1, related concepts
1. 1 scenery
The development of landscape concept has gone through three stages: aesthetic concept, geographical concept and ecological concept. /kloc-at the end of 0/6, "landscape" was mainly used as painting art, referring to the natural scenery on land. Later, the word "landscape design" was first used by GilbertMeason. From 65438 to 0899, the American Association of Landscape Architects (ASLA) was founded, which marked the formal appearance of modern landscape design. The landscape in the third stage is the landscape of ecological concept-a heterogeneous land area composed of a group of interacting ecosystems that appear repeatedly in a similar way.
In a word, the "landscape" discussed by geography and ecology generally belongs to the category of natural science, and landscape design is an interdisciplinary subject between nature and humanities. It should have three levels: landscape morphology research, landscape ecology research and landscape humanization research.
1.2 hard landscape
HardLandscape was first created and put forward by British M. Gage and M. MaritzVandenberg in their book Urban Hard Landscape Design, that is to say, it is relative to the soft landscape of plants. In other words, the urban landscape is divided into two parts: soft landscape dominated by plants and water bodies and hard landscape dominated by road pavement and sketch facilities treated with artificial materials. Based on Wang Chunmu's definition of hard landscape in residential areas, it is considered that urban hard landscape refers to the landscape with road environment, activity places and landscape facilities as its main functions. Broadly speaking, tangible things other than urban greening, water bodies and buildings can all be considered as hard landscapes. Its contents include four parts: walking environment (including ground paving, stepping, ramps, retaining walls, fences, railings, fences and guardrails), landscape facilities (including lighting, seats, garbage bins, sculptures, telephone booths, information signs, bollards, planting containers and bicycle parking lots), activity places (playgrounds, leisure squares and sports fields) and vehicle environment.
2. Classification of hard landscape
There are many kinds of hard landscapes, which are divided into points, lines and surfaces according to aesthetic principles; According to the design elements, it can be divided into three categories: walking environment, vehicle environment and street sketch. There are also four types of roads, revetments, floors and sketches formed according to the use of hard landscape. Based on the landscape function of hard landscape, this paper divides it into three categories: practical, decorative and comprehensive functional landscape, and then divides it on this basis.
2. 1 Practical hard landscape
Practical hard landscape includes road environment, activity places and facilities. Among them, the road environment consists of walking environment and vehicle environment, mainly including sidewalks, trails, driveways, parking lots and so on. Activity venues include playgrounds, sports grounds, leisure squares, etc. Facilities include lighting equipment, rest seats, pavilions, bus stops, garbage bins, telephone booths, wash basins, etc. This kind of landscape is designed on the basis of application function, highlighting the characteristics of strong use function and durability of hard landscape.
2.2 Decorate hard landscape
Decorative hard landscapes are mainly street sketches, which are divided into two categories: sculpture sketches and gardening sketches. Modern sculpture works have a wide range of types, materials and themes, and gradually become an important part of landscape design. Gardening sketches include rockeries, landscape walls, flower stands, flower pots and so on. This kind of landscape is mainly set for decoration, which has the characteristics of beautifying the environment and pleasing to the eye, and embodies the beautification function of hard landscape.
2.3 Comprehensive functional hard landscape
Some hard landscapes are both practical and decorative. Such as lamps, sinks, stools, pavilions, etc. In the facilities sketch, there are both functions of use and beautification and decoration; Rockery, flower stand, fountain, etc. Decorative sketches are not only the objects to watch beautiful scenery, but also a good place for people to rest and play. This comprehensive hard landscape design embodies the coordination and unity of form and function, and is widely used in modern landscape design.
3 New concept of modern hard landscape design
After 1970s, with the post-modernism entering the field of art design, it also enriched the vocabulary of contemporary landscape design. With the progress of modern scientific and technological means, the richness of gardening materials and the continuous innovation of landscape design ideas, both hard landscape materials and design ideas have undergone tremendous changes and are constantly improving in new directions. Many incredible expressions that just appeared have now appeared in landscape works and have been welcomed by the broad masses of the people.
3. 1 Post-modern semiotics to interpret the new landscape
"Semiotics" was originally a discipline of studying signs or symbols in linguistics, and then it was applied to psychology, philosophy, art and other fields, so semiotics of architectural symbols and urban space appeared. "Landscape as a symbol" is a postmodern landscape view, and postmodern landscape symbols are divided into three types: image symbols, indicator symbols and symbolic symbols.
Modern hard landscape can fully reflect and carry forward the design trend of post-modern symbolic landscape because of its rich materials, strong plasticity and diverse functions. Using the shape of landscape symbols, users can understand the meaning of design works, and then convey the spirit of modern design. The so-called gathering "form", extending "meaning" and spreading "spirit" have gone beyond the aesthetic and connotation levels.
Postmodern designers are also constantly exploring the application of landscape symbols. In the design of Franklin courtyard, Venturi used stainless steel skeleton to simulate the original building, creating a historical effect. The New Orleans Square designed by Charles Moore brings a "chaotic and crazy landscape" to this place with historical fragments, exaggerated details and staged scenes.
3.2 Material color creates "soft" texture color "to a great extent, it converges into the characteristics of a national culture: color is a rich and vivid theme, it is a symbol, a form, a symbol and a culture." In many developed countries, the overall urban landscape, streets and community colors are planned. The logo color of a city consists of the overall color (mainly composed of buildings) and the urban hard landscape color (mainly composed of pavement and square pavement, various signs and billboards and urban facilities). Although hard landscape is mostly made of hard materials, it gives people a firm, rational and modern feeling psychologically, and it is difficult to feel close. However, the color controllability of various artificial raw materials makes hard landscapes have more colorful choices than soft landscapes such as plants and water bodies. Through the harmony of colors, a space with the same affinity as the soft landscape is formed.
A representative figure who uses color in landscape design, such as martha schwartz. Her "BagelGarden" takes bread as a part of landscaping, and contrasts the yellow of bagels with the purple of gravel to create a family atmosphere. Another example is the square in front of the federal court in Minneapolis, where bright colors form an "eye-catching and recognizable landscape design".
3.3 Pay attention to the unity of landscape form and social ecology.
Landscape design is to serve the public and its purpose is to improve the living environment. The difference between modern hard landscape design and traditional design is that it also considers many design factors that cannot be expressed by vision, such as human physiology, psychological factors, social factors, cultural factors, environmental factors, ecological construction and so on. Therefore, modern hard landscape design is the unity of form, society and ecology, and the integration of society, nature and art.
Qijiang Park in Zhongshan, China and Duisburg Landscape Park designed by Peter Ratz are both examples of the combination of hard landscape and social ecological design. Both of these designs give new life to the waste materials in use, and retain the ecological and visual features of the factory, as well as the real and precious city memory.
4. Conclusion
Hard landscape is an important part of urban landscape design. Because of its rich shapes and diverse materials, and fully demonstrating modern scientific and technological means, it is increasingly favored by designers, and users' demands and requirements for hard landscapes are getting higher and higher. The design and development of hard landscape has become the key link of modern landscape design. The social, cultural and functional effects of hard landscape are one of the weights to adjust the relationship between man and nature, and even become the decisive factor for the success of design works. Only by seriously discussing the development direction of hard landscape design and understanding the new ideas of hard landscape design can the design be perfect.
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[2] Yu. Landscape culture ecology and perception [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1998. [3] Yang Xirong. On the methodology of modern landscape design [D]. Nanning: Guangxi University.2004.2.4 M. Gage, M. Urban hard landscape design in Vandenberg, Marit [M]. Translated by Zhang Zhongyi. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 1985.3. [5] Wang Chunmu. Planning and design of hard landscape in residential development space [J]. Beijing Garden, 2005,21(2): 7. [6] Chen Kaisen. On the hard landscape design of garden green space [J]. Journal of Minxi Vocational College, 2005,9 (3):125-126. [7] Liao. On the design and construction of urban hard landscape [J] 200 1, (2:) 14 [9] Liao Qiulin. A Study on the Landscape Design Theory of Postmodernism Semiotics [D]. Changsha: Graduate Office of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 2005+09-277. [10] Sun Chengren. Postmodern language of square design.
Author's brief introduction: Zhu Ming, female (1980.2-), master candidate of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 4 10004. Hu Xijun, male (1964.6-), professor, doctor, doctoral supervisor, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 4 10004. Xiong Hui, female (1982.9-), master candidate of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 4 10004. Recommended reading:
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