Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge is located between Xiaguan and Pukou in Gulou District, Nanjing. It is the first double-deck railway and highway bridge on the Yangtze River designed and built by China himself. It is of great significance in the history of Chinese bridges and has created many new records in the history of Chinese bridge construction. It is of great economic, political and strategic significance. It is one of the important achievements of China's economic construction in 1960s, and it is also an important milestone of China's bridge construction. [ 1]
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge is an important traffic node in eastern China. The upper floor is a highway bridge with a length of 4589 meters and a lane width of 15 meters, which can accommodate four carts at the same time. There are sidewalks more than 2 meters wide on both sides, connecting the national highway 104 and national highway 3 12 across the Yangtze River. The lower floor is a double-track and double-track railway bridge with a width of14m and a total length of 6,772m, connecting the Jinpu Railway and the Shanghai-Nanjing Railway trunk line, which is the key link and lifeline of the national north-south traffic. [2]
This bridge consists of a main bridge and an approach bridge. The main bridge has 9 piers with a span of 10, a length of1576m and a maximum span of160m. The navigable clearance width of the bridge is1.20m, and the navigable clearance height under the bridge is 24m above the designed maximum navigable water level, which can pass 5000-ton seagoing ships.
The Yangtze River Bridge is a landmark building in Nanjing, a cultural symbol in Jiangsu and one of the famous scenic spots in China. It is listed as one of the 48 scenic spots in the new Jinling. [3] The bridge was built for 8 years, costing 287.577 million RMB, consuming 384. 1.0000 cubic meters of concrete and 66.500 tons of steel. 1960 is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as "the world's longest road-rail bridge". July 20 14, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was selected as an immovable cultural relic. [4]
Construction background
Nanjing ChangJiang River Bridge
Nanjing Yangtze River generally refers to the river surface from anhui cuisine market to Zhenjiang, Jiangsu. The ground here looks like a Chinese-style chest covering, and the water depth is steep. The average width of the river channel exceeds 1500m, and the narrowest part is also 1 100m. The water depth is mostly 15 ~ 30m, the deepest part is over 70m, and the velocity is 3m/ s. The dangerous terrain has formed the "natural graben of the Yangtze River".
The Shanghai-Nanjing Railway and the Jinpu Railway, which were opened in the early 20th century, were cut off in Nanjing and could not connect the two sides of the Yangtze River. Passengers and goods crossing the river have to ferry by boat, which seriously affects the transportation efficiency.
19 18, the Beiyang government of the Republic of China invited French bridge experts to carry out bridge construction survey in Nanjing, but there was no result. [5]
1930, the Kuomintang government invited John Valda, an American bridge expert, to visit here, and finally came to the conclusion that the bridge could not be built because of the complicated hydrology and poor geological conditions.
Since then, the National Government has considered building a bridge twice in 1936 and 1946, but gave up because of the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the Second Civil War.
1933101On October 22nd, the first domestic train ferry was opened from Xiaguan Coal Port to Pukou.
1949 The transportation capacity is 20 ferries per day. After the founding of New China, the transportation capacity has increased from 1958 to 100 ferries per day, but it still cannot meet the transportation demand. The natural barrier of the Yangtze River has become a serious bottleneck in beijing-shanghai railway.
design
During the period of 1956, the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge was still under construction, and People's Republic of China (PRC) made a decision to build the Yangtze River Bridge in Nanjing and run through the beijing-shanghai railway Line. The design and construction of Wuhan Bridge was carried out with the help of Soviet experts, while the design of Nanjing Bridge was completed by China.
1956 The Bridge Engineering Bureau of the Ministry of Railways decided to survey and design the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. In May of the same year, the Bridge Design Department of the General Design Bureau of the Ministry of Railways accepted the design task of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge and began the rough survey of the bridge, which was completed in June+February, 5438.
1In August, 957, the design opinions of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge put forward three bridge site schemes of Xiasanshan, Shangyuanmen Coal Port and Baota Bridge in the upper reaches of Yanziji, and sent them to the Ministry of Railways for review.
1957 After the completion of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, the Ministry of Railways merged the bridge design office into the Bridge Engineering Bureau.
At the beginning of 1958, the design task of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was transferred to the Bridge Engineering Bureau, where the design team of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge with Wang as the team leader was established.
Night view of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
1August, 958, the bridge location scheme of Baota Bridge was determined as the bridge location proposal scheme, and it was decided to design it as a highway-railway bridge. The preliminary survey of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge began in August and was completed in June+February, 5438.
1958 In September, the State Council approved the establishment of the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge Construction Committee, with Hui Yuyu, Governor of Jiangsu Province, as the director and Peng Chong, Peng Min and Wang Zhiping as the deputy directors. The Project Construction Committee selected the site selection scheme of Baota Bridge, and put forward that the bridge should be designed as a dual-purpose railway and highway bridge, taking into account the navigation of 10,000-ton seagoing ships under the bridge, taking into account the urban needs and aesthetic requirements, and requiring the bridge construction to follow the policy of "more, faster, better and less expensive". After the breakdown of Sino-Soviet relations, China decided to take the road of "self-reliance" and rely on its own strength to complete the bridge construction, and the Ministry of Railways launched relevant national departments to tackle key problems.
1958 10 The Ministry of Railways and the Ministry of Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences held a technical cooperation meeting on Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge in Wuhan, and also established a technical advisory committee chaired by Brandon Lee, a bridge expert from Tongji University. After many cooperations, the Bridge Engineering Bureau completed the design scheme of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge based on the design opinions drafted by Hu Jingming. The design work was presided over by Mei Yangchun, chief engineer of the Bridge Bureau, with strong support from Tongji University, China Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Changsha Railway Institute and other institutions and scientific research institutions. Brandon Lee, Zhang Wei, Gu Dezhen and other experts participated in the design. Wang presided over the design of the main bridge steel beam, Cao Zhen presided over the design of the bridge site, and Zhou Pu was responsible for the design of the approach bridge and the bridge head.
1959 1 The survey of Nanjing Bridge started in 10 and was completed in June.
1960 In May, Zhong Xunzheng of Nanjing Institute of Technology (now Southeast University) approved the scheme that the bridgehead of Nanjing Bridge is a red flag plus a compound battery.
1June, 1960, the Bridge Engineering Bureau compiled the technical design documents of Nanjing Bridge and submitted them to the Ministry of Railways for appraisal, and the overall construction scheme of the bridge was completed.
196 1 approved by the state planning commission in April.
In order to ensure that 10,000-ton ships can pass under the bridge, the original design clearance height of the bridge is 26 meters. Some departments have suggested that the clearance height of 24 meters can ensure the passage of 10,000-ton seagoing ships. Wang Shoudao, Minister of Communications, presided over the discussion of the 24m headroom plan, and the Ministry of Railways adopted the 24m plan when revising the design plan. However, the navy and shipping departments have different opinions on this. Deng Xiaoping, who was then in General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, called the relevant person in charge to study and decided to maintain a clearance of 24 meters. Since then, the opposition has not subsided, and finally, Premier Zhou Enlai decided that the clearance height was 24 meters.
build
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge under Construction
1February, 959, the Second Bridge Engineering Office of the Bridge Engineering Bureau entered the Nanjing shore site to undertake the works of Pier 5 and its south side. In September, the Fourth Bridge Engineering Department of the Bridge Engineering Bureau entered the construction site on the north bank of the Yangtze River in Pukou District to undertake the No.4 pier and its north project. On June 28th, the approach bridge project started piling. 1 15 10 15, the Nanjing Yangtze river bridge engineering headquarters was established, with Peng min, director of the bridge engineering bureau, as the chief commander and Mei Yangchun as the chief engineer.
In June, 65438+65438 0960+1810, the pier and abutment of the main bridge started construction, and the steel enclosure of pier No.9 of the main bridge floated into the water, announcing the official start of Nanjing Bridge and the full-scale construction of the bridge. After that, nine piers of the main bridge of Nanjing Bridge started construction one after another. [6]
In the process of bridge construction, many difficulties such as technology and natural disasters have been overcome. Due to the complex geology of the bridge site, the foundation of the lower part of the main bridge was constructed in four ways: first, at the deep pier site covered by shallow water, heavy concrete caissons were used, and the span depth reached 54.87 meters, which set the China record at that time; 2. At the pier with good bedrock and thick overburden, the steel sheet pile cofferdam pipe pile foundation is selected, and the 3.6m large-diameter pretensioned concrete pipe pile is adopted for the first time; 3. At the pier with good bedrock and thick overburden but deep water level, the floating steel open caisson and pipe string composite foundation are adopted for the first time; 4. At the pier with deep water and thick overburden but low bedrock strength, floating reinforced concrete caisson is adopted, with reinforced concrete structure at the upper part and steel and reinforced concrete composite structure at the lower part. Use the inflation and deflation of cylinders to float and correct knitting. Due to technical limitations, divers can only use ordinary equipment for underwater detection, and the deepest diving depth of Qingji is 65 meters.
1September, 1964, the bridge project encountered the biggest crisis in construction: under the impact of autumn flood, the suspended caisson cables on piers No.5 and No.4 broke one after another, and the caisson weighing more than 6,000 tons oscillated periodically in the rapids, with the maximum amplitude of 60 meters, and the bridge was in great danger of caisson overturning and bridge site scrapping. Bridge builders risked their lives in the flood for nearly two months. Finally, the "balanced anti-sway" scheme proposed by Lin was adopted to overcome the swing of open caisson and turn the bridge from danger to safety.
The Old Shadow of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
The construction of the bridge has also overcome the international situation, domestic political and economic difficulties and interference. 1960, China ordered10.399 million tons of high-strength low-alloy steel from the Soviet Union for bridge steel beams. However, due to the breakdown of Sino-Soviet relations, some steel imported from the Soviet Union was unqualified, and the Soviet Union later refused to supply it. 196 1 year, China decided to use domestic steel and take the road of self-reliance.
1963, Angang successfully developed "16 manganese" steel for bridge, and produced this kind of steel 14000 tons, which ensured the erection of bridge steel beams. Shortly after the bridge started construction, China faced a three-year difficult period and a large number of projects were dismounted. The bridge project requires all new workers to be streamlined, and the funds are reduced to no more than 30 million yuan per year, which is only enough to maintain daily expenses. After investigation and report by the Ministry of Railways and Jiangsu provincial leaders Jiang and Hui Yuyu, the Prime Minister approved the bridge as a special case to continue recruiting and purchasing equipment, and the Nanjing Municipal Government ensured the supply of living materials and continued construction. With the special funds approved by the State Planning Commission, the winter bridge was fully resumed on 1965, and the main bridge was erected on 10/0/7.
/kloc-in the spring of 0/966, all the piers of the main bridge came out of the water. However, at that time, the international situation was tense, and China launched a large-scale "third-line construction" in the southwest to strengthen its combat readiness, which occupied a lot of materials and funds, and the materials for bridge engineering were in short supply again. At that time, some people said that since the bridge must have been bombed in the war, it was necessary to complete it. Premier Zhou Enlai instructed Lv Zhengcao, Minister of Railways, and Peng Min, Vice Minister, to go to Nanjing for investigation. Jiang He, the first secretary of the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee, and the deputy commander of the Nanjing Military Region decided the policy of "simplicity, quickness, long time, preparation, bombing and later repair". Premier Zhou Enlai instructed not to stop working, continue to erect steel beams to open the railway, simplify highway bridges and ancillary works, and strive to reduce investment. The bridge has been completely restored. Shortly after the Cultural Revolution began, the workers who built the bridge were divided into two factions to "struggle" with each other, and the bridge site was paralyzed. The State Council imposed "military control" on the bridge site, and the commander of the Nanjing Military Region sent troops to the scene to mediate the contradictions between the two factions and participate in the construction, so that the construction of the bridge could continue. Before the completion of the bridge, thousands of Nanjing citizens volunteered to work at the bridge site every day, and the enthusiasm of the bridge builders was very high.
Nanjing ChangJiang River Bridge
At the end of June 1965 and the end of June 1966, respectively, 9 piers of the main bridge were completed in April 1966, and steel beams of the main bridge were erected from the other side of the river in June1/kloc-0.
1967 August 16, the main bridge was closed and completed on 22nd. Xu Zeng, then commander of Nanjing Military Region, dispatched about 100 tanks to cross the bridge at the same time to test the quality of the bridge.
The bridge head was built at 1968. This 70-meter-high, 24-story building was completed in only 28 days. Bridge * * * The whole project uses 66,500 tons of steel (including 3 1.600 tons of main bridge steel beam) and 384 1.000 cubic meters of concrete, with a total cost of 2,875.77 million yuan (including main bridge1.31.5/kloc) The successful construction of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, as well as the low-alloy bridge steel and deep-water foundation engineering developed in the process of bridge construction in China, are milestones in bridge construction in China.
be open to traffic
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge opens to traffic.
From September 9 to 26, 1968, the Ministry of Railways, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge Construction Committee, Shanghai Railway Bureau and Bridge Engineering Bureau formed an acceptance handover team to run heavy-haul trains back and forth on the railway bridge for testing, which proved that the steel beam and its structural performance were excellent.
On September 30th, 1968, the railway bridge was first opened to traffic. More than 50,000 soldiers and civilians in Nanjing held a grand opening ceremony, and the Nanjing Railway Station, a supporting project of the bridge, also held a inauguration ceremony. 1 01October1day, Shanghai Railway Bureau officially took over the railway bridge and started operation. At 3: 00 in the morning, Fuzhou Express Train 46 bound for Beijing became the first passenger train to pass through the railway bridge.
1968 65438+On February 29th, the highway bridge was officially opened to traffic, and the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was fully connected. Because the railway supporting project has not been completed, the bridge once only took 30% of the railway freight volume after opening to traffic, and the rest of the freight trains were still transported across the river by train ferry.
Related pictures of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
After nanjing east railway station 1973 was put into use, Shimonoseki train ferry was stopped on May 5, and all trucks crossed the river through the bridge.
65438+65438 0969+65438 10 +0, Daqiao Highway was put into use.
1969, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications issued a set of 4 stamps to commemorate the successful completion of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. On September 2 1, President Mao Zedong inspected Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. As the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge is the first Yangtze River Bridge built entirely by China people, it is generally regarded as China's "model of self-reliance" and "great achievement of socialist construction", and it is called "bridge of competition".
On September 26th, 1969, the Nanjing Military Region organized 80 tanks and more than 60 wheeled vehicles to cross the bridge in order to test the quality of the bridge and the combat readiness of the troops.
1985, Da Qiao won the national special prize for scientific and technological progress. [7]