The rulers of the Qing dynasty adopted the method of appealing to the literati left over from the Ming dynasty. In the face of disobedience to rule, severe repression was taken. In the second year of Emperor Kangxi's accession to the throne, an official reported that Zhuang Tingzhi, the top scholar in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, privately recruited scholars to edit Ming History, which included remarks attacking the rulers of the Qing Dynasty and using the title of Nanming. At this time, Zhuang Tingyi was dead, and the court ordered Zhuang Tingyi to be disembowelled, and his son, who wrote preface, sold books, wrote letters, printed and was a local official, was executed and exiled. In this case, a * * * implicated more than 70 people.
In A.D. 17 1 1 year, it is said that in the anthology of academician Dai Mingshi, he expressed sympathy for the declared regime and used the title of Li Yong, the Emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty, so he ordered Dai Mingshi to be put into prison and sentenced to death. In this case, more than 300 people implicated his relatives and friends and engraved his anthology.
Because these cases are entirely caused by writing articles, they are called "literary prisons".
Emperor Kangxi was emperor for sixty-one years, and he did not interact with each other. His fourth son, yìn zhé, succeeded to the throne. This is the Qing Sejong, also known as Yong Zhengdi. Yong Zhengdi is a cruel and suspicious person. Under his rule, there were more and more literary tribunals. The most famous is the Lv Liuliang incident.
Lv Liuliang is also a famous scholar. After the demise of the Ming Dynasty, he took part in the anti-Qing struggle without success, so he took his students to teach at home. He was recommended to be knowledgeable, but he firmly refused. Officials advised him not to listen, and it was no use threatening him. Later, I simply ran to the temple and shaved my head and became a monk. Officials can't do anything about him.
After becoming a monk, Lv Liuliang hid in a temple and wrote a book. There is something in the book that opposes the rule of the Qing Dynasty. Fortunately, it was written and not circulated. Lv Liuliang died, and no one paid attention to it.
Ceng Jing, a native of Hunan, came across Lv Liuliang's article and admired Lv Liuliang's knowledge. He sent Zhang Xi, a student, from Hunan to Zhejiang, Lv Liuliang's hometown, to inquire about his manuscripts.
When Zhang Xi arrived in Zhejiang, he not only found the whereabouts of the manuscript, but also found two students in Lv Liuliang. Zhang Xi talked with them and got along well. After he reported to Ceng Jing, Ceng Jing also met with two people. Four people were indignant when they talked about the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
Everyone secretly discussed how to find a way to overthrow the Qing dynasty.
They know that a few scholars alone can't do great things. Later, Ceng Jing found that Yue Zhongqi, the minister of the Han nationality who served as the governor of Shaanxi but Gansu Province, had great military power. Because of his meritorious service in the crusade against border chaos, he was reused by Yong Zhengdi. He believes that if Yue Zhongqi can be persuaded to oppose the Qing Dynasty, there is great hope of success.
Ceng Jing wrote a letter and sent Zhang Xi to find Yue Zhongqi. Yue Zhongqi received Zhang Xi. When she opened the letter, she was shocked to see that she was trying to persuade him to oppose the Qing Dynasty. She asked Zhang Xi, "Where did you come from and dare to send such a treacherous letter?"
Zhang Xi said with a straight face, "The general and the Qing Dynasty are feuds. Don't you want revenge? "
Yue Zhongqi knew, "Where does this start?"
He said: "The general's surname is Yue, and he is a descendant of Yue Zhongwu (that is, Yue Fei) in the Southern Song Dynasty. The ancestors of the current Qing emperors were all Jin people. Betty Wong was killed by the collusion of Jin people, and he was wronged through the ages. Now the general has a large number of people, which is a good opportunity to avenge Betty Wong. "
Hearing this, Yue Zhongqi immediately turned his face and shouted, put Zhang Xiguan in prison, and asked local officials to interrogate Zhang Xi to find out who ordered him.
After all kinds of torture, Zhang Xi refused to speak. He said, "You can kill or chop if you want. Ask the instigator, no! "
Yue Zhongqi thought, this Zhang Xi is a tough guy. If he can't be cured by hard work alone, he will think of other soft ways. The next day, he released Zhang Xi from prison and met him secretly. Yue Zhongqi said hypocritically: Yesterday's trial was just a test. He was moved by Zhang Xi's words and determined to fight against the Qing Dynasty. He hopes Zhang Xi can help him with his advice.
Zhang Xi didn't believe it at first, but Yue Zhongqi pretended to be serious. She really took a gamble and scolded him before believing him. The two talked for a few days and gradually warmed up. Zhang Xi talked about everything, telling everything his teacher Ceng Jing told him.
Yue Zhongqi coaxed Zhang Xi into providing information, and at the same time sent people to Hunan to arrest Ceng Jing. At the same time, he immediately wrote a letter telling Yong Zhengdi how Ceng Jing and Zhang Xi plotted to rebel.
Yong Zhengdi was angry and anxious when he received the report. He immediately ordered Ceng Jing and Zhang Xi to be sent to Beijing for interrogation. At this time, Zhang knew that Yue Zhongqi had been cheated, otherwise it would be useless. Yong Zhengdi checked again and knew that Ceng Jing was still in contact with two students in Lv Liuliang.
In this way, this case involves Lv Liuliang's family. Lv Liuliang is dead. Yongzheng planed Lv Liuliang's grave, chopped the coffin, and killed Lv Liuliang's descendants and his two students. There are still many scholars who believe in Lv Liuliang who have been implicated and exiled to remote areas.
Cases like this are really caused by activities against the imperial court. Besides, there are many literary inquisitions, which are totally far-fetched, critical and even disastrous for a poem or a sentence. On one occasion, Xu Jun, an official of the Imperial Academy, misspelled the word "Your Majesty" as "Lin" in the memorial. When Yong Zhengdi saw it, prosthodontic was fired immediately. Later, I sent someone to check it out, and found two poems in Xu Jun's poetry collection: "The breeze can't read, why turn over the books?" Critically speaking, this "breeze" refers to the Qing Dynasty. As a result, Xu Jun committed libel and died.
Central Archives Organization in Qing Dynasty —— Military Department
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, it followed the old system of the Ming Dynasty, and "Zhang Shu Piao drafted the manuscript, and the main cabinet". Military secrets, mainly discuss the office ". In the seventh year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1729), due to the frequent use of troops in the northwest, the cabinet was too far away from the imperial palace, which was inconvenient for the emperor to give the opportunity himself. Therefore, this year 1 month, the military department was established in the palace, called "Military Affairs Department". Formerly known as "Military Aircraft Room", it was renamed the Military Department in the 10th year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1732). The military department is the power of the cabinet, so it is said to be "a branch of the cabinet." The Ministry of Military Affairs ruled 180 years in the Qing Dynasty, and became the slaughterhouse of various yamen. Its system is special, the official system is concise, and there are officials but no officials. All its work is presided over by the Minister of Military Affairs and handled by Zhang Jing, a military aircraft. Ministers of military aircraft, commonly known as "military aircraft", are divided into Manchu officials, Manchu university students, ministers of various ministries, assistant ministers and governors. They are all transferred in by special orders, they are part-time jobs, and there is no personnel quota; At that time, when a prince or a university student, Man Han, was the leader, it was called "slap the head" and "leader". According to the Qing system, the prince could not enter the military aircraft. In January of the fourth year of Jiaqing, he used military aircraft to handle affairs in a complicated way and ordered a prince to walk in the military forever. In October of the same year, it was also called "non-ancestral system". It was not until the third year of Xianfeng (AD 1853) that the Prince was appointed as the military affairs minister. In the early days, the foreman was responsible for discussing government affairs when the emperor summoned him, or drafting imperial edicts according to the emperor's will. Any minister of military affairs appointed by the emperor to work in the military department is called "walking in the military department" or "walking on the minister of military affairs" People who have just arrived in the military department, if their qualifications or abilities are still shallow, are ordered to go to school in the "Minister of Military Aircraft", which means that they are apprentices, and their status is slightly lower, so they are behind in scheduling. A year or two later, the foreman and military affairs minister specially asked the emperor to remove the word "learning". Military ministers also have different qualifications, tastes and powers. For example, some Manchu ministers are only allowed to watch Manchu memorials, or new ministers are not allowed to watch Zhu Pi's memorials. These different treatments are decided by the emperor. According to Guangxu Huidian (volume 10 17), in the fifth year of Jiaqing (A.D. 1800), the minister of military affairs was only allowed to write the imperial edict delivered on the same day in the military department, and was not allowed to be the top scholar in the military department's handling department and academy (because the minister of military affairs was part-time, the original position of the department and academy was therefore Members of various ministries are not allowed to go to the military department to "do things" (ask their government officials for instructions). Idle people are not allowed to peep at the place where military aircraft work in Beijing. Because Wang Xiaman and China military commanders are not allowed to talk to the Minister of Military Affairs in the military, "offenders will be severely punished". In order to strictly implement these regulations, the court of Douchayuan sends a person to the value room of the office next to the military department to monitor every day, and only when the value is scattered can the military department ministers be returned. When the military department was first established, it was limited to the military. "Preface to the Chronicle of Military Ministers of the Qing Dynasty" said: "At the beginning, it was just a matter of undertaking temples, businesses and generals. "However, since then, the power has gradually expanded, and even military plans must be taken into account. Its specific responsibilities are as follows: 1. Responsible for drafting imperial edicts issued by the emperor and handling memorials reported by the participating officials. Documents reported by officials, those who played "please purport" belonged to the military department, and the titles belonged to the cabinet as usual until the late Qing Dynasty. Second, deal with the major policies submitted by the emperor. If the emperor cannot make a ruling on important political affairs, it will be submitted to the military department for deliberation or secret discussion, or submitted to the military department and the relevant yamen for deliberation. In particular, the military department will discuss whether it can be played by secret means; In conjunction with the discussion, or by the military, or by the yamen manuscript, temporary discretion. Three, some major cases, the emperor to the military affairs minister, or by the military affairs minister in conjunction with the Ministry of justice. Military ministers can appear in military departments or use torture. When using torture, choose the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs or the yamen under the command of the infantry. Every autumn trial case, the Minister of Military Affairs also participated. 4. Appointment and removal of important civil and military officials and ministers, assistant ministers, governors, governors, and even officials of the policies of Taoism, politics, education, customs and salt, generals stationed in the frontier, leaders in charge of affairs, ministers, etc. , are compiled by the minister of military affairs, the minister of military affairs is responsible for making the list of personnel to be filled and submitting it to the emperor for appointment. In case of scientific research, the military affairs minister also listed a list of examiners and presidents for the emperor to choose. In the second interview or court examination, the Minister of Military Affairs is responsible for checking papers, checking handwriting or appointing marking officers. 5. Reconnaissance of mountains, rivers, tunnels, military forces, money and grain: Every March, the military department will survey the mountains and rivers and the distance of tunnels according to relevant books. If it is a remote area, you need to check the old and new files and make additional consultation visits. The military forces and money and grain used are simply counted by government agencies such as the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Ministry of War and the Academy for future reference. In case of emperor's inquiry, submit it immediately. 6. The Minister of Military Affairs may, at the behest of the Emperor, act as an "imperial envoy" and go to various places to inspect or handle some political affairs. Military aircraft Zhang Jing, commonly known as "small military aircraft", was also called "minister" in the early days. At first, Zhang Jing didn't have a fixed number. He chose the tone among cabinet secretaries and other officials. In the early years of Qianlong, it was transferred from the cabinet, ministries and government offices. Since the fourth year of Jiaqing (A.D. 1799), Zhang Jing, a military aircraft, has been divided into two classes of Manchu and Han, each with 8 people and 32 people. Each class has 1 foreman and 65438 assistant foreman Zhang Jing, and the minister of military affairs will choose someone who is highly valued in Zhang Jing. The selection and appointment of Zhang Jing, a military aircraft, is based on Volume 7 of Shu Heng Ji Lue: "Zhang Jing, a military aircraft in the Han Dynasty, was composed of cabinet ministers, six doctors, foreign ministers, directors and seven small Beijing officials, and was also filled by scholars and juren; Zhang Jing, a military aircraft of the Manchu dynasty, was filled with cabinet books, six departments, hospital doctors, foreign ministers, principals and brush strokes. "In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (AD 1906), 20 vacancies were identified in Han Dynasty. Zhang Jing, a military aircraft, is also a part-time job. All officials who undertake to enter the military department are still the real vacancies of the original yamen and are promoted as usual. Zhang Jing, a military aircraft, is generally five or six products, and Zhang Jing, the foreman, is born with three or four products. As a rule, Zhang Jing, a military aircraft, did not participate in the inspection in Beijing, and his reward was promoted to the discretion of the military aircraft minister. Usually once every three years. When things such as repairing files and editing strategies are over, he is guaranteed as usual, so Zhang Jing's promotion is faster. At that time, people regarded it as a shortcut to promotion. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (A.D. 1906), on the 10th day of December, the Supplementary Regulations on the Upgrade of Zhang Jing's Flexible Military Aircraft was made, with its foreman Zhang Jingshi as the third product and assistant foreman Zhang Jingshi as the fourth product. The following chapters and Beijing are judged according to original products. And provides a three-year step-by-step method (1). Zhang Jing, a military plane, handles the daily work of the military department, handles documents, notes and drafts manuscripts. As Fu Heng is the foreman of Minister of Military Affairs of Qianlong, Minister of Military Affairs Zhang Jing is also responsible for drafting government decrees. Also participated in the trial of new cases in the military sector; Follow the minister of military affairs or be sent to the provinces alone to investigate and handle government affairs. The Ministry of War is located in the north of Zonglongmen in the Forbidden City and the west of Gan Qing Gate. The office of the Minister of Military Affairs is called the Military Office. The internal organization of the military department is not recorded. According to the records of the military department, the military department is divided into the Manchu military department, which serves Zhang Jing respectively. In addition, there are "Archives Clearing House" and "Archives Clearing House of Han Dynasty" in the bank documents, or "Archives Clearing House" and "Archives Archive Room of Han Dynasty", which is the division of labor in the management of Manchu and Han archives. In the palace, Wu Man's office is located in the south of Longzongmen, on the left and right of the military aircraft hall. According to Volume III of Guangxu Huidian, the whole government is in charge of the supply affairs of officials stationed in Qijingying and military camps in other provinces and northwest China, responsible for the reward list drawn up when paying tribute to Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, San Francisco and Lama, and in charge of all the daily work of the military department itself; Hanwu handled the supplementary orders of civil servants from Beijing and other provinces and officials from Wuzhi and green camp, the rewards of domestic and foreign princes and ministers and the rewards given to foreign tribute envoys, everything that should be inspected and handled by the emperor, as well as the foreign relations of military departments and the management of military department files. The establishment of the Ministry of War is a major reform of the central administrative organization in the Qing Dynasty, which embodies the trend of highly centralized political system in the early Qing Dynasty. After the establishment of the military department, it gradually replaced the system of Prince Manchuria and Baylor participating in the deliberation, and abolished the deliberation room; At the same time, it also weakens the power of the cabinet to participate in state affairs. Military aircraft, with the status of "vassal of monarchical power", has become a national government affairs confluence organ above the cabinet, ministries and hospitals, and all military plans are under control.