Introduction to 0
Government website is the official website for government departments to perform government functions and provide services to the society. It is also an important channel for the government to open government affairs and the public and enterprises to obtain government services. China's government websites have developed for more than 20 years, from the initial individual attempts of government departments to the unified deployment and promotion of the central government, until the establishment of a hierarchical government website system covering the central and local governments. With the construction and development of government websites, government websites are constantly improving, the quality and service level of government websites are constantly improving, the government information disclosure system is constantly improving, the online transaction processing ability is constantly improving, and public participation is constantly strengthening.
1 the historical process of the construction and development of China government websites.
By the end of 20 18 and 12, there were 17962 government websites in China, mainly including government portals and departmental websites. The number of online government service users in China reached 394 million, accounting for 47.5% of the total number of netizens. Such a huge data shows that China's government website construction has made great achievements, but the development of China's government website is not achieved overnight, but gradually built after more than 20 years of exploration. According to the relevant policies of government website construction in China, the development process of government website can be divided into four stages.
1. 1 initial startup phase
In China, since 1980s, government departments at all levels have started to build office automation projects. This internal information office network has laid a foundation for the use of computers and communication networks from both vertical and horizontal aspects. At the end of 1993, in order to adapt to the upsurge of international information expressway construction, China officially launched "Golden Bridge", "Golden Card" and "Jintong" to build China's "information quasi-high-speed national highway"; In April, 1998, the first government website in the strict sense in China, Qingdao Municipal Government Information Open Network, was established, and the construction of government websites is exploring progress. 1999 1 The government department held the kick-off meeting of "Government Internet Project" in Shenzhen, which received great assistance and support from government departments at all levels, telecommunications departments, software and hardware manufacturers and news organizations, and caused great repercussions in the society. Its initial goal is to achieve more than 60% of ministries and government departments at all levels online before the end of the year.
This stage is the initial stage of our government website construction. The exploration in recent ten years has laid a solid foundation for the construction of Chinese government websites. Since then, the prelude to the rapid development of government internet access has been opened. 1999 is called "the first year of government online", and the construction of government websites in China is about to enter a brand-new stage.
1.2 rapid development stage
In 2002, "Guiding Opinions on E-government Construction in China" was issued. In just one year, more than 70% of the municipal governments set up windows on the Internet to disclose information. 2006 is called the "policy year" of e-government, and the policies related to e-government have mushroomed, such as the General Framework of National E-government and the Eleventh Five-Year Plan of National E-government Construction. The official opening of the central government portal marks the basic formation of a top-down government website system led by the central government portal and coordinated by government departments at all levels. On June 5438+ 10, 2007, the State Council passed the Regulations on the Openness of Government Information in People's Republic of China (PRC), which provided a high-level national legal basis for administrative openness and legal protection for citizens' right to know. It is a "milestone" document of government information disclosure in China. In August, the State Council Information Work Office issued the Notice on Launching "Online 100 Practical Activities" on government websites, advocating government websites at all levels to carry out activities around key areas and comprehensively promoting the development of "online government affairs". In the same year, the Xizang Autonomous Region government website was opened, which indicated that the construction of provincial websites in China was completely completed, the level of government website construction was significantly improved, and the initial goal of government website construction in China was basically achieved.
This stage is the rapid development stage of Chinese government website construction. The successive introduction of many policies shows that our country pays attention to the construction of government websites, and governments at all levels also respond positively. The penetration rate of government websites has increased rapidly, and provincial government websites have achieved full coverage. At this stage, China has basically solved the problems existing in government websites, providing content support for the next goal of government website construction.
1.3 enhanced service phase
In 2008, the General Office of the State Council issued the Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Several Issues Concerning the Implementation of the Regulations on the Openness of Government Information in People's Republic of China (PRC), which deepened and broadened the service content of the government website, and provided convenient services in the fields of education, medical care, social security, transportation, etc. from providing simple administrative services; In 2009, the Core Index System of Government Website Development Evaluation (Trial) was issued, which pointed out that all regions and departments should establish and improve the core index system of government website development evaluation in their own regions and departments according to the actual needs of their work, strive to improve the quality of government website information disclosure, enhance service capabilities, and pay attention to the effectiveness of interaction between the government and the people. On April 20 1 1, the Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Further Strengthening the Management of Government Websites was issued, pointing out that government websites have become an important platform and window for releasing government information and interacting with the public, which can improve administrative efficiency and enhance government credibility [6]; In August of 20 1 1, the Opinions on Deepening the Openness of Government Affairs and Strengthening Government Affairs Services issued by Xinhua News Agency mentioned that "the government information concerning the vital interests of the masses should be disclosed in a timely, accurate and comprehensive manner in accordance with the principle of openness and the exception of non-disclosure; In accordance with the requirements of facilitating the people and benefiting the people, further improve government services, improve administrative efficiency, and provide high-quality, convenient and efficient services for the people "; 20 12 "regulations on barrier-free environment construction" points out that the websites of disabled people's organizations, people's governments at or above the municipal level and government public welfare activities should meet the barrier-free website design standards.
The construction of government websites is a process. After solving the problem of existence or not, the task of our government website construction is to solve the quality problem. At the present stage, our government website construction adheres to the concept of "people-oriented, serving the people", improves the problems of "zombie website" and "face project" left over from the initial stage of construction, continuously incorporates the services related to people's livelihood into the government website construction system, expands the service scope of government websites, broadens the coverage of service groups, and strictly controls the quality.
1.4 "internet plus" government stage
2065438+In February, 2004, China established the Central Leading Group for Cyber Security and Informatization, and in June, Zhejiang Government Service Network was officially opened and operated. This is the first integrated online government service platform for provinces, cities and counties in China, which indicates that the construction of government websites in China has entered a new stage. In 20 15, the State Council organized a nationwide survey of government websites for the first time, set evaluation indicators, and found out the basic situation of government websites nationwide. 20 16 established a normalized supervision mechanism, and the State Council also issued the Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Work of "Internet+Government Services", which, together with a series of documents recently issued, such as government affairs disclosure, government information resource sharing, smart city construction, and big data supervision, formed a policy layout for comprehensively deepening the reform and development of "internet plus government affairs"; In 20 17, 3 1 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities mentioned "Internet plus government affairs" in their government work reports. For example, Guizhou Province proposed to speed up the construction of a "digital government", relying on the "Guizhou on the Cloud" platform to dig deep into the political value of big data and implement "Internet+government services"; 2065438+May 2007, the State Council issued "Guiding Opinions on the Development of Government Websites", which set clear requirements and standards for the management responsibilities, content functions and construction objectives of government websites. It is a programmatic document related to the construction of government websites. In April of 20 18, the Key Points of Government Affairs Openness in 20 18 proposed to speed up the interconnection between information systems such as government websites of various regions and departments and the Chinese government network, and promote the "one network operation" and "national roaming" of government services; In June, the State Council issued the "Implementation Plan for Further Deepening" Internet+Government Services and Promoting "One Network, One Door, One Time" Reform of Government Services "to further deepen" Internet+Government Services "; In September, the State Council issued the Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Strengthening the Domain Name Management of Government Websites to Promote the Healthy and Orderly Development of Government Websites; 165438+ 10, the State Council released a 10-point work plan for the intensification of government websites, built an intensive platform for government websites based on a unified information resource base, and used information resources to improve the overall service level of government websites in pilot areas.
With the application of emerging technologies such as "internet plus" and big data technology in many fields, China government departments have also introduced the concept of "internet plus government affairs" and issued a series of policies to promote the construction of China government websites to enter the stage of "internet plus government affairs". At this stage, all kinds of government departments at all levels rely on big data platform to deeply integrate government information resources, streamline the number of government websites, unify government website service platforms, simplify government service processes, improve the efficiency of administrative departments, provide convenience for government departments and the public, and save time.
2. The regular characteristics of the construction and development of Chinese government websites
2. 1 resource intensification
By the end of February, 20 18, the government websites of provincial and lower administrative units had decreased by 25.6% compared with the end of 20 17, and more than two-thirds of the websites had been or were being integrated with the higher authorities and government portals at the same level. Since 20 14 China put forward the requirement of intensive construction of government websites, and 20 17 clarified the working path of intensive construction of websites, government departments at all levels have actively explored the mode of intensive construction of websites and achieved initial results. For example, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Guizhou, Qingdao, Shenzhen, Chengdu and other regions have started intensive construction of government websites. Shenzhen, Guiyang, Lu 'an, Luohu and other places are actively promoting the construction of a unified information resource library, and the standardization and integration of platforms and resources are being carried out in depth.
With the acceleration of the intensive integration process of government websites, governments at all levels are increasingly strengthening the overall planning and top-level design of government website construction, emphasizing the optimal and rational allocation of technology, funds, personnel and other factors, avoiding redundant construction and reducing resource waste, relying on a secure and controllable cloud platform based on centralized resource pool. Through centralized management of information resources, unified construction of service platforms, joint provision of service contents, and gradual integration of county-level government websites into municipal government websites, we can realize the optimal integration of government website resources and data sharing, create a coordinated, standardized and efficient government website cluster, and promote the intensive sharing of government websites.
2.2 A wide range of services
Since 2008, the service content of China government website has changed from providing simple administrative services to promoting education equity, improving medical insurance, facilitating transportation and standardizing housing transactions. Subsequently, China proposed to deepen the openness of government affairs, attach importance to and strengthen the construction of government websites, improve the functions of portal websites, expand the scope of online services, enrich and update the contents of information release in time, and publicly release all non-confidential documents through government portals. In addition, China has promulgated the Regulations on the Construction of Barrier-free Environment, which provides policy norms and legal basis for the realization of barrier-free information exchange.
As can be seen from the above policies, the services provided by China government websites are more and more extensive. On the one hand, the scope of service content is more and more extensive, from the very beginning, it can only provide information on the basic functions and work dynamics of the government, to the principle of openness, with the exception of non-disclosure, to provide all-round services related to people's livelihood. On the other hand, the coverage of service groups is getting wider and wider, from people within the government system to the general public, and then to the disabled. In the process of development, the construction of government websites has always been guided by the needs of the masses, taking the needs of the masses for a better life as the pursuit goal and direction of government website construction, adhering to the initial intention and forging ahead, and constantly improving the usability, practicality and usability of government websites.
2.3 Process integration
In 20 14, Zhejiang government service network was put into operation, which was the beginning of the construction of integrated government service network cluster in provinces, cities and counties in China. Subsequently, China put forward "Internet+government service" and issued a series of policies to speed up "Internet+government service" in order to realize "No.1 application", "one window acceptance" and "one network handling". Its main purpose is to promote three changes: changing "mass errands" into "information running", changing "mass running back and forth" into "departmental cooperation" and changing passive service into active service. The main purpose is to solve the difficult, slow and complicated problems strongly reflected by the people, simplify the process, improve efficiency and provide simple and easy-to-use government services for the public.
The centralized management of government information resources has laid a foundation for the integration of government service processes. At this stage, most government departments continue to promote the construction of "Internet plus government affairs" service according to the policy requirements and their own actual conditions, and actively promote government departments at all levels to realize data sharing and business collaboration through cross-departmental and cross-regional resource integration and platform integration, and carry out online "one-stop" handling of government affairs. There is still a long way to go to complete the integration of government services in an all-round way, which requires the joint efforts of government departments at all levels, first establishing a provincial-level government service "network", then establishing a national government service "network", and finally realizing "a national network".
2.4 system standardization
After the exploration stage, the government website construction has gradually changed from the initial state of "crossing the river by feeling the stones" to the standardization stage, which is mainly manifested in two aspects: First, the website construction requirements are more detailed. In the Guide to the Development of Government Websites, clear requirements are put forward for the opening process, name, domain name and webpage design of government websites, which provides guidance and direction for the construction of government websites. Second, website management is becoming more and more strict. If the spot check notification mechanism is gradually improved, most government departments have established a regular spot check notification mechanism for government websites, and the website operation management presents a healthy and good development trend.
The rules, regulations, principles and policies formulated by national ministries and commissions are the basis for government departments at all levels to build government websites, which is of guiding significance. Only by establishing a feasible, standardized and standardized system, can the construction of government websites be carried out in an orderly manner. On the existing basis, China should pay attention to the formulation and improvement of policies such as website information coordination and linkage mechanism, interactive feedback mechanism and website information security.
2.5 Application innovation
Jilin, Hebei, Zhejiang, Shenzhen and other websites set up online intelligent robot customer service platforms, use natural language processing technology, establish consulting knowledge base, and provide the public with 7×24 hours of government consulting services; Chengdu uses intelligent analysis system to capture and analyze website data in real time, accurately locate users' needs, and provide users with key service planning and recommendation. In addition, Shenzhen, Liuzhou and so on. Actively carry out the construction of personal homepage, and establish a new personalized public service platform for social residents that integrates the functions of personal information management, social network interaction and public affairs handling.
With the rise of Internet of Things, cloud storage, big data and other technologies, some departments and localities give full play to their own advantages, and with the help of Internet technologies such as big data analysis and artificial intelligence, vigorously explore innovative means and forms of government services, and constantly improve the humanized and intelligent service level of websites. While keeping pace with the times and applying emerging technologies, high-end and unique service forms can also promote government websites and improve their visibility and reputation.
2.6 Public participation
In the core evaluation index system of the development of government websites in China, the interaction between the government and the public has become one of the essential evaluation indexes, which shows that the degree of public participation in government website construction is getting higher and higher. Former Prime Minister Wen Jiabao once said, "The key to running a good government website is to disclose government information timely and accurately, listen to the opinions, voices and demands of the masses, tell the truth, policies and measures, and handle the results in time". In the series of government website construction documents issued by China, the concept of serving the people runs through, requiring government websites to base themselves on public demand and make great efforts to provide convenience services to make people feel more at ease.
Under the impetus of relevant policies, government departments at all levels have continuously established and improved communication channels between the government and the people in the portal website to maximize interaction with the public. This series of measures shows that the construction of government websites is not only something that the government needs to implement unilaterally, but also something closely related to the general public. The construction of government websites is to serve the public more conveniently, and its core idea is to ask for the people. Only by involving the public can we fully understand the needs of the public and fundamentally maximize the use of resources.
2.7 Standardization of supervision
Since the first national government website survey was conducted in the State Council in 20 15 and the compliance of government websites was evaluated, China has also established a normalized supervision mechanism to conduct spot checks every quarter to improve the phenomenon of "scattered, chaotic and poor" government websites. 2065438+June 2008, the State Council issued a notice on doing a good job in publishing the annual report of government websites, requiring government websites to publish the annual report on government website supervision and the annual report on government website work. Through supervision, find out the government websites with problems, and urge them to rectify or shut down. After more than three years of investigation and rectification, the construction of government websites at all levels has achieved remarkable results.
In fact, in the initial stage of government website construction in China, the construction goal was to form a hierarchical system of government websites and solve the problems existing in government websites. This has led to many problems in the reconstruction of government institutions, such as light management, untimely updating of website information, invalid links, expired application period of documents, etc., and formed the so-called "zombie" website, and the demand for government website supervision is becoming more and more urgent. With the development of government website construction, the supervision mechanism of government website in China has been gradually established and improved to prevent the situation of inadequate supervision and ensure that the government website platform becomes the main place for public communication, information acquisition and transaction.
3. Thoughts on the construction and development of China government websites.
It has been nearly 20 years since the government's online project started, and great achievements have been made in the construction of government websites in China. As an important window for government departments to provide government services to the outside world, government websites have played an important role in helping the public solve specific problems, pointing out the direction of work, publicizing government activities, and releasing information policies. However, there are still many problems such as imperfect "one-stop" process, low intensive website construction and poor feedback channels. This paper holds that the construction of Chinese government websites can focus on the following three aspects.
3. 1 accelerate the opening of government data
Government information disclosure is the focus of government website content construction. Government websites should seriously study the government information that can be made public, implement the principle of "openness is the norm and non-disclosure is the exception", update the catalogue of government information disclosure in time, and gradually make the public content cover the whole process of power operation and government services. Another key point of government website content construction is the opening of government data. Governments at all levels should actively implement China's "Big Data Development Action Plan", recognize the importance and necessity of government data opening, determine the data opening list of governments/departments at the same level, formulate relevant guiding opinions and standards for government data opening, clarify the boundaries, scope, principles and security of data opening, and promote the appropriateness of public data resources on the basis of sorting out government data and evaluating opening risks.
3.2 Fully develop a one-stop service platform.
One-stop service refers to optimizing business processes, improving work efficiency, promoting cooperation and coordination among departments, simplifying procedures, shortening working hours, improving the efficiency of the government, enabling the public to obtain service information quickly and conveniently, thus improving the public satisfaction and public service capacity of the government. To build a one-stop service platform, government departments at all levels need to carry out it from two aspects. On the one hand, government departments at all levels should integrate resources, unify platforms, and break down information or technical barriers among various business systems, application platforms, databases, etc. , to achieve multi-sectoral resource sharing and business collaboration, intensive and platform-based construction, and form an integrated government service system based on the Internet. On the other hand, government departments should sort out the list of responsibilities, comprehensively sort out and publicize online services, and compile and publish service guides. Government departments at all levels should perform their duties to ensure the smooth operation of one-stop service processes.
3.3 Continuously expand service channels and means.
As an important position for government departments to serve the masses and a window to show the government's credibility, government websites should constantly improve their service capabilities, innovate service forms, expand service channels, and finally present an all-round, multi-level and wide-ranging service mechanism to the public. With the rapid development of information technology and the diversification of public demand, China's government website construction needs to focus on three aspects: First, accelerate the construction of mobile terminals, develop mobile clients such as government apps based on the mobile Internet, strive to extend and deepen their functions of handling affairs and interaction, and gradually build a new normal of mobile Internet services. The second is to expand the intelligent service mode, use RSS technology and tag technology to carry out intelligent search, personalized customization and other functions, tap user needs according to the browsing records of government website visitors, and actively provide users with in-depth services. Third, attach importance to the application of new media platforms, make full use of Weibo, WeChat, blog and other new media platforms, establish and operate official accounts, attach importance to multi-channel information sharing, broaden the scope of information dissemination, enhance the breadth of services, and form a service pattern of "two micro-terminals and one network".
4 conclusion
Government website is the main channel to reflect the level of government service and government affairs construction, and it is an important measure to improve the ability of government affairs handling. Only by insisting on application-oriented and user-centered can government websites truly achieve efficient and high-quality services. On the basis of following its historical process and regular characteristics, the construction of government websites in China should actively improve, strengthen interaction with users, innovate service methods, give full play to the functions of government websites, meet the needs of the public together with other service platforms of government departments, and realize the harmonious and stable development of society. Wechat official account: e-government think tank
Government website construction scheme, website construction requirements, government website construction website