. The ridge surface is turtle-backed and the ridge height is 20-30 cm. Digging a hole, applying base fertilizer and digging a hole back to the soil are all aimed at creating a suitable growth environment for the roots. Digging should be done 2-3 months before planting.
The size of the hole is 80 cm long, 80 cm wide and 70-80 cm deep. The deeper the hole, the deeper the roots grow, and the roots are deep and leafy, which is not easy to suffer from drought. The consistency of upper and lower points is convenient for deep ploughing, soil improvement and dry fertilization in the future. However, the ground and caves with high groundwater level should not be too deep to reduce water damage. The topsoil and subsoil of the cave should be placed separately, and the roots, stones and other sundries should be cleaned up. After holes are fully exposed to sunlight, base fertilizer and backfill soil are applied before planting 1 month, and fully decomposed, clean and ground base fertilizer (including cake fertilizer 1 kg and calcium superphosphate 0.5- 1 kg)15-20kg is applied to each hole. Make a mound and prepare for planting.
Planting time should be determined according to local climatic conditions. In Hainan Island, it can be planted in all seasons except winter (65438+February-February). But it is suitable for planting in rainy season, especially in August-165438+ 10, with cool climate, abundant rain, high survival rate and few florists. Areas with low temperature in winter should be planted in spring, so that plants can grow for a long time and are conducive to wintering. Choose cloudy or sunny evening when planting. It is not suitable for planting in rainy days and when the soil humidity is too high, otherwise the roots and soil will stick together tightly and harden after drying, causing? Dead root? It is difficult to germinate new roots, which affects survival and growth.
Planting density pepper needs sufficient light and nutrient area to blossom and bear fruit, and reasonable planting density is an important measure to obtain high yield. Flat land, gentle slope, column height (above ground) is more than 2.6 meters, plant spacing of 2 meters to 2.5 meters can be used, and 133 plants can be planted per mu; The soil is fertile, and vegetables can be planted when the column is more than 2.8 meters high, with a spacing of 2? 3 meters, planting per mu 1 1 1 plant; The soil is thin and barren, and the columns below 2.5 meters can be planted more densely with a row spacing of 2? 2 meters, planted per mu 166 plants.
Planting method The planting direction should be consistent with the direction of terraced fields or ridges. But don't turn the pepper head west to avoid sunburn. Planting angle depends on soil drainage. Generally 45-60 degrees. The red soil layer is deep and has strong water permeability, so the planting angle can be larger, or it can be planted in reverse (root to soil surface). When planting, insert a stick mark in the middle of one side of the planting hole about 10 cm away from the hole wall or plant a column at the hole edge, and dig on the planting hole mound about 10 cm away from the stick mark according to the required angle. v？ The depth of the hole depends on the length of the seedling. The slope of the stick is 45-60 degrees, 30-40 cm wide, and the slope is slightly compacted. When planting a single seedling, the seedling is placed in the center of the inclined plane facing the stick mark; When planting double seedlings, the seedlings are all marked on the stick. Eight? When placed in zigzag, the upper segments of seedlings are 5 cm apart and the lower segments are 15 cm apart. No matter whether single or double seedlings are planted, the upper part of the seedlings should be 1-2 above the ground to prevent it from affecting the growth in vain.
When planting, let the roots of seedlings cling to the inclined soil, so that they are evenly distributed and spread naturally. Fix the seedlings with one hand, and cover the seedlings with fine, loose and moist topsoil from bottom to top with the other hand (but not too wet). It is not appropriate to gently pull out seedlings by hand. Then apply a small amount of decomposed organic fertilizer on both sides of the seedling (the same as the organic fertilizer applied in the planting hole), and then return to the soil for filling.
Water every 1-2 days after planting. After a week, the new roots have grown, the seedlings have survived, and the watering times can be gradually reduced. Stay in the shade for a year, and don't let the sun burn the pepper heads and cause the seedlings to die. One month after planting, if there are dead plants and plants with poor growth, the mosaic plants should be pulled out in time and replanted to ensure that the seedlings are neat and grow consistently. When seedlings grow new vines, they should plant columns and tie vines in time. In addition, we should also pay attention to loosening soil, covering grass, weeding and shading.
(3) management of pepper garden
1, and cultivate high-yield tree types.
Plant type is the basis of pepper fruiting, and good plant type can obtain higher yield. The condition of a high-yield tree type is: each tree has 8 strong main vines, each main vine has about 18 branches, and the whole tree has 120- 150 branches, each branch has 20 fruiting branches in the early stage, 30-40 branches in the high-yield stage, and the crown width is 65438+. Each fruiting branch produces one ear of fruit, which makes the fruit yield of the whole plant reach more than 5 kg. In order to cultivate such a high-yield tree type, in addition to strengthening the fertilization management of pepper, it is mainly through reasonable creeping, pruning and pruning.
(1) Under the natural growth conditions, the branches of the trailing and cutting peppers are few, the crown is sparse, the fruiting surface is small, and the yield is low. It is necessary to cut the vines reasonably, promote the growth of vines, form trees with good crown structure, and lay a good foundation for high yield. At present, the main pepper planting areas in China generally adopt the plastic method of cutting vines for 4-5 times and leaving 6-8 vines. 2-3 years after planting, it is capped and put into production, with high yield. However, in recent years, due to the harm of pepper mosaic, some pepper orchards have mosaic after pruning, which makes pepper farmers afraid to prune. These are not only caused by pruning vines, but also by improper management techniques in the same series, which can avoid or reduce the occurrence of diseases. The shaping and trimming methods are as follows:
One month after pepper planting, new main vines begin to grow, and generally there are 2-4 left. After planting for 6-8 months, when most vines are as high as 1-2 meters, the first pruning is carried out. Cut the vines (2-6 knots) off the ground15-20 cm, and keep the branches of 1-2 layers. In about 20 days, the cut vines have grown new vines, each vine is selected with 2-3 new vines, and 4-8 new vines are left in the whole plant. If the quality of the planted seedlings is poor, the branches of the new vines are too high, and only when they exceed 40 cm will branches be found. After cutting the vines, press the vines.
The second, third and fourth pruning should be carried out when the height of the remaining new vines is greater than 1 m. Every time you cut the vines, you should cut the vines about 3 times in the previous incision. Many new vines will grow after each pruning. When the new vine grows to 1-2 knots, you should choose to let the new vine grow under the incision, with 8 vines per vine 1-2.
The fifth and final pruning should be done on the second (cross-layer) branch of the new vine. The vines are the same as last time. After pruning, when the new vines grow more than 30 cm away from the column, several main vines will be close to the center of the branch top and tied together in order, which is called capping. Then cut off the main vines at 3-5 nodes (empty nodes without branches) at the intersection, and gradually form a cylindrical tree.
In addition, when the new vine grows to 40-50 cm without seedlings, the top of the plant after the first and second pruning is removed from about 5 nodes on the last incision for 5-6 times continuously until it is closed. This is called multiple topping method, which can speed up the capping, form a tree shape and put into production early.
The capping time should be calculated for the last pruning. In Hainan Island, it is usually carried out 6-8 months before flowering, and the time can be longer in areas with low climate. In this way, after pruning, there is enough time for new vines to grow, accelerate the formation of tree types and the aging of branches, make the upper and lower branches of plants uniform, and improve the yield at the initial stage.
Pruning vines should be carried out in the spring and autumn rainy season. Don't prune vines in hot and dry seasons and pepper gardens. In areas with high temperature and rainy weather and long growth period, vines can be cut 3-4 times a year, and in areas with low temperature and short growth period, vines can be cut 2-3 times a year.
(2) The purpose of pruning is to cut off vines with no economic value, so as to concentrate nutrients, promote the robust growth of plants, accelerate the formation of crown, and at the same time make the plants ventilated and transparent, and the branches are evenly distributed, which is beneficial to flowering and fruiting, reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, and facilitate management.
Pepper grows vigorously in nutrition, and a large number of buds and vines sprout every year. In addition to the main vines that should be kept, the extra buds and vines should be cut off in time when the vines are tied in combination with plastic surgery. However, if new vines are extracted from nodes without long branches, one node and one branch can be retained to increase the number of branches. In this way, a large number of new vines will grow inside and at the top of the plant. These new vines consume a lot of nutrients in plants, causing the crown to close and affecting ventilation and light transmission. When they germinate, they should be cut off in time. However, new vines growing on unbranched nodes also leave a branched node to fill the gap and increase the fruit surface.
Trim? Send wedding sticks? And near-surface branches. The two branches brought by the original seedling are called? Send wedding sticks? In the early stage after planting, you can cover the pepper head to prevent the sun from burning the main vine. However, the humidity of pepper head will be high in the later stage, which will affect ventilation and light transmission and induce the occurrence of epidemic disease. Send wedding sticks? Excessive growth (which also affects the growth of vine branches on the ground and delays the formation of tree types) is not conducive to the prevention and management of pests and diseases. Before the second pruning, the wedding branches should be gradually pruned under the premise of no sunlight. In the flat land with high soil viscosity, before the last pruning, the old branches below 20 cm should be gradually cut off to make the pepper head ventilated and transparent. However, in arid areas, soil with poor water retention capacity and pepper orchards with short columns should not be pruned too high. Results When the crown at the top of pepper is too large and the branches are too dense, it is necessary to cut off the old and weak branches at the top and the long branches at the periphery, so as to keep the crown up and down balanced, uniform in size and ventilated, make full use of light energy and reduce the occurrence of diseases. Pruning should be carried out in spring and winter dry season.
2. Tie vines, pick flowers, pick leaves and shade.
(1) Tie the pepper to the vine in time, so that the roots are developed and firmly adsorbed on the post. After planting 1-2 months, the vines begin to tie, and at this time, the new vines grow 3-4 nodes. Every 10- 15 days. When tying vines for the first time, adjust the new vines according to the position of the seedlings and tie them to the pillars in order, and the vines cannot cross. Tie several main vines to the posts tied by vines with soft hemp skin or plastic rope. When tying, circle the main vine first, tighten the rope with one hand, and adjust and press the main vine with the other hand to make the vine section close to the column, and then tighten the rope after adjustment. Adjustment is to put vines on the four sides of the column, evenly distributed and close to the column. It is best to tie the vines tightly to the posts, so as to grow developed air roots. After cutting the vine, put on a strong plastic rope and tie the main vine under the incision. Therefore, plants are tied together with strong ropes every 40-50 cm. In the future, before the arrival of typhoon season every year, strengthen inspection, and replace the rope in time when it is found damaged to prevent the main vine from loosening, lodging and spraining.
Tie vines and do the following five things:
(1) Tendrils should be tied in time and the tightness should be moderate. The old vines should be tied tightly, and the young vines should not be tied too tightly, so as not to affect the growth.
(2) Adjust the main vines to stand upright, avoid crossing and distribute them evenly around the columns. Two on each side, on the back of the pepper head, that is, changing the orientation of the pillars, the distance between the main vines should be wider (leaving a way) to replace the pillars later.
(3) Don't tie the branches to the posts, adjust the branches in order to prevent the branches from crossing and squeezing each other, which will affect the outward extension.
④ Old vines and tender vines should be tied separately. Tie the old vines first, and then tie the tender vines.
⑤ After rain or in the morning, the tender vines have high water content and are easy to break. Be careful when tying vines to prevent spraining branches and breaking main vines.
(2) Pepper can blossom and bear fruit all year round. Small and medium-sized peppers are generally not allowed to bear fruit before capping, and flowers must be picked in time to avoid consuming nutrition. However, in order to improve the yield, when the crown width of two-year-old plants is greater than 1.20 cm, the lower panicle of the plants can be properly kept, so that the yield per plant does not exceed 1.5 kg, and fertilization management should be strengthened to ensure the normal growth of the plants. As a result, pepper bloomed in autumn in Hainan Island, and spring flowers and summer flowers in places with lower temperatures. The flowering ears in other seasons will be picked in time.
(3) When tying vines, the old leaves at the base of the main vines and branches should be removed, so that the interior of the crown is ventilated and transparent, which is beneficial to plant growth, management and pest control. Results One month after fruit picking, before flowering, the plants with vigorous growth had dense branches and leaves, so the old leaves of branches could be properly removed, or the old leaves could be removed with 40-60PPM ethyl solvent, which could promote flowering and fruiting and increase yield. However, excessive leaf picking or defoliation will weaken the growth and reduce production. Generally, the ratio of fruit to leaf is 1: 3. That is to say, it is more appropriate to raise a fruit with three leaves in one ear.
(4) Shading pepper is afraid of hot sun and high temperature, especially in high temperature season. At the top of the column, cover some with coconut leaves and some with plastic nets. This is good, but the materials are not easy to obtain and the cost is high. Some of them are inverted in the middle of the column, just like carrying a hat, which is easy to get materials and low in cost, and can also play a certain role in shading the sun. In addition to covering the pepper head with awns, the small and medium-sized pepper dog skin cream also covers the pepper head with wedding branches in turn, which also plays a certain role in sun protection.
Step 3 apply fertilizer
Pepper needs a lot of nutrients for its growth, flowering and fruiting every year, so it must be reasonably fertilized according to the nutrient requirements of pepper plants at different growth and development stages, soil climate conditions and fertilizer properties. Satisfying the nutrient demand of pepper can accelerate the growth and obtain high and stable yield.
Fertilization of green pepper Fertilization of green pepper should be based on quick-acting water fertilizer and fertilizer containing more nitrogen, supplemented by slow-acting organic fertilizer and a small amount of chemical fertilizer, and the principle of frequent application, thin application and more application during growth period should be implemented.
After 20 days of planting, the plants returned to normal growth, and began to apply 0.5% compound water fertilizer, 3 kg per plant, and then applied water fertilizer made of decomposed thin human and animal manure and green leaves every 20 days. Annual pepper can be sprayed directly on the head of pepper, and the fertilizer application rate is 16 plants per water. Second-year-old peppers are topdressing with water and fertilizer every 20-30 days, and applied to the furrows on the front and three sides of the pepper heads of plants, with 8- 12 plants per load of water and fertilizer. Three-year-old peppers are applied once a month, on the front, back and both sides of the pepper head in turn, with 6 plants per load, and the fertilizer concentration can be increased. Add 0. 1-0.05 kg compound fertilizer after each pruning of vines and fertilization of three-year-old peppers, dry the fertilizer holes and spread them in the fertilizer ditch. Add 0.05 kg of potassium sulfate before winter comes. Young peppers are sprayed with multi-element foliar fertilizer with high potassium content once every two months, and can also be sprayed together with insect-resistant pesticides.
The air temperature is low, the ground temperature is high, the soil is dry and not suitable for fertilization, and the soil is too wet after the rain.
Fertilization and furrowing are very important. Except 1 year, it can be sprayed directly on the head of pepper. Peppers in the second and third years are applied in all directions. In the second year, peppers are ditched at a distance of 20-40 cm from the pepper head, and in the third year, peppers are ditched at a distance of 30-50 cm from the pepper head. The fertilizer ditch is about 80 cm long and 5- 10 cm deep, so that water and fertilizer do not flow out of the fertilizer ditch. Cover the soil or grassland immediately after fertilization and drying. If there is grass cover, the furrow should be dug deeper, about 15-20cm.
In addition, chemical nitrogen fertilizer is generally not suitable for planting pepper and young pepper on red loam.
Organic dry fertilizer 1-2 times a year should be applied to peppers of all ages. Suitable for application in spring or late autumn. Do not apply dry fertilizer in rainy season or high temperature and drought season, and apply it in front of and on both sides of the pepper head. The annual pepper is applied to the ditch in front of the pepper head 6-8 months after planting. Dig a ditch 50 cm away from the pepper head to connect the fat ditch with the planting hole. 2-3-year-old peppers are dug and applied on both sides of the plant, and the fat ditch is 40 cm away from the pepper head, so that the fat ditch and the planting hole are connected with the front fat ditch. The specifications of each fertilizer ditch are 80- 100 cm long, 30 cm wide and 70-80 cm deep, and the specifications of the fertilizer ditch are the same, that is, the size is the same. Organic fertilizer should be thoroughly decomposed, clean, finely divided and evenly mixed. Each application of organic fertilizer is about 25 kg, cake fertilizer 1- 1.5 kg and calcium phosphate 1- 1.5 kg. When it is applied, it is evenly mixed according to the proportion of 30% fertilizer and 70% soil, and then it is applied into fertilizer ditch for compaction. When the fertilizer is returned to the field, when the ground is normal, apply 0.05 kg compound fertilizer to each fertilizer ditch, and then return it to the field, slightly higher than the ground, to prevent the fertilizer hole from sinking and waterlogging. The application of organic fertilizer should be completed before the flowering of pepper plants. Fertilization is not suitable in hot and dry season and when the soil is too wet and rainy.
Results Nitrogen and potassium should be the main fertilizers for trees. According to the needs of vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting of pepper plants in each phenological period. Fertilize 4-5 times per fruiting cycle, which not only meets the needs of flowering and fruiting of plants, but also cultivates trees to make plants grow vigorously and achieve high and stable yield. The experience of Hainan's main planting areas shows that the annual fertilizer application per plant is roughly as follows: 30 kg of cow dung compost, 50 kg of water and fertilizer (human and animal manure compost), 0.25 kg of urea, calcium superphosphate 1 kg or calcium magnesium phosphate 1 kg, 0.4 kg of potassium sulfate and 0.4 kg of compound fertilizer 1 kg.
Re-apply flower fertilizer every time: this fertilization plays an important role in promoting flowering and fruiting. Generally, it rains thoroughly one month after the fruit is picked, and most plants should be fertilized in time when the lateral buds of the middle branches have germinated. The time is probably in the middle and late August. The amount of fertilization accounts for about 1/3 of the annual consumption. Each plant is applied with decomposed organic fertilizer 15 kg, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 0.5 kg, water fertilizer120 kg, cake fertilizer 0.5 kg (soaked with water and fertilizer or mixed with organic fertilizer), compound fertilizer 0.3 kg and urea 0.1. Dig on both sides and dig behind the plants? Horseshoe shape? When ring furrow is used, the distance from the fat furrow to the crown 15cm, the width 20cm and the depth 15cm. Apply water fertilizer first, then apply compound fertilizer after the water fertilizer is dry, and then apply organic fertilizer, urea and potassium chloride on the organic fertilizer before covering the soil. Mixed application of calcium superphosphate and organic fertilizer.
The second auxiliary flower picking fertilizer: it is applied about one month after the first fertilization to meet the needs of plant growth and heading and flowering. Apply water and fertilizer to each plant 10 kg. If the new leaves are small and the flowering spikes are short, apply 0. 15 kg urea per plant.
The third fruit fertilizer: applied 2 months after the second fertilization to meet the needs of fruit growth and development. The fertilizers this time are mainly nitrogen and potassium. Apply water fertilizer 10 kg per plant, 0.25 kg of bean cake (retted water fertilizer), 0.25 kg of compound fertilizer, 0. 15 kg of urea, 0. 15 kg of potassium sulfide and 0. 1 kg of magnesium fertilizer. The second and third fertilization is to apply water fertilizer first and then chemical fertilizer in the first ditch or outer ditch. After applying fertilizer in this way, you can also burn the soil, and each plant 10- 15 kg or plant ash 2-3 kg is spread on the soil surface along the crown, and then loosen the soil shallowly.
Raising fruit tree fertilizer for the fourth time; It is applied in March-April of the following year. Plants with few fruits and vigorous growth may not be applied or applied less or later, and plants with many fruits should be applied more early. Generally, 20-30 kg of cow dung or compost, 0./0/kg of calcium magnesium phosphate, 0./0./0.5 kg of potassium chloride, 0.25 kg of bean cake (mixed cow dung), 0.2-0.3 kg of compound fertilizer and 0./0/kg of urea are applied to each plant. Apply it to the back, sides and between the four plants in turn. This cave is 80cm long, 30cm wide and 30-40cm deep. Apply organic fertilizer first, mix it with topsoil at a ratio of 4: 6, and then apply it back to the soil. When the pit is almost full, apply all kinds of chemical fertilizers, and then continue to return the soil for compaction. For plants with many fruits and poor growth, water and fertilizer should be applied again, with urea 10 kg and urea 0. 1 kg per plant.
In addition, the trace elements needed for the growth of pepper plants can be applied by topdressing outside the roots. Combined with loose soil in fine loam area, applying 0.5 kg lime per plant and increasing calcium fertilizer to neutralize soil acidity is beneficial to pepper growth and fruiting.
Several problems that should be paid attention to in pepper fertilization
(1) Organic fertilizer should be the main fertilizer for pepper fertilization, supplemented by chemical fertilizer, and they should be used together. Organic fertilizer should be fully decomposed, clean and finely divided, and should be fully mixed with topsoil in proportion when applied. It is best to mix calcium superphosphate with organic fertilizer, and it is best to use fertilizers such as calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer for fruit trees. Salted fish and other fertilizers containing more are generally not suitable for application.
(2) A few plants with poor growth in small and medium-sized pepper orchards should apply more organic fertilizer, deeply cultivate and improve soil, water and fertilize frequently to balance the growth of plants in pepper orchards. Results Fertilization should be applied to plants with vigorous growth, and more potassium and phosphorus should be applied. On the contrary, plants with poor growth should apply more nitrogen fertilizer, which is conducive to flowering and fruiting.
(3) After applying flower fertilizer, in case of bad weather, such as less rain and less flowers, or less flowers are blown off by typhoon, sporadic flower spikes should be pulled out and flower fertilizer should be applied again to promote re-flowering.
(4) When the soil moisture is high in rainy days, it is generally not appropriate to apply fertilizer, and there is no need to apply fertilizer in case of plague to prevent soil hardening and spread diseases.
(5) Don't apply fertilizer even if the soil temperature is high and the soil is dry.
(6) Every time fertilizer is applied, the whole pepper garden should be dug in the same direction to avoid missing or re-applying.
Irrigation and drainage: Chili is afraid of waterlogging. In rainy season, the water level of rubber plantation rises or accumulates water, which will cause water damage and plague, resulting in a large number of plant deaths. Therefore, it is necessary to do a good job in the drainage of pepper garden. Before the rainy season comes every year, the drainage ditch should be carefully inspected, maintained and dredged. When it rains heavily, it is found that the water in the pepper garden area should be removed in time. In the dry season, the lack of soil moisture affects the normal growth, flowering and fruiting of pepper, and even dies. Therefore, irrigation should be timely in dry season, and it is best to use sprinkler irrigation, border irrigation or furrow irrigation. The water level of furrow irrigation should not exceed 2/3 of the furrow, so that it can penetrate slowly. When watering artificially, you should choose first? Bucket? In order to prevent water outflow, flood irrigation is generally not used to prevent water damage or spread diseases, and water spraying is prohibited when soil temperature is high.
soil management
Loosening: Deeply loosen the soil between pepper seedlings once in beginning of winter and once in spring, and relax the soil after rain and fertilization, so that the soil is loose and breathable, and moisture is maintained, which is beneficial to the growth of pepper seedlings. Results The whole garden loosens the soil once a year in early winter and once when fertilizing. First loosen the soil around the crown, and then gradually loosen the soil to the periphery of the crown, with a depth of 15-20 cm. When loosening the soil, the large clods should be slightly broken, combined with the maintenance of terraced fields and pepper ridges.
Soil cultivation: it can improve the soil, be beneficial to root growth, avoid water accumulation in pepper heads and reduce the occurrence of diseases. Therefore, it is an effective measure to prevent diseases, increase production and prolong economic life of pepper, and it should be cultivated once a year or every other year in winter and spring. Each plant is cultured under 1-2 load every time. When cultivating soil, first remove the litter under the crown, and then cultivate soil evenly under the pepper head and crown.
Covering: Practice has proved that covering has obvious effect on the growth and yield increase of pepper plants. Where conditions permit, young pepper orchards and drought-prone fruit pepper orchards can be covered with coconut bran, straw, thatch, dry weeds and leaves at the beginning of the dry season, but attention should be paid to fire prevention.
Weeding: Weeds must be carved out of roots in time according to their growth. Weeding is usually done once every 1-2 months, or chemical herbicides, such as glyphosate and roundup, can kill sedge and thatch in pepper orchards.
The effect of pepper is 1. Treatment of scrotal eczema: ten pieces of pepper. Grinding into powder, adding 2000 ml of water and boiling. Externally clean the affected area twice a day.
2. Treatment of toothache caused by wind insects: pepper, water chestnut, etc. For the end, wax pills, pockmarked. Every time you take a pill, put it in the cavity.
3. Cure wind, insects and cold, three kinds of toothache, groaning: nine peppers and eleven mung beans, wrapped in cloth and crushed, wrapped in silk cotton, firmly bitten by the affected area, spit it out.
4. Treatment of chilblain: pepper 10%, liquor 90%. Soak pepper in Chinese liquor, and filter after seven days. Suitable for frostbite once a day.
5. Treatment of centipede bites: pepper, grinding, and applying ten pills.
6. Treatment of cholera vomiting and diarrhea: 49 pieces of pepper and 0/49 pieces of mung bean/kloc. It's finished. Papaya soup is one yuan.