1. Soil preparation and sugarcane planting ditch
1. Soil preparation: Soil preparation is to provide deep, loose and fertile soil conditions for sugarcane growth, so as to fully meet the needs of its root growth and make the root system play a better role in absorbing water and nutrients. At the same time, soil preparation can also reduce diseases, insects and weeds in sugarcane fields.
Deep ploughing is the basis of increasing production. Sugarcane root system is developed, and deep tillage is beneficial to root system development, which makes the aboveground part grow fast and yield high. Deep ploughing is the general principle and requirement. The specific degree of deep ploughing must be adapted to local conditions, depending on the depth of the original plough layer and soil properties, generally around 30 cm. Deep tillage should not destroy the original soil layer, but should be combined with fertilization.
Early farming can improve soil and fertility. Therefore, sugarcane fields should be ploughed in time after the previous crop harvest. Early tillage is more important for sugarcane after planting rice.
2. Planting sugarcane ditch
Planting sugarcane ditch makes sugarcane grow to a certain depth, which is convenient for fertilization management.
2. 1 conventional sugarcane ditch: the width and depth of sugarcane ditch should be adjusted to local conditions, generally about 20 cm deep, and the bottom of the ditch should be 20 ~ 25 cm wide and flat.
2.2 Drought-resistant and high-yield sugarcane ditch
More than 80% of sugarcane in Yunnan is dry land, and the promotion of "deep ditch flat cultivation technology of sugarcane in dry land" has good drought resistance effect. The specific method is:
Trenches are dug along the contour lines around the mountain, and deep trenches are pressed with plate soil. The trench is 40 cm deep, 25 cm wide at the bottom and 100 cm from the center. The seedlings in the upper ditch are covered with wet soil at the bottom of the lower ditch. Cover the soil with 6.6 cm and tamp it.
Second, fertilization.
Sugarcane has a long growth period, tall plants and high yield. Therefore, in the whole growth period, the amount of fertilization is one of the main factors that determine the yield. Because of the large amount of fertilizer required by sugarcane, fertilizer accounts for a large proportion in the production cost of sugarcane. Therefore, it is of great significance to master the fertilization technology correctly, make it timely and appropriate, and meet the fertilizer demand of sugarcane to the maximum extent.
1. Fertilizer requirement of sugarcane
According to the research, per 1 ton of sugarcane, nitrogen (N) 1.5 ~ 2 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 1 ~ 1.5 kg and potassium (K2O) 2 ~ 2.5 kg need to be absorbed from the soil.
2. Nutrient absorption of sugarcane at different growth stages.
The general trend of nutrient absorption in sugarcane at different growth stages is that the seedling stage is less, the tillering stage is gradually increased, the absorption at jointing stage is the largest, and the maturity stage is reduced.
3. Fertilization principle
According to the fertilizer demand characteristics of sugarcane in different growth stages, the principle of fertilization is: "Re-apply base fertilizer in stages and topdressing in time". If only topdressing is not applied, sugarcane will grow easily: top-heavy, thick on the top and thin on the bottom, and prone to lodging. On the contrary, only applying base fertilizer without topdressing will cause insufficient stamina and "rat tail vine", which will affect the yield.
3. 1 Re-apply base fertilizer
Fertilizers are mainly organic fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are mainly used as base fertilizers, because the absorption of phosphate fertilizer by sugarcane is mainly in the early and middle stages. Moreover, the fluidity of phosphate fertilizer in soil is small, and it needs to be close to the roots to be easily absorbed. The absorption of potassium fertilizer by sugarcane is also mainly in the early and middle stages (about 80%). Moreover, the potassium absorbed by sugarcane plants in the early and middle stages can be used in the later stage. Therefore, potassium fertilizer should be applied early, when the amount is small, it should be used as base fertilizer at one time, when the amount is large, half of it should be used as base fertilizer, and the other half should be applied at the peak tillering stage or the early jointing stage.
3.2 Top dressing by stages
According to the law of sugarcane fertilizer demand, the application principle of topdressing can be summarized as "three attacks and one supplement, two ends are light and the middle is heavy" and "three attacks", that is, attacking seedling fertilizer, tillering fertilizer and stem fertilizer. "One supplement" is to supplement the tail fertilizer in the later stage. "Light at both ends" means less fertilization at seedling stage and late jointing stage, and "middle weight" means more fertilization at early jointing stage.
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