I used to listen to his reasoning alone and use it indiscriminately; Now we know that when he makes sense, not only is his mouth smeared with human oil, but his heart is also full of cannibalism. (Diary of a Madman)
He didn't think so, and replied in a silly voice: "No ..." (Diary of a Madman)
Honger and I leaned against the window of the ship and looked at the blurred scenery outside. (hometown)
The most striking stage stands outside the village in the clearing by the river, in the distant Yamashita. (hometown)
On one occasion, it seemed that his surname was Zhao, and the second one was blurred. (The True Story of Ah Q)
"Revolution ... do you know? ..... "Ah Q said very foolishly. (The True Story of Ah Q)
It is said that Mr. Fujino is very careless in his clothes and sometimes forgets to tie the knot. (Mr. Fujino)
"Mm-hmm." Her answer ("blessing")
In the above example, "Hu" and "paste" are mixed. [Hu Hu] pictophonetic characters. Sounds from ancient meat. ① Talking and doing things are groundless, unreasonable and arbitrary, which is equivalent to "chaos" and "blindness". 2 Say any nonsense and fool around. [Paste] Pictophonetic characters, from rice to Hu Sheng.
[Confusion] (shape) The unreasonable understanding of things is vague; Also described the content as chaotic. (Dictionary of Modern Norms)
[confused] [confused] 1 unreasonable; The understanding of things is vague and confusing. The more he explained, the more confused I became. ② The content is confusing. What a mess. (3) fuzzy.
[Vague] [including Hu] 1, unclear, unclear. 2. Not serious and careless.
Even the title of the book has different words. For example, "Life begins with culture" and "It's hard to get lost"
Under the influence of Lu Xun, vague, ambiguous, confused, confused, ambiguous and confused thoughts were standardized.
At the age of fifteen, Mix has grown as tall as an adult, but his heart is still chaotic. (Shen Congwen's rustling)
Even if later generations mentioned "Hu Shi's unique style" and "Lu Xun's style", all the impressions were still so vague. (Six Lectures by Hao Yuanbao and Lu Xun)
On the other hand, you don't have to kowtow if the thin man doesn't urge you every day. (Tai Jingnong's Hall)
Modern Chinese Dictionary is confused, confused, confused, 1, and its meaning is unclear or unreasonable.
Bai Yuan Pu's fourth discount: "How can you be honest and honest in governing the country?"
Yuan anonymous "Goddess" third fold: "Hey, you are the little crystal tower officer. You want Luo Zhi to be the party branch secretary, not to ask the truth. "
2. Dialect. Porridge. Qing Pu Songling's "The Story of the Wall" for the first time: "The morning drink is high, and the cream suddenly contains a gourd ladle.
It can be seen that Lu Xun's variant characters are influenced by ancient characters.
(B) "hesitation" and "hesitation"
After listening to the old woman's words, the driver did not hesitate, still holding Yi's arm, and walked forward step by step. < >
The man was in a hurry and cried, "What are you afraid of? Why not take it! " Old An Shu still hesitates about drugs.
I've always wanted to say this, but now I feel a little hesitant to live. I should dedicate my sadness and respect to her.
During my short stay, I think people here believe in ghosts as usual.
Only then did I realize that I was still a complete fool, and I couldn't stop asking "blessing" in three sentences.
At first, Fourth Aunt hesitated, but after listening to her words, her eyes turned a little red.
[Hesitation] 1, hesitation; He agreed without hesitation. 2. Proud look. complacence
In modern times, there are also: [hesitation] thinking and considering.
Yuan Guan Hanqing's Lu Zhai Lang, the third fold: "They are flirting with each other, and I can't help secretly hesitating. How can I guess such a charade? "
The seventeenth time: "I'm home, and I don't know how old Bai Ma's illness is. I'm afraid all the medical expenses are not enough. I am hesitating for you? "
It is suggested to use "hesitation" instead of writing "hesitation" in the first batch of heterographs.
[Hesitant] [Hesitant] I'm hesitating to go or not. Step back.
(C) "before" and "in"
I stopped to ask her for money. (Blessing)
At school, I was much more anxious when I met a temporary exam that I didn't prepare for my defense and the teacher was around. (same as above)
But will it include other meaning? -Or feel anything?
As if with some unknown expectation.
The original meaning of "Yu" refers to "the biggest image", which commonly means "comfort and happiness" in ancient times and has the meaning of preparing in advance. In this sense, it is universal with "preparation". Such as "warning", "calculation", "expectation", "foresight", "preparation" and "prevention" are all used now.
It is another major feature of the May 4th vocabulary that ancient words are used as materials to form new words, and modern Chinese inherits and gives new meanings.
(4) "Account" and "Account"
These words should be remembered. When I become a shopkeeper, I will use "Kong Yiji" to keep accounts.
The shopkeeper is slowly checking out. < >
Let's settle his account slowly. < >
Our shopkeeper never put fennel beans on the account. < >
I paid the account and the balance of 10 cents and 20 copper. I am not the principal.
"Closing the Account" and "Checking Old Accounts"
The account is a pictophonetic character, and the sound is long. Modern Chinese Dictionary is defined as: "① Things made of cloth, yarn or silk, such as mosquito nets and tents. 2 the same account. " Account is also a pictophonetic character, which is interpreted from Bei Changsheng's Modern Chinese Dictionary as: "① Records, bookkeeping and auditing of cargo shells and goods in and out; (2) refers to the account book, an account is a debt. Debt/debt. "
There is also such a saying in Lu Xun's later works: he paid the bill and took a piece of paper money to the maid ... (Shen Congwen's "Sinking")
Go there and make the bill! (Shen Congwen, "Sinking")
(e) "Selection" and "drawing lots"
Everyone in the hotel laughed, and Ah Q was in high spirits when he saw that his meritorious service was appreciated. The True Story of Ah Q
Ah Q then looked at the cheering crowd. The True Story of Ah Q
We all cheered like we were drunk. Mr. Fujino
The old woman sighed and put the food away listlessly. 〈〉〉〉 〉
Sister Xianglin raised her dull eyes to "bless"
"Cai" and "Cai" are ancient and modern words. But later, with the development of semantics, it became pregnant. There is no difference between "Cai" and "Cai" during the May 4th Movement. However, there is no confusion when "Cai" is used as a verb meaning. Generally speaking, they are not mixed as the meaning of "appearance and spirit" of God. But when it comes to color, it seems that both can be used, so "color" is a variant form contained in the meaning of "mining". Now it tends to be divided, and "color" is used to refer to color. However, the word "Cai" in the words "colorful" and "cheering" was written as "Cai". Luxun's wonderful-brilliant and listless-listless. Modern Chinese Dictionary and Xinhua Dictionary only accept "Miao", not "Miao"; Accept all kinds of words, and give priority to the former; Etymology only accepts the former, not the latter. "Wonderful-wonderful" has two meanings: "① The performance and articles are beautiful and excellent; 2 looks and spirit. " One meaning of "talent" is "spirit, look", such as "spirit" and "cheerful", which is just in line with the "wonderful" content. And "color" has no such meaning. "Cai" also has the same meaning as "Cai". From this perspective, "wonderful" is better than "wonderful". Modern Chinese Dictionary is listless but not listless. "Cihai" accepts "listlessness", which means that "talent" is also called "talent". This word means depressed, unhappy, and depressed. Comparatively speaking, it is clearer to express the meaning with "talent".
(6) "awesome" and "interested"
But I dare to assert that the poison of counter-revolution to reformers has never been relaxed. Nothing is more powerful than means. ("On Feuerbach Should Go Slow")
Sendai is a small town, and it is very cold in winter. There are no foreign students from China. Mr. Fujino
But Sister Xianglin is really out of line. I heard it was really troublesome. Everyone said it was because she had worked in a school, so it was different. < >
Li, pictophonetic character, word from the factory, sound written by Sheng Mi.
Li, originally the first text of the word "plow", knows the word and follows the knife from the grain. Later used as the meaning of "sharp".
Something difficult to handle or endure. It's so hot ~
Benefits and damages are not benefits, but great benefits.
Modernity also has benefits, but with different meanings.
[Interest] 1. Relationship.
〈〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉12 Why do you cry like you're dead? "
Chapter 27 of the Water Margin: "No one here sees us taking some risks and getting rid of this cangue."
2. Natural disasters. The first chapter of "Water Margin": "The real person has repeatedly reported:' This temple can't be opened, for fear of provoking interests and harming people. "
(7) "Floating water" and "submerged water"
"Besides, dogs can float, they still have to climb ashore" ("On" Frepley "Should Go Slow")
"This dozen teenagers, really no one can't drown, there are two or three or frolic in the waves. < >
Because he is good at swimming, he is not easy to drown (Fan Ainong).
But he fell down. Although he could float, he never got up again. < >
Modern also has:
[Floating] Also known as "floating" swimming.
"Tale of the Three Kingdoms" volume: "Hou Cheng killed Yang Feng and snatched the door."
Yuan Ming's second discount: "What a heavy rain, the water will come up, ah, the flood washed away the house, what a heavy rain, Shui Piao, Shui Piao."
(8) "Be careful" and "small"
Suddenly, I dug out a pair of embroidered bow shoes, so I put down what I was doing and looked at Fan Ainong carefully.
I can't sleep anyway. I read it carefully in the middle of the night before I saw the words through the gap. The word "cannibalism" is written all over the book. (Diary of a Madman)
[Son] 1, young live animals, poultry. This explanation is often used to write "zi" now. 2, small and refined.
[Caution] 1, Caution: Be very cautious in doing things/carefully understand the spirit of the document. 2. Be careful; Be careful: the road is slippery, be careful. 3. "Fang" is frugal and lives carefully/also called "small".
The meaning of "caution" in modern times is different:
[Be careful] Details.
"Jing Ben's popular novel Rolling Jade Guanyin": "Guo Lidao said,' I don't know if he is careful. When I see where he lives, I still hang signs to make a living." "
(9) Yes, Yes, Hehe, Hehe.
"Oh, that's not bad." A man in his twenties sitting in the back row was very angry. (medicine)
"Ah, hell?" I was so surprised that I just stood by. < >
"Ah, where is the rice? Isn't Sister Xianglin going to wash rice? ..... ""Blessing ""
"Ah ah, I really cheated. This time, I made this goal clear. < >
"Ah, such a mother-in-law! ..... "Four aunts said" Blessing "in surprise.
"Oh, my wife! If you are really the wife of a big family. " < >
Ah! This is not the hometown I have always remembered for twenty years.
Ah! There are endless strange things in my heart that my friends don't know at ordinary times. < >
"Ah, the old lady is really ... this is unruly." < >
"Oh, don't use this title to wrong me." < >
[Ouch] An interjection to express surprise or sigh. Oh, it's a rainbow
[a] The prefix 1 is used for ranking, before the nickname or surname, and before their relatives.
An exclamation of surprise
As soon as I found the badly injured place, I cried out in surprise, "Ah, this place" (Ai Wu's In the Canyon)
"Dutch, Dutch, Dutch!" A gloomy, ghostly laugh (Wu Zuxiang's Twilight)
"alas! What if this falls on your head? " (Xiao Hong's Biography of Hulan River)
"Ha ha!" He held the sword in one hand and the hair in the other, and raised the head of the eyebrow ruler to cast the sword.
"Ha ha!" Ah Q suddenly let out a cry, raised his head and looked around in a hurry. The True Story of Ah Q
Modern behavior: [Ay] is also called "Aye" and "Ayo"
Yuan Guan Hanqing's "Moon Pavilion" is the third fold: "Grandpa! Is the biggest to go. "
Yuan Ming's "Looking at the Yuanjiang Pavilion" is the second fold: "Spring scenery blends, bloom flowers fall, Ayo! Good flowers and trees, good flowers and trees. "
The fifth and third time of Water Margin: "Ah! I am unstable, let me down. "
"Surprise at the First Moment" Volume 31: "Grandpa! There's no need to do this. You two belong to Master He, so you are at home. "
(x) Commemoration and commemoration
Memory of Forgetting and Memory of Liu Hezhen.
The word "commemoration" in A Chinese Dictionary has four meanings: "① It still hinders; 2 miss, miss; (3) used to represent souvenirs; 4 remember. " These four senses all come from ancient Chinese. The word "commemoration" also has four meanings. The first three items are: "① Deeply miss, never forget; (2) Something used to commemorate; Commemorative activities, Memorial Day. " These three meanings all came into being after the May 4th Movement. Such as "souvenir" mentioned in Lu Xun's work "Remembering Yuan Jun". For Mr. Song Yu, the memory in Lu Xun's works is that he studied in Japan in his youth and was influenced by Japanese culture. He thinks that when Japanese write "memorial" in Chinese characters, they all write "memorial". Mr. Zhao Shuhua and Mr. Wang Tingde mentioned in the article "Memories and Memories in Lu Xun's Works" that people generally use "memories" and things, but there are exceptions. For example, "He loves his hometown and commemorates it all his life ..." See (preface and postscript of a translator's note in the war) ② Use "commemoration" to express general nostalgia, and use "commemoration" to express deeper connotation, which is intended to be thought-provoking. Especially in the title of the article, "commemoration" is used to emphasize and highlight the significance of the commemorated object in real life. For example, the word "remember" in "Remembering Liu Hezhen" and "Remembering for Forgetting" not only has the meaning of "remember" and "remember", but also has the connotation of never forgetting and inheriting his will. For the variant of "memorial and memorial", memorial was the main form during the May 4th Movement. After all, "commemoration" is a later word.
Second, the causes of variant forms of Lu Xun
Compared with formal norms, another important change of the May 4th New Literature Movement comes from the change of meaning. Language tries to change the obscurity and allusions in the classical Chinese era and enter public life with fresh, natural and popular language. But no matter how knowledgeable and courageous the advocates and practitioners of the New Culture Movement are, he can't do it overnight. First of all, they can't get rid of the influence of classical Chinese as a child and later; Second, no reform can be achieved in one step. In the exploration stage at that time, they advocated vernacular Chinese and opposed the excessive existence of classical Chinese, and there were many expressions for them to explore and improve.
Third, Lu Xun variant way out
Lu Xun's variant words have two outlets: one is the coexistence of division of labor, and the other is the survival of the fittest. The first case of "division of labor coexists" seems easier, as long as the division of labor is reasonable. Such as "commander in chief ~ command". "Commander-in-Chief" refers to "the supreme leader who commands the armed forces" and is a noun. And "command" means "rule and lead", which is a verb. So the words won't get mixed up. However, the second situation of "preserving the superior and eliminating the inferior" is much more complicated, involving etymology, meaning, history, reality, dialect, spoken language, writing, reading psychology and many other factors. It is necessary to distinguish different situations and deal with them separately. For example, of the two factors, history and reality, our principle is based on reality, because this is the written form of modern Chinese. For example, from the etymological point of view, there was a "fire companion" first. Due to the extension of the meaning of words and human visual perception, we now write more about "partner", so we take "partner" as the orthographic form and "fire companion" as the variant form. Generally speaking, we can standardize radical words according to the following principles:
(1) Do as the Romans do. Because words are used by people to communicate and have social characteristics, the first principle to be considered in establishing a standardized text form is to follow the crowd and take the commonly used text form. For various reasons, people often use some form of words in their long-term writing practice, although some words seem unreasonable. For example, in the variant of "thinking ~ thinking", the word "Wei" comes from the heart, and the ancients said that "the mind is the official thinking" and used "Wei" to influence people's psychological activities, which accords with the ancient people's understanding of thinking. So the word "thinking" seems to be more accurate and etymological. But for a long time, people are more accustomed to using "thinking". Then, according to the principle that when in Rome, do as the Romans do, we might as well establish "thinking" as a standard word form. Similar examples, such as "careful ~ meticulous", "companion ~ fire companion" and "Emei ~ moth", all take the former and abandon the latter.
(2) Keep it simple. Writing symbols is only a tool to record language, of course, the simpler the better. If several forms of a word are similar under other conditions, and there is a simple structure, few strokes and easy to write, then we might as well choose a simple font as the standard font. Such as "talent ~ talent" and "patch ~ patch", we should take the former and abandon the latter. On the whole, Chinese characters have too many signifiers and single meanings, which leads to a large vocabulary and inconvenience to learners. Some radical variants only record full-time Chinese characters of one word, and the meaning of a word is not closely related to its meaning. If we can simplify these homophones from the principle of Chinese character system, we will get twice the result with half the effort. For example, "Da-Da" and "Fu-Ju-Fu", among which "Da-Fu" and "Fu-Fu" are professional Chinese characters that can only appear in a certain word. Using "Da Fu" is more conducive to expressing meaning, so we can take "Da Fu" and "Fu" as. In this way, the font is standardized, the number of Chinese characters is reduced, and it is convenient for people to learn.
③ Yi Ming. Because Chinese characters basically record morphemes, the generic meaning or approximate meaning of words can often be observed from the form. Therefore, when establishing standard glyphs, we must take clear meaning as the basic principle that must be considered. For example, "delay ~ delay", in which "delay" means delay, but "delay" is not, so take "delay", morpheme meaning and word meaning can be organically combined, so that people can understand the word meaning literally. Another example is "a small wine glass ~ a wine bell". It can be seen from the glyph that "cup" represents a vessel, and with "wine", it can be roughly guessed that it is a vessel for holding wine, while "clock" is not as clear as its meaning. Similarly, in order to make the meaning appear, we should adopt the former and abandon the latter. The general trend of the evolution of radical-shaped words is to choose the word form next to the standard and eliminate the irregular word form. Therefore, for no special reason, the standard font of radical-shaped words should be as far as possible, even if the word frequency advantage of radical-shaped words is not obvious or temporarily unavailable. For example, "Cheerleading" and "Cheerleading" are different words. The Modern Chinese Dictionary (revised edition) takes cheerleading as the masculine gender. According to People's Daily ~; According to the word frequency statistics of 2000.12000.11,the word frequency ratio between them is12: 31; According to the word frequency statistics of Guangming Daily (2000.1-2 ooo.1), the word frequency ratio between them is 8: 0. It should be said that the advantages of cheerleading are not obvious. But the word refers to "a group of people cheering for athletes in sports competitions", and its semantic feature is to cheer for athletes with "shouting". Therefore, the word "cheerleading" with the word "mouth" as the radical is more reasonable and can make the meaning more clear, so we might as well take "cheerleading" as the standard word form. Sometimes the principle of clear meaning conflicts with the principle of simplification of word form, such as "command ~ pay separately", which is much simpler than "command" in word form; However, in a sense, "command" is much clearer than "assignment". In this case, we should fully consider the characteristics of Chinese characters, take care of students' reading theory and visual habits, and take the well-defined font as the standard font. Such as "rags become blue cloth", "butterflies become Hu Die" and "raising horses" all belong to this situation. Because of this "complexity" of writing more, people can completely get compensation from the "ease" of reading comprehension. On the contrary, it is more convenient for people to learn and use words with different radicals because their forms and meanings are connected.
Moreover, although objectively speaking, the expression of pragmatic function of variant characters should be "interchangeable in any context", variant characters seem to "do more harm than good" However, judging from the many different words we put forward, our understanding of the meaning of different words is far from the specific operation. In this case, it is hesitant to say "more harm than good" in different words. And if we measure variant characters according to this definition, we will find that the number of this part is very small. With the increase of corpus, the expansion of scope and the enrichment of context, we feel that the number of variant characters is decreasing. If we combine different pragmatic groups to analyze, the use scope of different forms of homonyms is often different, so we must consider to what extent we can blur this difference to obtain the basis of merger or strengthen this difference to realize the possibility of differentiation. To understand the function of variant characters, at least from the current situation, we must understand it from the perspective of typical categories. From the perspective of pragmatic efficiency, the existence of variant characters makes pragmatics uneconomical. However, there are still differences on how to understand economic issues. From the perspective of variant characters, one more word is obviously not as economical as one less word, but if we don't coordinate the pragmatic relationship when sorting out a variant character, sometimes we actually add a word, which will make pragmatics more chaotic and even more uneconomical. We used to sort out Chinese characters, but in some places, the reasons for merger were not sufficient, the pragmatic foundation was not enough, and it was too urgent, which affected the pragmatic economy. Generally speaking, language and writing work is urgent, and it can't be done without it. Inaction is also action, and avoidance is not inaction. Only those who are sure and those who are hesitant must be put aside. There are many lessons in this respect, which are related to our misunderstanding of economic efficiency to some extent. Moreover, for the development of simplified characters, simplification is probably more than the reduction of words and strokes. The same is true of the simplification of variant characters, and reasonable adjustment of pragmatic relations is the fundamental simplification. Sometimes adding a word, one or two strokes and keeping a word form are easier to understand and use, and can take care of the pragmatic psychology and habits of different pragmatic groups. Comparatively speaking, which is simpler and which economy is related to our fundamental purpose. Compared with the sorting principle of meaning, intonation and respect for differences, the principle of simplicity (such as choosing fewer strokes, canceling some special words, reducing a certain pronunciation of polyphonic words, etc.). ) is quite low in effectiveness and prone to deviation in operation. From the point of view of canceling special words, I'm afraid it's not convenient to choose nanny-nanny, gourd-gourd, butterfly-Hu Die, tadpole-dozing off, shark-sand fish and turning around. I'm afraid people are still willing to use the former to show their meaning. The forms of words influence each other, such as "bone to bone", "grumbling to length" and "vague to nothing". There are also one-sided understandings of simplification and economy in state regulations. For example, the word "pout" in the first batch of variant forms was abandoned as a variant of "pout", which affected the legitimacy of the existence of "pout". However, people (except those who are familiar with the standards and strictly abide by them) still like to use "pout", which is of little use and uncomfortable to use. The arrangement of "pouting" and "pouting" is not only the arrangement of words, or not words at all, but the arrangement of semantic relations, pragmatic habits and pragmatic psychology. The simplified operating range should be carefully analyzed. Some seemingly simplifications are actually caused by other reasons, such as "compromise-compromise" and "compromise". Sometimes simplicity is necessary and differences are ignored. If someone claims to have used the former in Nightmare-Nightmare. We must understand the economic problems in pragmatics dialectically and weigh the advantages and disadvantages comprehensively. From our analysis of the problems and difficulties in the nature and arrangement of homophones, we think it is impossible to arrange them once and for all. The problem of variant characters is fundamentally a matter of the relationship between words and language and its pragmatics. In some cases, variant characters are quite productive, which is the inevitable reflection of semantic relations in pragmatics. The appearance of variant characters is also a way, a way to show hidden words. The choice of standardized word forms of variant characters is relatively mandatory, that is, it has relatively high pragmatic value, which does not mean that abandoned word forms have no pragmatic value at all. It is actually a pragmatic prediction.
Therefore, when sorting out different words, we should base ourselves on modern Chinese, focus on the present, treat them in accordance with the basic principles of doing as the Romans do, being simple and clear, and comprehensively consider various factors. Do what you can, do what you can't, do what you can, and always have the consciousness of "be swayed by considerations of gain and loss". Don't cling to all kinds of answers, fully consider the pragmatic relationship step by step, make the best use of the situation, and make the standardized variant characters stand the test of history and be reasonable.