Pay special attention to customer information system (hereinafter referred to as CIIS system)
At present, China Industrial and Commercial Bank has incorporated the CIIS system into the credit approval control process. Banks stipulate that when handling credit business for individuals (including self-operated housing loans, entrusted personal housing loans, personal comprehensive consumption loans, personal short-term credit loans, personal automobile consumption loans, national student loans, general business student loans, credit cards, providing guarantees for other legal persons and individuals, etc.), banks at all levels must inquire about the special attention customer system, and any individual who is included in the special attention customer system is not allowed to have a new relationship with it.
CIIS system breaks the business-centered data integration and establishes a customer-centered information system. A man walked into a branch of China Industrial and Commercial Bank to apply for a loan. After checking the system, the staff said to him, "Sorry, sir, you still owe money.
We can't give you a loan. "It turned out that the man's ICBC credit card was overdrawn and there was no repayment, so he entered the' blacklist' system of ICBC.
According to the credit process of ICBC, banks at all levels must first inquire about this "blacklist" system when handling all personal credit business. Anyone who enters this system can't get a loan in principle. This system is called "Special Attention to Customer Information System" (CIIS system for short) in ICBC. It automatically collects all bad credit customer records of the whole bank from the production system of ICBC, and also collects bad customer information of other banks or institutions. By querying this system, staff can quickly eliminate high-risk loan business.
"Blacklist" warehousing
As we all know, loan spreads are still the most important source of income for state-owned commercial banks. Non-performing loans are loans that can't be recovered. In order to maintain the balance of funds, banks can only reduce the amount of loans issued in the next period, thus reducing the profits of banks. With the accumulation of non-performing loans, banks' profit margins are getting smaller and smaller, and they may eventually lose their ability to pay interest to depositors.
The high rate of non-performing loans is still a chronic disease of state-owned commercial banks. Experts pointed out: "If a bank's non-performing loan ratio is 20%, its new non-performing loan ratio should not exceed 0.94%, otherwise it will be in trouble five years later." According to the annual report of ICBC in 2004, the non-performing loan ratio of ICBC has dropped to 18.99%. ICBC President Jiang Jianqing proposed that the non-performing loan ratio of ICBC should be reduced to 65,438+00% by 2006. This is also a prerequisite for ICBC to complete its listing. In addition to actively completing the disposal of historical non-performing assets, reducing the new non-performing loan ratio is not only an inevitable choice for ICBC, but also an inevitable choice for the sustainable development of all commercial banks.
In the past, due to the lack of information, cases of bad customers from one region or department of ICBC going to another region or department to refinance frequently occurred. Due to the limited real information, it is difficult for the staff to make a correct evaluation of the invisible and intangible customer credit, and it is impossible to avoid the formation of non-performing loans. Now ICBC collects, records and inquires the information of these customers through the CIIS system, which controls the risks from the source of loans and saves a lot of data collection and audit work before loan investigation.
It is understood that the data sources of CIIS system include internal and external sources. Internal data are mainly customer data of various professional departments and branches within ICBC. These data are collected from the production system by CIIS system. When the customer information reaches the storage standard set by CIIS system, these data will be automatically included by the system; Exogenous data include 19 commercial banks, blacklists of public utilities and telecommunications departments, and even lists notified by the United Nations, the United States and our government.
"Since the CIIS system was put into use in September 2004, the Bank has refused to issue 2 100 non-performing loans, involving an amount of 285 million yuan, and recovered the debt120,000 yuan." Dr. Zheng Yun, Deputy Director of Data Warehouse Business Management Department of China Industrial and Commercial Bank, reported a series of figures to reporters. If there is no CIIS system, this 285 million yuan will probably become a non-performing loan.
Moreover, when the system shows that the customer still has a deposit balance in the bank, ICBC can directly deduct the deposit through certain legal procedures to offset the customer's loan debt. Some customers found that ICBC knew its credit history very well and took the initiative to repay, which not only paid off the debts owed by ICBC, but also paid off the debts owed by other banks. When credit is closely related to people's social life, they really realize the importance of credit.
Get through the "information island"
Before the CIIS system, ICBC had a similar "blacklist" system, but these "blacklist" systems were compartmentalized, and all business departments and branches could not share * * *, just like an information island. This still has not played a role in preventing the credit risk of the whole bank.
There are many such examples. For example, an ICBC peony card customer who has owed interest for many years and has written it off may become a customer of ICBC consumer credit. Although the consumer credit department will make a pre-loan investigation, it is likely to issue consumer loans to it because of incomplete information. This situation was hard to avoid before, because the bad information in the credit card system could not be reflected in the loan department's system. Similarly, a customer who has not paid his debts in ICBC Beijing Branch went to Shanghai Branch to continue the loan, and Shanghai Branch could not find out the bad credit record of this customer. This gives many malicious fraudsters many chances to succeed. Especially in recent years, when real estate speculation is very hot, many real estate speculators have repeatedly defrauded loans between different banks or between different branches of the same bank.
According to Dr. Chen Daobin, Deputy General Manager of the Information Technology Department of China Industrial and Commercial Bank, 85% of the non-performing loans intercepted by ICBC are inter-regional loans and 33% are inter-provincial loans. Before CIIS system, due to information barriers, the cost of mastering customer credit information was very huge, and the risk of fraudulent loans could not be prevented. ICBC also considered building such a system before, but before the national data concentration was realized, information could not be shared, and the bank's grasp of customer information was very limited; Even if there is a large amount of customer data in the banking system, these data are scattered and fragmented.
After completing the data concentration, ICBC integrated the data at the application layer. CIIS system breaks the business-centered data integration and establishes a customer-centered information system. In the past, every customer's information was thrown in every corner of the room like scattered clothes, pants and socks, but when such clothes, pants and socks were piled up in the room, it was impossible to distinguish the relationship between them. Now, every customer's information is clear at a glance.
Zheng Yun said that data management and mining is an inevitable way for commercial banks to improve their risk management level in the shareholding system reform. Chen Daobin also said: "We don't lack data, what we lack is the refined management of data. After the data is concentrated, we still have a lot of work to do. " CIIS system is a successful application after data concentration.
At present, the CIIS system of China Industrial and Commercial Bank is under construction in the second phase, with the goal of bringing the system into the credit management system and becoming a necessary link in the credit process, so as to realize the transformation from system control to technical control. Zheng Yun said that although the system requires staff to inquire about the CIIS system when handling credit business, due to the interests, the salesman may not strictly follow the regulations in order to complete the loan task, and the risk still exists. Rigid control with technology can reduce the loopholes and risks of manual control and reduce management costs.
Unified credit information system
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China's CIIS system is a pioneer, but after all, it can't achieve * * * sharing between banks. Malicious fraudsters cannot borrow from ICBC, but they can also borrow from other banks. Similarly, debtors from other banks may also go to ICBC for loans. For the whole banking industry, the ability to guard against credit risks is still relatively weak.
In March this year, the central bank launched a new mortgage policy and raised the mortgage interest rate. A number of banks have announced that they will impose a ceiling interest rate on people who buy non-first suites and increase the down payment ratio. However, this policy encountered "embarrassment" in actual implementation. Some real estate speculators apply for mortgages between different banks, and banks can't judge whether customers have bought second homes, which leads to the failure of bank monitoring.
It is understood that at present, only ICBC can realize the interdisciplinary, cross-regional and cross-branch sharing of bad customer information. Relevant persons of Minsheng Bank said that due to its small scale and few branches, Minsheng Bank realized data concentration very early and adopted a national unified system. All data are concentrated in the headquarters, so that customers can enjoy the "blacklist" information functionally. However, due to the small amount of data, it is unrealistic to establish a similar CIIS system. The staff of the Science and Technology Department of Zhengzhou Branch of Bank of Communications told the reporter that Bank of Communications is actively carrying out the centralized construction of national data logic, and has not yet realized the enjoyment of the information of bad credit customers nationwide.
In order to prevent credit risks more effectively and reduce the non-performing loan ratio of banks, the People's Bank of China organized commercial banks to establish a "personal credit information basic database" (also known as "credit information system"), and all commercial banks sent credit information and related identity information of individual customers in their own banks through a unified interface. On July 1 day, after a period of trial, the system has been fully networked in commercial banks in eight provinces and cities across the country, and has become a platform for commercial banks to enjoy credit data information.
Now banks accept mortgage business, as long as the credit information of loan customers is transferred out, the outstanding loans of customers in all banks will be clear at a glance and cannot be fooled. Some media even commented that the operation of the "personal credit information basic database" will curb the real estate speculators' loan real estate speculation.
Wang Jianheng, general manager of the computer department of China Merchants Bank Beijing Branch, said that the nationwide networking of the central bank's "basic personal credit database" is very valuable for all banks. Banks have a reliable reference standard when handling credit business, and at the same time, they also save a lot of data investigation work and improve work efficiency. Networking is of positive significance to prevent non-performing loans. It is understood that in the trial operation stage, Minsheng Bank has successfully refused to lend several possible non-performing loans based on the "personal credit basic database" of the central bank, and ICBC has also refused to lend tens of millions of non-performing loans accordingly.
However, Analysys International Consulting is not optimistic about the application prospect of the central bank's "credit information system". The company's analysts believe that the central bank's "credit information system"
Data are mainly provided by commercial banks, but the quality of personal credit data provided by commercial banks is uneven, especially credit card data. At present, according to the number of credit cards issued by commercial banks, the total number has exceeded 20 million, but there are only about 8 million credit cards with the function of "spending first and repaying later", and only two or three million credit cards are really used frequently. When credit cards are issued, data collection is rough and incomplete, a lot of valuable information is not entered into the system, and the data quality is obviously not high, which requires a lot of efforts to improve the status quo.
Xu, chief IT analyst of Analysys International Consulting Company, believes that it is a very good starting point for the central bank to take the lead in building a basic personal credit database. But this database needs a process of continuous improvement and adjustment. Credit information involves all aspects of social life, which can be extended to other financial industries such as securities and insurance in the future, and more functions can be realized through data mining technology, such as credit early warning and decision analysis.
Credit evaluation has a long way to go.
Mr. Tu of Standard Chartered Bank Beijing Branch has lived in the United States for many years. He believes that the personal credit information system is a huge project, involving not only data collection, but also how to identify, analyze and evaluate this information. Even if the customer has a credit rating score, it does not mean that the bank has no credit risk, because personal credit is dynamic and needs time to accumulate. Some people can take advantage of loopholes in credit. If they have enough patience, they can continue to borrow and repay, and wait until the credit has accumulated to a certain extent before defrauding a large number of loans.
In an interview with the reporter of Information Weekly, Analysys International Consulting Company pointed out that banks need to introduce evaluation models and establish a complete evaluation system on the basis of complete data. Because there is only data, it doesn't mean anything. The central bank's current credit information system, as a platform for data collection, is more of a channel for information collection.
Zheng Yun of ICBC said that the CIIS system contains a certain credit evaluation model. On the basis of the "personal credit information basic database" of the central bank, CIIS will give credit ratings to customers according to customer information and a unified evaluation model, and bring the list and information of customers with bad credit into the system. At present, due to the limited information, it is impossible to score the credit of customers without bad credit records. Loan officers can only rely on some information provided by customers to judge customers' credit according to experience, which is risky and can't completely identify those customers who provide false information.
In Zheng Yun's view, what ICBC should do in the future is to establish a more perfect evaluation model, and give credit scores to those "Ke Bai" who have no bad credit information, and the system will decide the loan amount and interest rate according to this score. Doing so will help to better segment customers and find a balance between income and risk.