Part of speech:
According to the grammatical function and lexical meaning of words, words can be divided into two categories:
Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and quantifiers.
Function words: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and onomatopoeias.
1 noun: a word indicating the name of a person or thing. People and things are diverse. According to the different situations of people or things expressed by nouns, they can be divided into the following categories:
(1) Common nouns: indicating common things and a certain kind of people, such as:
Machines, blackboards, chess, classrooms, factories, schools,
Cattle, sheep, horses, Chinese cabbage, eggplant and pine trees
Workers, farmers, soldiers, league members, teachers and students.
(2) Proper nouns: refer to specific people or things, such as:
Marx, Lu Xun, Lei Feng, Yang Dewei, China, Peking,
Shanghai, Yangtze River, Yellow River, Mount Tai and Taihu Lake.
Tibet, Korea, Urumqi, Qiqihar
(3) Time nouns: such as
Today, morning, last year, Monday, National Day, New Year's Eve, New Year's Day and the day after tomorrow.
(4) Orientation nouns: indicating direction and position, such as;
Up, down, left, right, east, west, south, north, middle,
Above, below, in front, behind, east, west, beside.
The main grammatical functions of nouns:
1, nouns can be modified by quantitative phrases (locative nouns cannot). Nouns of different things use different quantifiers, such as:
A pencil, three schools, a train, a teacher, six pounds of Chinese cabbage, a tail fish and a dress.
2. You can add "man" after the common nouns of classmates, friends, girls and soldiers.
After adding "we", we can't use a certain number of quantitative phrases, such as three students, which is wrong.
3. Nouns are mainly used as subjects and objects, such as;
Lei Feng serves the people heart and soul. "Lei Feng" is the theme.
I have read the book _ _ object.
Nouns indicating time and place are often used as adverbials and attributives, such as:
Let's meet in Shanghai.
The campus in spring is really beautiful. Spring _ _ _ attribute
4. Nouns can sometimes form sentences independently. For example:
What is that? "snake!" "Snake" is a separate sentence.
Positional nouns are special and can be divided into simple locative words and synthetic locative words.
Simple locative words: up, down, front, back, east, west, south, north, left, right, inside, outside, middle, inside, side,
Synthetic locative words: consist of simple locative words and the following words:
Belt, edge, surface, head, square and part, such as:
East, north, back, inside, front, back and south. ...
Synthetic locative words can be used as subject, object, attribute and adverbial (discussed later).
Directional words can form directional phrases as attributes and adverbials (to be written later).
2. Verbs: words that express the actions, behaviors, development and changes of people and things.
Verbs are numerous and complicated in usage. According to different meanings and usages, they can be divided into eight categories:
(1) indicates actions and behaviors:
Walk, run, watch, jump, sing and fly.
Labor, protection, unity, struggle, investigation and production
(2) indicates development and change:
Contraction, increase, expansion, growth, reduction and improvement.
(3) indicating psychological activities
Think, love, fear, hate, hope, like, hate
(4) indicates existence, appearance, disappearance, death, stop and disappearance.
(5) Express orders
Command, call, let, please, manufacture, send, prohibit,
(6) Verbs expressing possibility, will and will for short.
Can, can, will, can, willing, willing, willing, dare, want, should, should.
(7) indicates the trend of action, which is called trend verb for short.
Up, down, come, go, in, out, back, up, over, up.
Up, down, out, in, up, down, in, out,
Drive away, get up, come back, go back, come here, go over.
Judge: Yes.
The main grammatical functions of verbs are:
1, most verbs can take objects, such as
Listen to (stories), tell (health), unite (comrades), have (a mountain), (objects in brackets)
A few verbs have no object, such as
Birth, competition, opening, swimming, parade, applause, progress.
Verbs with objects are generally called transitive verbs, and those without objects are generally called intransitive verbs.
2. The dynamic auxiliary word "zhe, le, guo" after the verb indicates the development and change of action, behavior and personality, that is, it indicates dynamics. Adding "zhe" after the verb indicates that it has not been completed and is in progress; Add "Pass" to indicate completion. such as
(1) He walks in clothes.
He got dressed and left.
He wears this kind of cotton clothes.
3. Verbs can overlap in the form of "AA", "A Le A", "a-a" and "ABAB".
Take a look, take a look, take a look.
Think, think, think, think, think
Study, study, study, study.
Discuss discuss discuss.
Verbs can also express doubts in a positive or negative way, such as:
Listen or not? Watch it or not? Study or not?
4. Verbs are mainly used as predicates, such as troop assembly. "Ding": the verb is used as the predicate.
When a verb is used as a subject or object, there are certain conditions: first, it no longer means action, but means something; Second, the predicate or the head word of the predicate is generally a verb that expresses judgment, psychology and persistence, such as: love, like, start, progress and so on.
Swimming is a good activity.
In this sentence, "swimming" is the subject, and as a sport, the predicate head "yes" indicates judgment.
Verbs can be independently formed into sentences, forming verb non-subject-predicate sentences. For example:
"Hit! ..... ","Go! "
Judgment words, directional verbs and will verbs are special verbs. You should say these verbs when you say phrases.
3. Adjective: a word that expresses the shape, nature or action, behavior, development and change of people and things, such as (1).
Big, small, high, low, straight, curved, red, black, thick, thin, round, flat,
Big, gentle, flat, rugged and straight.
(2) behave naturally:
Cold, hot, good, bad, true, kind, honest, simple, brave, honest, correct and special.
(3) Indicating status:
Fast, slow, urgent, steady, fast, happy, relaxed, serious, happy and enthusiastic.
Grammatical function of adjectives;
Adjectives of 1 can overlap, and they can express like, dislike or deepen, but they overlap with verbs in different ways. Try to compare:
Verb: monosyllabic, AA type, the second syllable is lightly pronounced, for example, say something. Disyllabic, ABAB style, for example, learning to learn.
Adjective: monosyllabic, AA (de), the second syllable is flat, such as high, good and deep disyllables, AABB style, such as respectful, clear, neat and cheerful.
A few adjectives also have ABAB type, for example, Snow White, black.
Some monosyllabic adjectives, such as verbs, can also be embedded with "le" or "ge" when they overlap, such as:
Verbs: talk, talk, think, think,
Adjectives: hot, hot, warm, warm, warm.
Adjectives also have the following overlapping forms:
Monosyllabic adjectives are "Hua Er" after overlapping, which means very light:
Such as: high, fast, full and bright.
ABB-style, which means deepening, such as heat, weight, acid, gold and happiness.
In A, take AB type as an example, flustered, delicate, careless and confused.
Adjective reduplication is generally vivid and often used to describe things. You can also express questions in positive and negative ways, just like verbs, such as:
Verb: Go or not? Are you going to say it or not? Do you like it? Will you come out?
Adjective: big or not? Does it taste good？ Is that clear? Is it beautiful?
Adjectives are mainly used as attributes and predicates.
Almost sixty years old, with a (thin) body and two (small) feet; But he is strict and never complains. (adjective as attribute)
The cabin is clean. (Adjective as predicate)
Adjectives can also be used as adverbials and complements, such as
It is [really] beautiful here. (Adjective as adverbial)
The procession marched towards xinhua gate. (Adjective as adverbial)
You say "good" (adjective as complement)
Adjectives, like verbs, can be used as the head words of subjects, objects or subject objects, and the required conditions are similar to those of verbs. For example:
It's no good rushing. (The adjective "urgent" is the subject)
Honesty is a virtue. ("Honesty" adjective as subject)
Copernicus believed more in the correctness of geodesy. ("Correct", adjective as object)
3 Adjectives can form sentences independently, forming adjectives that are not subject-predicate sentences, such as:
"good!" "Quick!"
When using nouns, verbs and adjectives, one is not to misuse the part of speech, and the other is not to misuse the meaning, such as:
Master Zhang taught him kindly and patiently. ("Patience" is a noun and should be changed to "patience")
I saw dark clouds flying, and suddenly raindrops poured down. The "dark clouds" are already in the sky, so there is no need to fly. They should be changed to "rolling" and "raindrops" to "rain" instead of "pouring".
In addition to the grammatical functions mentioned above, according to my experience, the easiest way to distinguish nouns, verbs and adjectives is:
You can't add adverbs of degree before nouns, but adjectives can. For example, "smart" can be written as "very smart", which is an adjective, but "wisdom" can't be written as "very smart", so "wisdom" is a noun. You can add "you" before nouns, for example, you have wisdom and ability, and you have Beijing (a big city).
The simplest difference between verbs and adjectives is that most verbs can take objects, while adjectives have no objects (unless the part of speech is flexible). For example, "like" can say "like" so it is a verb, and "joy" can't say "joy" but it can be said that it is very happy, so it is an adjective.
Numbers: words representing numbers. Can be divided into the following categories;
Cardinal number: a number representing a number, which can be divided into simple numbers and compound numbers. Simple numbers are: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine,; The composite number consists of simple numbers plus "ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, hundred million" and so on. Such as: eleven, twenty, one hundred and twenty, three thousand six hundred and fifty-three, ninety-seven thousand three hundred and sixty-two, etc. In addition, the cardinality also includes "zero"
When there is a space in the middle of a number, if the highest digit is "1 100 million, 1 10000", it must be read out, such as:
120000021-12.021100 million
98045 —— 98045
Regardless of the number of vacancies, vacancies are read as "zero".
If there are seats in the back, no matter how many, you can leave them out. For example:
450-459,800-98,500,600,000-500,600,000.
ordinal
The number indicating the order consists of the cardinal number plus "first". For example, "First, 1005"
When expressing the organization, the number of floors in the building, the ranking of relatives, the date, etc. , you can use ordinal number instead of cardinal number, such as:
Workshop 1, workshop 2, 1 shift, shift 3,
First floor, fifth floor, first floor, second floor,
Eldest brother, second brother, eldest son, second son
1997 1 month, June, 2008
Fraction, expressed by "fraction", (same as math reading, omitted)
Percent refers to a fraction with a denominator of 100 (the same as mathematics, abbreviated)
Decimal system, (same as mathematics, abbreviated)
Multiplication is made by adding "times" after numbers. For example, once, five times
Comparing two numbers, "greater than" or "increase" is multiplication, for example, one hundred is twice as much as fifty.
To compare "less than" or "less than" two numbers, you can only use fractions, such as minus five tenths and minus half.
Approximation: There are many ways to express approximation.
Add the words "Lai, Duo, Ba, Zuo you, Up and Down, Up and Down" to the base number, such as:
Ten kilograms, one hundred people, about 200, 1 ten thousand, less than 50, more than 30 people,
Use two adjacent numbers together: for example, one or two days, three or four years, seven or eight years,
Add "Cheng, Shang and Xiao" before the numeral "ten, hundred, thousand and ten thousand", such as:
Thousands of people.
In addition, you can also use the interrogative pronoun "how many": in a few days, you will count.
According to the "two" table, it will take two days to walk, so there are only two people.
Grammatical function of numerals;
Numbers can be used as subject and object, for example, ten is twice as much as five. In the sentence, "ten" is the subject and "twice" is the object.
Another example: 222 gets four ("222" is the subject and "four" is the object.
Please pay attention to some special representations of numbers, such as:
Words expressing divisors, such as "Ba, Shang and Cheng", can only be used for numbers above "100":
Hundreds, thousands, thousands.
An increase in quantity can be expressed in multiples.
Increase (decrease), increase (decrease), increase (decrease), increase (decrease). This statement does not include the base figure, but only refers to the net increase. For example, from five to ten, it can be said that it has doubled, but not tripled.
Increase to (for), increase to (for), rise to (for). This statement, including the base figure, refers to the total increase. If it is increased from five to ten, it can be said that it has doubled, but it cannot be said that it has doubled.
Used to indicate a decrease in quantity.
Reduce (reduce), reduce (reduce), reduce (reduce) only refers to the difference. For example, from ten to one, it should be said that it has been reduced by nine tenths, not nine times.
Reduce to (for), reduce to (for) and reduce to (for). This statement refers to the remainder after reduction. If it is reduced from ten to one, it should be said that it is reduced to one tenth.
Numerals are often used with quantifiers to form quantitative phrases, such as Jin, Yi, Zhang, Yi,
In some cases, the cardinal number does not mean the exact number, but other related meanings:
More expression: perfect, puzzled, do everything possible.
Say less: a little knowledge, a little scale and a half claw, a thousand things get one.
It means chaos: too many cooks, chaos and miscellaneous.
Expressing derogatory meaning: lose three and pull four, chop and change, condescending three and four.
Quantifier: a word that represents a unit of people and things, or a unit of action and behavior. The former is a matter quantifier and the latter is a momentum word.
(1) quantifiers can be divided into the following categories:
Individual quantifier, which means the unit of individual things:
Only, bar, block, flower, space, grain, shelf, head, position, individual and tail.
A set quantifier refers to a thing unit consisting of two or more individual things:
Double, group, deputy, set, gang, class, gang, batch, string, fight,
Quantifier for weights and measures, indicating the unit of measurement:
Zhang, ruler, inch, gold, beam, Li, mu, liter
Temporary quantifier, borrow some nouns or verbs as quantifiers:
One (hand) mud, one (face) sweat, one (room) person,
One (stomach) qi, one (water), one (bundle) book, one (letter) (all borrowed quantifiers are in brackets)
② Momentum words:
Time, return, trip, time, disembarkation, array, encounter, meal, field, mystery,
Sometimes also borrow some nouns:
See (eyes), kick (feet), punch (fists), eat (sticks) and cut (knives).
With the development of society, some compound quantifiers have appeared, such as
Number of trips _ _ Calculate the sum of the flight times of the aircraft. For example, a plane flying five times is called five sorties, and five planes flying once are also called one sortie.
Count the sum of the number of people and times.
Ton-kilometer-the unit of calculation of tons and kilometers transported by land. A ton of goods runs 100 km, which is called 100 ton km.
Cubic meters per second _ _ _ indicates the amount of one cubic meter of water in the river bed in one second.
Quantifiers can't be used alone, but they can be used repeatedly, meaning "every one is included". Reduplicated quantifiers can be used as subjects, such as:
Everyone is a hero. ("Gege" as the subject)
The meeting place is full, (the quantifier "meeting place" has no subject overlap)
Quantifiers are often combined with numeral phrases to form quantitative phrases, which are usually called quantifiers.
When using quantifiers, we should pay attention to:
Different things need different quantifiers, different actions need different momentum words, and the collocation of quantifiers with nouns and verbs should conform to language habits. such as
A rifle, a machine gun and a cannon, their inscriptions are not interchangeable.
It rained for a while, ate dinner and went to the park. The quantifiers in it are not interchangeable.
pronoun
Personal pronouns refer to people or things:
Me, you (you), him, her, us, you, them, them, it, themselves, themselves, others, others, everyone, others.
Interrogative pronouns: who, what, where (some), where, when, how, how, how, how much.
Demonstrative pronouns: this (some) that (some), here, there, here, there, at this time, at that time, now, at that time, so, so, so, so, so, so, so, so, so, so, so.
Pronouns are words with substitution and demonstrative functions, and their classification is shown in the table above.
The grammatical function of a pronoun is equivalent to the word it replaces, such as a pronoun representing the names of people and things, and its basic grammatical function is equivalent to a noun.
Matters needing attention in using personal pronouns:
The accusation of 1 should be clear to prevent abuse. For example, Xiao and Xiao Ling race. She runs slowly and fast. The result surpassed her. (The reference is unknown)
2 can be used to represent virtual fingers, not real people. For example, when "I, you and he" are used together in a sentence, they are often empty:
Students, you look at me and I look at you, and no one will speak first.
Distinguish the usage of several personal pronouns;
Us and us
"We" refers to the first person plural, which can refer to the speaker alone or include the speaker and the listener, depending on the language environment.
"We" must include the speaker and the listener. Comparison:
Teacher, wait a minute. Let's go together. (including both parties)
Wait a minute, teacher. Let's go together. (both parties)
Teacher, wait a minute. We will go. You don't have to go. (Speaker only)
The use of "we" is close and colloquial.
He, she, it, they, they, they represent the singular and plural of the third person respectively. I believe you know this, but I don't.
"She" refers to women, and can also refer to beloved and dear objects such as "motherland" and "party".
When there are men and women among the accused, it is not necessary to write "he (she)" when using "they"
"You" is a polite address for the second person. Only applies to the singular, and cannot be written as "you"
"Self" can be composed of "self, myself, himself and themselves" to show emphasis, for example, "He wants to go himself, and no one forces him."
Sometimes it also means empty finger: "You are responsible for your own affairs."
"people":
"People are anxious, you are still joking!" (referring to the first person)
"How clever Xiaoling is" (combined with nouns, third person)
Interrogative pronoun: a pronoun used to ask questions. When using it, you should pay attention to:
Targeted, such as:
"Who" asked: Who are you?
"What" question: What is this?
"Where, where" asked the place: Where are you from?
"When and how long" Ask time: When shall we leave?
"How, how" asks the role: How do we get there?
"How much, how much" Q: How much is a catty?
how much is it? How deep is this river?
Interrogative pronouns can mean any reference and empty reference, indicating no doubt, asking (rhetorical question) means anyone and anything, and sometimes it echoes "Ye, Du and Quan":
Who knows? (disposable)
Who knows who will answer. (opposite)
He wants to play anywhere.
People or things that indicate that they don't know or need to explain:
Let's go to Beijing to play some day.
Come and play sometime.
Said rhetorical question, no questions and inquiries, no need to answer, the tone is heavier:
What's your hurry?
What am I unhappy about?
Demonstrative pronouns, pronouns used to refer to others or things. The most basic thing is that "this" means near finger and "that" means far finger. Other demonstrative pronouns are derived from "this" and "that"
Pay attention to the instructions for the use of the house:
Sometimes it acts as an agent, and sometimes it acts as a reference:
This is my pen and that is his. (called a generation)
This pen is mine and that pen is his. (Refer to others)
How's this? (called a generation)
He is so serious and responsible! (Refer to others)
When "this" and "that" are used to distinguish things, "this" means near, "that" means far, and the distance is relative:
Not as good as here, but lively!
That was a long time ago. ...
And the use of virtual fingers:
Have you finished asking this and that?
A person always has such and such shortcomings, and no one is perfect!
Adverb: used before verbs and adjectives to express degree, time, scope, negation, mood, etc.
The main grammatical functions of adverbs are:
Modify verbs or adjectives as adverbials, such as:
Go [early]-[immediately]-[just]-[often].
[Very] good-[More] good-[Most] good-[Very] good.
Adverbs generally cannot modify nouns or quantitative phrases. Only when nouns or quantitative phrases are used as predicates can they be modified by adverbs indicating time and scope, such as:
It's [only] Friday. ("Cai" adverb of time)
There are many of them and few of us. ("only" adverb of scope)
A few adverbs can be used as complements, such as "very, extremely,": very good. That's great.
A few adverbs can answer questions independently and form sentences independently; Such as: "right away, maybe, definitely, no" and so on.
When are you going? -Right away.
Do you agree? Don't!
Adverbs cooperate with other function words or echo them back and forth, which can play a related role, combine two language units and express a certain grammatical relationship.
I will go whether you go or not. (It doesn't matter-all of it)
Adverbs echo prepositions: Don't listen to me. (Even-All)
Adverbs echo with adverbs: getting better and better. (the more-the more-), it's no use talking. (again-also)
A single adverb can also play a related role, for example, just do it. It's no use crying. (just, also)
Adverbs can be divided into the following eight categories according to their meanings:
Degree of expression:
The most extreme, extreme, exhausted, top, too, very, very, extremely, special, extraordinary, how, more, more, quite, very, quite, more, more, more, more, more, slightly, at least, at least.
Indicating time:
Morning, sooner or later, already, once, in advance, early, immediately, definitely, casually, immediately, immediately, temporarily, soon, just now, immediately, early, fast, always, always, often, always, usually, never, always, finally.
Representative scope:
Total * * *, net, all, all, all, all, pass * * *, only, at most, one * * *,
Every, single, single, unique, single, and all.
Represents repetition and continuity:
Continuously, continuously, then, repeatedly, again, again, again, again, again, again, again, again, again, again, again, again, again.
Express love:
Coincidence, sure enough, nature, stillness, suddenly, suddenly, suddenly, originally, intentionally, as if, gradually,
Can't help it, it's okay, quietly, silently, without authorization, gladly, by the way,
Express affirmation, negation, estimation:
Yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, no, no, no, no,
No, maybe, probably, about, about, it seems, maybe, probably, I'm afraid, almost, roughly.
Express emotions:
No, no, but in the end, after all, anyway, anyway, simply, but only, after all, would rather.
It's just, what, maybe, nothing more than an accident, once, simply, why, thank you, really, dare.
Representative location:
Everywhere, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere,
Some adverbs can mean different things on different occasions, for example, he is still here and hasn't left. ("Return" means time)
You are stronger than him.
You must read this book again. ("also" means repetition)
8. Preposition
Prepositions are used in front of nouns, pronouns or phrases and combined with them to indicate direction, time, place, object, etc.
The main grammatical function of preposition is that it can not be used as a sentence component alone, but must be combined with other words or phrases to form an object phrase to act as a sentence component. For example:
I lived in Beijing for three months. ("zai" is a preposition and forms an adverbial with the noun "Beijing". )
He is sincere to people. "Dui" is a preposition and adverbial with the noun "ren" to form an object-object phrase.
We all came to Hu Si Sea ("Zi" is a preposition, and together with the noun phrase "all corners of the country" forms an object phrase as a complement. The symbol of complement should be angle brackets, and I use the title instead, because I don't know how to make single angle brackets)
Many prepositions in modern Chinese are grammaticalized by verbs. Some prepositions are prepositions on this occasion and verbs on another occasion, which have the grammatical function of verbs. Such as;
I study at school. "zai" is a preposition, because in this sentence, "I" is the subject, "Xue" is the predicate, and "at school" is the adverbial of the object-object phrase.
I'm at school. In this sentence, "I" is the subject and "zai" is the predicate verb. The school is the object. Therefore, prepositions can only be used as verbs when there are no other verbs or adjectives in a sentence. )
Such as; I am sweeping the floor. In this sentence, "I" is the subject, "sweep" is the predicate, "ground" is the object, and "zai" is the adverbial, because the preposition can only take an object as a sentence component, and this "zai" has no object, so it can only be used as an adverb of expression.
I write faster than him. ("Bi" is a preposition. "Bita" is an object-object phrase.
Let's have a game. There is no other verb as the predicate, and "bi" is the verb predicate.
When "in, compare, give, follow, etc." When used as a verb, it has the grammatical function of a verb. For example, it can be used as a sentence component, some can overlap, and some can take the dynamic auxiliary word "zhe, le, guo, guo". Try to compare:
Let's have a game.
Let's compete.
We compared it.
Prepositions and their objects can express the following meanings:
Indicates location and direction:
From, from, to, to, to, to, in, in, along, along.
Indicating time:
From, since, to, in, when, in, using, passing, grasping, approaching, and.
Represents an object:
Right, right, about, even, with, with, and, put, yes, call (let).
Express purpose:
For, for, for
Expression comparison: comparison, similarity, follow, and, and.
Exclusion: divide, divide, divide, divide, divide.
Indicates status and mode:
According to, according to, according to, according to, according to, according to, according to, according to, in line with, after, through, by, by,
We should master the specific usage of some commonly used prepositions.
Yes, for:
"Dui" introduces the object of action and expresses the relationship among people, things and behaviors. Nouns and noun phrases after "Dui" are often the subjects of actions. For example, we should dare to fight against bad people. Because prepositional phrases as adverbials can be placed in front of the subject alone, which is more eye-catching and can make the sentence structure concise.
"Right" and "right" have the same function, and can be used wherever "right" can be used. However, when the object in a prepositional phrase refers to a person and is a single noun or pronoun, only "dui" can be used, such as:
He is very enthusiastic about his comrades.
He is loyal to the party and the people. (Only "Yes" can be used)
Use "right, right" to distinguish who is right. Comparison:
Swimming is very interesting to me.
I am very interested in swimming.
The four prepositions "follow, pass, and, and" are all used to guide the object related to the subject's action and form an object-object phrase as an adverbial. Relatively speaking, "heel" is mostly used in spoken language, "harmony" is mostly used in written language, and "harmony" can be used. For example:
I watch movies with my classmates. (The associated object is "classmate")
I broke up with my old friend for many years. (The associated object is "old friend")
You are about my height. (Table comparison, echoing "almost")
I'm not like you. (Table contrast echoes "different")
"Follow" is often used with verbs "compare" and "compare", for example; ：
Let me compare with you.
"Give" an introduction to a behavior and action object. The teacher told us the story of Liu Hulan.
Xiao Li, call me.
"Give" can mean passive, which is equivalent to "be";
I got him stumped. (quite "I was stumped by him")
The child was frightened. (equivalent to "fear")
When the verb "give" is used, it can follow one or two objects, such as:
Give it to me! ("Give" as a verb with the object "I")
You give me a pen. ("gei" is a verb with two objects, the near object is "I" and the far object is "a pen")
I broke that pen. ("gei" as a preposition forms an object-object phrase "gei me" as an adverbial)