Inner Mongolia is the abbreviation of Zack Mongolia in Qing Dynasty.
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is called Inner Mongolia for short. Located in the northern frontier of China, the northwest is close to Mongolia and Russia. Area 165438+ million square kilometers; Population 23.26 million; Mongolia and Han nationality have the largest number, in addition to Korean, Hui, Manchu, Daur, Ewenki, Oroqen and other nationalities. There are 7 leagues in the whole region, which govern 5 prefecture-level cities; It also governs 15 county-level cities, 17 counties, 49 banners and 3 autonomous banners. Hohhot, the capital. Baotou, Wulanchabu, Wuhai, Hailar and Tongliao are the main cities in this area.
The whole territory is dominated by plateaus, and most areas are above 1000 meters above sea level, commonly known as Inner Mongolia Plateau. The main mountain ranges are Daxinganling, Helan, Wula and Daqingshan. The eastern grassland is vast and the western desert is widely distributed. There are famous lakes such as Hulun Lake and Bell Lake, and the Yellow River flows through the southwest of this area. The region belongs to temperate continental monsoon climate; Due to the vast territory, there are great differences from place to place; There are four distinct seasons in most areas; Summer is short and winter is long, dry and cold. The annual average temperature is-1 ~ 10 degrees Celsius; The annual precipitation is about 50 ~ 450 mm, there are more than 60 kinds of proven mineral resources, and the reserves of rare earth, coal and silver are huge. Grassland area ranks in the forefront of the country, and there is a large amount of wood in Daxinganling forest area.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Inner Mongolia's industry developed rapidly, with mining, metallurgy and rare earth industries as the backbone, and wool spinning, forest industry, machinery, food, building materials and chemical industry developed in an all-round way. This area is one of the important animal husbandry bases in China, with rich pasture and beautiful scenery. Sanhe horse, Sanhe cattle and Inner Mongolia fine-wool sheep are all famous livestock breeds. Agricultural areas are concentrated in Hetao Plain and hilly valleys in the southeast, producing grain crops such as wheat, rye and potato and cash crops such as flax and beet.
geographical position
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has a vast territory, spanning northeast, northwest and north China, starting from 126 degrees 29 minutes in the east and 97 degrees 10 minutes in the west, with a straight line distance of more than 400 kilometers from east to west. Inner Mongolia borders Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces in the east, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Ningxia provinces in the south and southwest, Gansu province in the west, Mongolia in the north and Russia in the northeast, with a border of 422 1km. The total land area is1183,000 square kilometers, accounting for 12.3% of the national total area.
Climatic characteristics
Inner Mongolia belongs to a typical mid-temperate monsoon climate, which is characterized by less and uneven precipitation and drastic changes in temperature and warmth. Winter is long and cold, and the cold season lasts for five to six months in most areas. Among them, 65438+ 10 is the coldest month, and the monthly average temperature drops from minus 10oC from south to north to minus 32 degrees Celsius. Summer is warm and short, with only one to two months in most areas and no summer in some areas. The hottest month is in July, the monthly average temperature is between 16OC-27OC, and the highest temperature is 36oC-43oC. The temperature changes dramatically, and there is a great disparity between cold and warm. Affected by topography and ocean distance, the precipitation decreased from 500 mm to about 50 mm from east to west. On the contrary, the evaporation decreases from 3000 mm to 1000 mm from west to east. The corresponding climatic zones are banded and gradually transition from humid and semi-humid areas to semi-arid and arid areas from east to west. There are many sunny days and few cloudy days here, and the sunshine hours are generally more than 2700 hours, reaching 3400 hours for a long time. It is windy in winter and spring, with an average annual wind speed of more than 3 meters per second. It is rich in light, heat and wind energy resources.
basic document
Capital: Hohhot
Date of establishment: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established in May of 1947 and 1, which is the earliest minority autonomous region in China.
Total area:1183,000 square kilometers, ranking third in China after Xinjiang and Tibet.
Total population: 23,843,500 (end of 2004).
It is composed of 49 ethnic groups, including Mongolian, Han, Manchu, Hui, Daur, Ewenki, Oroqen and Korean, including 3,972,600 Mongolian, 0 1.874650 Han, and 900,654.38+0.000 other ethnic minorities. Of the total population, the rural population is 6.5438+0.378 million, including 6.5438+0.65438+0.87 million in rural areas and 6.5438+0.965438+0.000 million in pastoral areas.
Resource treasure
In the vast and rich land of Inner Mongolia, there are dense forests, rich grasslands, fertile farmland, vast water surface, countless wild animals and endless mineral resources. It is estimated that the output of state-owned land resources in nearly 300 towns in the whole region is more than 200 billion yuan, and the potential value of mineral reserves (excluding oil and natural gas) in the whole region reaches 13 trillion yuan, ranking third in the country.
agricultural resources
Inner Mongolia has 5.49 million hectares of arable land, with a per capita arable land of 0.24 hectares, which is three times that of the whole country. The actual cultivated land area exceeds 8 million hectares, ranking first in the country. The agricultural areas and semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia are mainly distributed in the eastern and southern Daxing 'anling and Yinshan areas. Hetao, Tumochuan, Xiliaohe, Nenjiang Plain and vast hilly areas have various soil zones suitable for crop growth, such as black soil, chernozem and chestnut soil, and there are resources available above and below ground, forming an important granary in the autonomous region and even in northern China. There are 25 categories 10266 varieties in Inner Mongolia. The main varieties are wheat, corn, rice, millet, naked oats, sorghum, soybean, potato, beet, flax, sunflower, castor, honeydew melon and black and white melon seeds, among which naked oats, buckwheat and Wallace melon are quite famous. There are also good conditions for the development of cold-resistant and drought-tolerant fruits such as apples, pears, apricots, hawthorn, begonia and sea red fruits.
Animal husbandry resources
Inner Mongolia has vast natural grasslands, ranking first among the five grasslands in China, and is an important animal husbandry production base in China. The total grassland area is 86.667 million hectares, of which the usable grassland area is 68 million hectares, accounting for 654.38+0/4 of the total grassland area in China. There are six famous grasslands in Inner Mongolia: Hulunbeier, Xilin Gol, Horqin, Wulanchabu, Erdos and Wulate. There are more than 1000 kinds of forage plants here, and there are more than 1000 kinds with high feeding value and strong palatability, especially Leymus chinensis, Festuca arundinacea, Agropyron cristatum, Avena sativa and other grasses, which are very suitable for feeding. From the type point of view, the meadow grassland in northeast Inner Mongolia has fertile soil, abundant precipitation, various forage varieties, high quality and high yield, and is suitable for raising large livestock, especially cattle. The arid grassland in central and southern China has abundant rainfall, and the species, density and yield of pasture are not as good as those of meadow grassland, but the pasture is rich in nutrition and suitable for raising domestic animals such as horses, cattle and sheep, especially sheep. The desert grasslands in the northern foot of Yinshan Mountain and the western part of Ordos Plateau have dry climate, few forage species and low forage yield, but high forage fat and protein content, which are excellent grazing places for small animals. The desert grassland in the west is very suitable for developing camels. The famous three hippos, three cows, grassland red bull, Wuzhumuqin big-tailed sheep, Aohan fine-wool sheep, Erdos fine-wool sheep, Arbas cashmere goat and other excellent livestock breeds are well-known inside and outside the region.
:: Forest resources
The total forest area in Inner Mongolia is about14.066 million hectares, accounting for 1 1% of the total forest area in China, ranking second in the country and being one of the important forest bases in China. The forest coverage rate reached 13.8%, which was higher than the national average 13.4%. Total forest volume165438+200 million cubic meters, ranking fourth in China. There are many kinds of trees, including more than 350 kinds of trees and shrubs in the whole region. Most of the forest resources in Inner Mongolia are concentrated in the northern mountainous area of Daxinganling, and the forest volume accounts for more than 3/4 of the total forest volume in the whole region, which is known as the "green treasure house of the motherland". Larix gmelinii, Betula platyphylla and Betula nigra, which are abundant here, are all famous tree species. In addition, Hanshan Mountain, Yinshan Mountain and Helan Mountain also grow patches of natural secondary forests. Spruce forest, Chinese pine forest, oak forest and Populus davidiana forest in Han area; Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla forests in Daqing Mountain, Wula Mountain and Manhan Mountain; Spruce, pine forest and Daqinggou broad-leaved forest in Helan Mountain have high economic and scientific research value. Plantation is also an indispensable part of forests in Inner Mongolia. The preserved area of artificial forests in the whole region reached 2.37 million hectares, 52 times higher than that before liberation.
The "Three North" Shelterbelt Project, which started at 1978, is known as "the Great Wall of Green Wan Li" and "the best ecological project in the world", which makes about half of the farmland in plain agriculture in the whole region forested, and the grassland construction in pastoral areas realizes tree protection.
Water and water resources
The total water resources in Inner Mongolia is 5155 million cubic meters, with 258 rivers and 295 large lakes with a drainage area of over 300 square kilometers, with an average annual precipitation of 50 mm -500 mm. The fresh water area in the whole region is 857,000 hectares, with an available water surface of 5 1. 1.000 hectares, and the water surface has been used for 495,000 hectares. The development prospect of freshwater aquaculture is broad. The main fish species are carp, crucian carp, silver carp and bream, among which the Yellow River carp is the most famous. Since the reform and opening up, the number of family fish farmers has grown to more than 2,600, and the population engaged in fishing has reached 6,543,800+0.5 million.
Wild animal resources
There are 235 1 species of plants in Inner Mongolia, including 2 167 wild plants and 84 introduced plants. These plants belong to 720 genera of 133 family, and 24 species are listed as the first batch of rare wild plants under special state protection. According to economic use, wild plants can be divided into more than ten categories. There are more than 70 kinds of fiber plants, such as Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. Quercus mongolica, Larix gmelinii, Quercus macrophylla, Phragmites communis and Tamarix chinensis. There are more than 500 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines, such as ginseng, gastrodia elata, ephedra, cistanche deserticola, Bupleurum and licorice. The seeds of dozens of plants, such as hazelnut, apricot, trollius and pine nuts, are good raw materials for oil extraction. The important raw materials for brewing are Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium uliginosum, Rubus, Mume, etc. Among dozens of edible plants, Hericium erinaceus, Tricholoma and Nostoc flagelliforme are the most famous. Mammals in Inner Mongolia belong to 24 families, with 1 14 species, accounting for 25.3% of the 450 species in China. There are more than 50 species of mammals with industrial value, and more than 0 species of rare animals/kloc-0. Birds belong to 5 1 family, with 365 species, accounting for 3 1% of the national birds. There are 49 species of mammals and birds listed in the first, second and third categories of national protection. Mongolian wild donkeys and camels belong to the most precious animals in the world. Reindeer is a unique animal in Inner Mongolia, and lark is a bird in the autonomous region. There are 54 species of rodents in the whole region, accounting for about13 of the national species, most of which are pests.
* Mineral resources
Inner Mongolia is one of the provinces with relatively complete types of mineral deposits in China. At present, more than 4 100 deposits of various types have been discovered, with 128 species. There are 83 kinds of proven reserves listed in the reserve balance table, including 2 kinds of energy minerals, 32 kinds of metal minerals and 49 kinds of non-metal minerals. Among the minerals with proven reserves, there are 7 kinds with the highest reserves in China, with 22 kinds in the top 3, 4 1 species in the top 5 and 56 kinds in the top 10. There are large mining areas 106, medium mining areas 177 and small mining areas150. The reserves of niobium, zirconium, rare earth, Iceland spar, coal, chromium, zinc, tantalum, beryllium, lead, fluorite, arsenic, vermiculite, tin, diatomite, perlite, iron, copper, silver and tungsten rank first in China 10, especially in the world. The proven ferrous metal mines in Inner Mongolia mainly include iron, manganese and chromium, among which iron ore resources are the most abundant. At present, 254 large and small iron ore producing areas have been discovered, with the accumulated proven reserves of17.10.20 billion tons, ranking ninth in China, and the reserves are concentrated along Bai Bao and Jiji railways. Among them, Baiyuneboyin is rich in iron, rare earth and other metals, and it is a rare "Baoshan" in the world. The proved reserves of chromite are 6.5438+0.8 million tons, ranking second in China. There are 35 known manganese ore producing areas with reserves of 310.4 million tons, ranking10.5 in the country. There are 10 kinds of non-ferrous metal resources listed in the reserve list, including copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, tin, bismuth, molybdenum, etc., among which 6 kinds occupy the position of 10 in China, and there are 102 mineral deposits. Precious metal resources, more than 200 gold deposits and occurrences have been discovered in the whole region, and there are 28 primary gold minerals with proven reserves, with various gold reserves of 127 tons. There are 23 producing areas of silver deposits, with accumulated proven reserves of 4,749 tons and retained reserves of 4 1 and 4 1 ton. Metallurgical auxiliary raw material resources, non-metallic mineral proven reserves of 64, of which molding sand, bauxite, fluorite reserves rank among the top three in China. Chemical raw material resources such as pyrite, lake salt, mirabilite and trona are 1 1 species, among which trona, pyrite, mirabilite, arsenic, peat and bromine rank in the top five in the national reserves ranking. Dalat Banner has a reserve of 3.4 billion tons of mirabilite, which is one of the largest mirabilite mines in the world. Proved reserves of asbestos, graphite, gypsum, limestone and other building materials resources 15 species. Vermiculite and Iceland spar rank first in China, second in China for gypsum and brick clay, third in China for refractory clay and mica, and fifth in China for graphite.
coal resources
Inner Mongolia has a coal-bearing area of 654.38+10,000 square kilometers. By the end of 1993, * * has discovered 3 18 coalfield, with a cumulative proven reserve of 225.3 billion tons, ranking second in the country after Shanxi Province; The prospective reserves exceed 1 trillion tons, ranking second in the country, second only to Xinjiang. Among the counties in the whole region 10 1 0, 67 counties have coal resources, and the proven reserves account for 22% of the whole country. Among them, there are 5 super-large coalfields with capacity 100 billion tons, and there are 5 large coalfields with capacity 1 1 each.
National custom
Nadam: The significance of entertainment and gathering originated 700 years ago. On the closing day, vendors gathered, telling stories and performing arts, which was very lively. The most exciting things are horse racing, wrestling and archery. Most of them are held in August when cattle and sheep are fat and fragrant.
Mongolian yurt: The word Mongolian yurt comes from Manchu people's appellation of Mongolian folk houses and is the product of nomadic life. It is usually seven or eight feet high and more than ten feet wide. First, wooden poles and cowhide are used to make several netted boxes, and then they are connected into a garden warehouse. Then make an umbrella-shaped garden roof out of wood. There is a circular skylight in the center of the roof to circulate air and absorb sunlight. It is the favorite daily necessities in grassland and pastoral areas, and it is also the most interesting accommodation for foreign tourists.
Sacrifice to Aobao: This is a traditional Mongolian religious activity. Aobao is built with stones, clods and wickers on grasslands, hillsides or sand dunes. "Aobao" was first built on the boundless grassland, as a sign to distinguish the direction, road and boundary, and later became a place to worship mountain gods and road gods. Most of the sacrifices to Aobao were held in July and August. At the time of sacrifice, there are tree strips on the Aobao, and colorful cloth strips or paper flags are hung on the tree. In the hearts of Mongolian people, Aobao is a sacred land.
Offering Hada: Hada is mainly made of white cloth or silk, with different lengths. One is to save one foot two inches to one foot five inches, and the two ends have silk, about half an inch, depending on the person and the occasion. Offering Hada is a courtesy for Mongolian people to welcome guests, give gifts and communicate on New Year's Day. Sometimes accompanied by songs and greetings, it is more respectful.
Hand-roasted mutton: Mongolians call hand-roasted mutton "Bukhlimaha". It is a simple and affordable hospitality food for Mongolian people on the grassland. The practice is to select the parts of the freshly slaughtered sheep, put them in a pot, add white water (except the head and hooves are in the water), and cook the original juice. Sheep eat five herbs, which are fully seasoned without any seasoning. As long as they master the cooking skills, they can make delicious food. Don't use tableware when eating, but eat with your hands.
Mongolian toast: Mongolians are the most particular about pouring wine to honor guests. Wine is the essence of food, the crystallization of grain, and the precious food that can best express the loyalty of friends. The host poured the wine into a silver bowl or a gold cup, put it on the white Hada, and sang a touching toast song to express his sincerity and feelings. At this time, guests should immediately take the wine, drink it if they can, taste it if they can't, and then return it to the host. Don't pass the buck and refuse the host's toast, otherwise he will think that you look down on the host, don't want to make friends and can't be honest with each other.
folk culture
Diane Dance: Diane is popular in Inner Mongolia and originated from Kulun Banner. The traditional singing method of Diane in Horqin, accompanied by dance movements, is a superstitious "Bo" therapy. After 1949, it gradually became a folk dance for self-entertainment. After continuous improvement and development, it entered the theater from the folk and became a popular national art form.
Inner Mongolia folk songs: Gadamer, Dhanapala, Namsley, Song of Labor, etc. Songs that praise hometown, miss relatives and miss hometown, such as Chickens and Ducks at Noon, Mother's Good, Sister Jin, etc. Lamentations, aphorisms, lullabies, satirical songs, such as Bojulai, Dugia, and Da Lama Dinger. Ritual songs include sacrificial songs, Diane songs, wedding songs, banquet songs, wine songs and so on. For example, Four Seasons, Golden Refuse to Horse, Bonfire Song, etc. Songs reflecting women's lives, such as Wan Li, Miss Gao, Deligelma, etc. Love songs, such as Han Xiuying, Dagula, Jin Yema and Beijing Lama.
Ordos wedding: Mongolian weddings spread in Ordos grassland have a long history, with unique national characteristics, rich living atmosphere, melodious song and dance forms and warm and grand scenes. It expresses the industrious, brave and intelligent Mongolian people's passionate pursuit of a better life and their rough, bold and kind character. Therefore, Ordos wedding is widely celebrated and famous at home and abroad, and many of its healthy contents and beautiful plots are still preserved and used today.
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