1. field theory-theoretical basis of group dynamics
Lei Wen called the space where an individual is at a certain moment a field.
The basic essence of field is (physics): the elements in the same field influence each other; When some elements change, all other elements are affected.
2. The basic characteristics of this field:
(1) field is a whole that integrates actors and their environment.
(2) The field is a dynamic whole with its own unique characteristics;
(3) The integrity of the field lies in the interdependence and interaction in the field.
3. The relationship between psychology and behavior (explained by field theory)
Interaction between individual and environment: B=f(PE)
Explanation: All personal behaviors (including psychological activities) change with the change of their own environmental conditions.
4. Living space
Lei Wen's theoretical system of mental field began with "living space", which he called the sum of all factors that affect individual behavior at a certain time and place. He regards the factors in the living space as psychological events perceived by individuals, which can be divided into three categories:
Intrinsic (as hunger)
Exterior (such as food)
Memories (such as childhood experiences)
5. Group dynamics
Lei Wen extended the principles of Gestalt Psychology to the study of group social behavior. He pointed out that any group will have the characteristics of gestalt: the group is a whole, and every member of the group will have the function of interaction. He believes that every member of the group has the motivation of interdependence.
6. Experimental research: experimental research on group atmosphere.
Experimental methods and procedures:
He studied in a way similar to the boy scout group work, and divided the subjects into three groups with similar conditions. Each group has the same homework activities, but the leadership style of each group leader is divided into three types:
(1) Dictatorship/autocratic leadership: All activities of the group are completely decided by the leaders themselves, and all members of the group can only act according to orders without any objection.
(2) Democratic leadership: All activities of the group are discussed by the group leader and the group members, and then decided. During the discussion, the leader participated as a member of the group, encouraging everyone to express their opinions and trying to achieve the purpose of brainstorming.
(3) laissez-faire leadership: leaders don't care about the way group work is carried out, and group members act according to their own interests.
Experimental results: Evaluate from efficiency and atmosphere.
Under the democratic leadership, group members get along well and have the highest work performance;
Under the authoritarian leadership, although certain work efficiency can be guaranteed, the lack of trust and creativity among group members leads to aggressive behavior;
Under laissez-faire leadership, group work performance is the worst.
7. Group cohesion
Group attraction to members, attraction among group members, and satisfaction of group members. It is the degree to which members are attracted to the group and willing to stay in the group.
Thinking: What are the factors that affect group cohesion?
Influencing factors:
(1) Internal: group size, similarity of members, information communication, dependence of members on groups, relationship between leaders and members, etc.
(2) External: competition among groups
8. The contribution of group dynamics to group counseling
1. Provide theoretical basis for group consultation.
2. The creation of team atmosphere
3. The role of mentor
4. The research field (such as sensitivity training) directly becomes the method and technology of group consultation.
American sociologist Bandura
He believes that individual behavior is not determined by the internal structure of individuals such as motivation, instinct and traits, nor by environmental forces, but by the interaction between individuals and the environment.
Behavior, environment and personal internal factors influence each other and form a triangular relationship.
Most of people's social behaviors are learned by observing and imitating others. Environment is the decisive factor of observation and learning. When the environment changes, people's behavior will also change.
1. Basic concepts
① Observational learning: Observational learning is also called social learning. Refers to alternative learning that imitates by observing other people's behaviors and their results. It can make people learn some social behavior easily and quickly.
② vicarious reinforcement: Learners are strengthened by observing the rewards and punishments caused by others' behaviors.
③ Self-reinforcement: We can spontaneously predict the results of our actions and make self-evaluation and adjustment by relying on information feedback.
2. Observe the main influencing factors of learning:
(1) examples and demonstrations
② vicarious reinforcement and self-reinforcement.
3. Observe the learning process:
① Attention: Observation learning begins with the learner's attention to the demonstrator's behavior.
(2) Save: Convert the obtained information into two forms of words and images, and save them.
③ Action reappearance: the representation in memory is transformed into behavior, and the behavior is adjusted according to the feedback to make a correct response.
④ Motivation process: Three kinds of reinforcement (external, self and substitution) are all important driving forces that restrict the reproduction of demonstration behavior. Therefore, Bandura regards them as the motivation for learners to reproduce demonstration behavior.
Thinking: What behaviors can be role models in a group?
American psychoanalyst Bourne was founded in 1957.
Interpersonal interaction analysis: also known as communication analysis, communication analysis and communication analysis. It is psychotherapy based on interpersonal communication, and its purpose is to help clients understand the reality, get rid of childish impulses, learn to mature and adapt, and thus rebuild a self-sustaining healthy life.
1. Four main parts of interpersonal interaction theory:
① Structural analysis: P.A.C parents' identity, adult identity and children's identity. These three States exist in all people, and have nothing to do with age and gender, but different psychological States, referred to as PAC theory for short.
A. Parenthood: divided into fatherhood and motherhood, it has the functions of ordinary parents: protection, upbringing, control and setting restrictions.
Parents refer to some early experiences recorded in the mind-there is no doubt and compulsion from birth to 5 years old. Often manifested as paranoia, criticism and upbringing. Most of the information about "parents" belongs to "how to do it" and so on.
B. adulthood: dealing with the real situation in a thoughtful way.
An organized and understandable state, which can transform external data into knowledge and evaluate it according to objective facts and standards, and then show the most practical and satisfactory behavior.
C. Children's state: divided into free children and obedient children, whose function is to undertake the development task of directly expressing needs and adapting to environmental requirements.
"Children" record countless firsts in life, which includes all the natural impulses of babies, as well as early experiences, early behavioral reactions and recognition of their own and others' psychological states.
② Communication analysis: What kind of self-state is interpersonal communication?
Communication methods include:
A. Complementary communication: When the direction of the stimulus and the place where the response comes from are in the same self-state, the answer also points to the self-state of the stimulus.
B. Cross/cross communication: When the direction and response of the stimulus are in different self-states, the direction of the answer may or may not come from the self-state of the stimulus.
C. Implicit/ambiguous communication: Implicit communication contains more than two self-states, and information is transmitted from one or two self to the other two at the same time.
③ Game analysis: Berne defined it as "psychological game is a seemingly reasonable way of repeated communication based on ambiguous motives". Bowen believes that the result of playing psychological games will make people feel bad, and even fall into the old game mode, strengthening the decisions they made in their early childhood.
On the surface, psychological games seem to be "complementary communication", with one willing to fight and one willing to suffer, but in fact there is no frank, intimate and open relationship between players.
(4) Script analysis: it refers to the analysis of the content of psychological drama performed by individuals according to their life scripts.
Life script refers to the children's self-state that life has arranged for individuals to choose from childhood, and most of the information comes from the evaluation given by parents when individuals are in the "children's" self-state.
2. Four basic attitudes towards life: children's comprehensive feelings about self-worth and the value of others based on communication and scripts. There are four common life postures:
I am good, so are you (healthy attitude)
(2) I am good, but you are not (projection, doubt, arbitrary attitude)
(3) I am not good, and neither are you (introspective and depressed attitude)
(4) I am not good, and neither are you (desperate, world-weary attitude)
3. The contribution of interpersonal interaction theory to group counseling
Help the parties focus on their early decisions, so as to find out the facts that need to be changed in life and make new decisions.
Strategy game analysis: communication analysis teaches the parties to be more clear about the structure of strategy games, so that they no longer like to play strategy games, and the parties can change from ambiguous behavior to straightforward behavior.
Interpersonal communication: the communication process in which people exchange opinions, convey ideas, express feelings and needs by using linguistic or nonverbal symbol systems.
1. Interpersonal communication mode:
(1) Five elements of communication process: information source, sender, channel, receiver and destination.
(2) "5W" communication mode (lasswell)
Messenger (who)-information (what to say)-media (channel)-receiver (to whom)-effect
2. Communication forms within the group (four forms proposed by Ba villars+omni-channel mode)
① Wheeled: the fastest communication; The role of group instructors is the most important.
② Circle/ring type: Members have equal status and a good democratic atmosphere.
③ Type Y: One person is in a special position.
④ Chain: The accuracy of information is high.
⑤ Omni-channel: fast information transmission and high member satisfaction.
3. Channels of interpersonal communication
(1) Language communication: vocabulary and sentences, paralanguage (tone and mood: pitch, rhythm, dynamics.
Rise and fall, pause, etc. )
(2) Nonverbal communication: eye contact, facial expression, body language and touch.
Effective communication methods:
Four steps: attention-understanding-acceptance-action
4. The contribution of interpersonal communication theory to group counseling
The process of group counseling is a process of interpersonal communication and interaction.
1. Provide reference for increasing group communication: how to communicate between people; Enhance the communication effect; Avoid or reduce communication barriers.
2. To provide a basis for guiding teachers to choose the way of group communication.
Personal-centered therapy is a psychotherapy orientation founded by Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s, which can be called "non-oriented therapy" or "client-centered therapy".
The basic idea of this theory is that as long as an optimal psychological atmosphere is created, everyone has an inner self-awareness and the possibility of changing their views on themselves and others, and can show self-directed behavior.
1. Rogers' view of human nature;
The basic motive force of human existence is to develop one's potential in an all-round way, so as to grow and realize oneself. Deny that human development is controlled by the environment.
People are rational, self-reliant, responsible for themselves and have a positive life orientation.
People are constructive, social, trustworthy and cooperative, know how to respect others, have empathy with others and develop close interpersonal relationships.
People have the ability to find their own psychological disorders, and they can also seek mental health by changing themselves.
The therapist's three personality traits: sincere, unconditional active care and love.
2. Understand the principle of group
The principle of understanding the group is the "group center" developed from the "individual center". Mutual respect, trust and good relationship among members in group counseling can make participants reduce social barriers and reveal their core feelings, that is, their true selves, without being bound by defense mechanisms.