1, definition: it is the overall reflection of objective objects directly acting on sensory organs in the human brain. The difference from feeling is that feeling is the result of a single sensory activity, which reflects the individual attributes of objects and does not depend on personal knowledge and experience; Perception is the result of various sensory coordination activities. The understanding of the whole object is influenced by personal knowledge and experience. The richer the knowledge and experience, the more perfect and comprehensive the adaptation to the object. Contact: Perception and feeling reflect the external phenomenon of things and belong to perceptual knowledge of things.
2. Basic features: 1) Integrity: On the basis of past experience, all parts and attributes of an object are combined into a whole. (2) Selectivity: Due to the capacity limitation of the sensory channel, it is impossible to perceive all the objects acting on the sensory organs, and only some objects can be regarded as perceptual objects, and the perception is particularly clear, while others are regarded as backgrounds, and the perception is relatively vague. This feature of selectively perceiving external objects, such as the fuzziness of vase face (3) constancy: within a certain range, the perceptual conditions have changed, while the perceptual image remains relatively stable. Including size, color, lightness, shape and motion constancy, I feel that the height has not changed far or near, lime is brighter than coal in the lamp in the dark, and the white paper illuminated by orange lamp still looks white. (4) Comprehension: When people perceive external things, they always use past experience to explain what they perceive and use words to reveal it. ? Can you watch the doorway instead of watching the excitement? .
Sixth, perception type: (air transport error)
1, space: (1) Size: It is determined by the size of the visual image formed by the object on the retina, the distance between the object and the observer, the surrounding reference objects and other factors. (2) Shape: combining the visual information provided by retina, the kinesthetic information provided by the line of sight scanning along the object boundary, and the tactile information provided by hand touch. (3) Orientation: refer to yourself or both ears. Judging left and right (4) distance (depth, distance, stereo) with ears: distance ① Muscle movement clues: eye adjustment and binocular visual axis convergence ② Monocular clues: object overlap, line perspective (rail intersection), air perspective, light and dark shadows, and motion parallax. ③ Binocular clues: The pupil distance between the two eyes is about 65 mm.. When looking at the same object, two slightly different visual images formed on the retina of both eyes are called binocular parallax, which is the main clue to form depth perception. Stereo film and stereo photography both use the principle of binocular parallax.
2. Time: the reflection of the continuity and sequence of material phenomena. You can use a timer, the sunrise and sunset alternate day and night, and the physiological and psychological activities change periodically throughout the year. The factors that affect the accuracy of time estimation include sensory organs, the length of estimated time, activities, attitudes and emotions towards events. The accuracy is the highest in hearing, the lowest in vision and the middle in touch. The rhythm of human physiological changes is called biological rhythm, also called biological clock.
3. Motion: the perception of the displacement of an object in space. Only when the speed of an object is within a certain range can people perceive motion. Too slow and too fast to notice. Including ① real motion ② quasi-motion (motion scene,? Phenomenon): the phenomenon that objects do not move in space, but can be perceived as moving, such as the movement of movies and neon lights, the induced movement of decorative lights on the outline of buildings, such as the moon coming out of the clouds; Autonomous movement, such as staring at a light spot on the screen. Quasi-motion, induced motion and voluntary movement are all optical illusion motions, and they all regard the immobile things as moving.
4. Illusion: (1) Under certain conditions, the distorted perception of objective things often has a fixed tendency. (2) As long as the corresponding conditions are met, hallucinations are bound to occur and cannot be overcome. Everyone is the same, and there will be no individual differences. It is objective, not subjective. Interaction between different sensory organs (3) Every illusion has its own special reasons, and it is impossible to explain all the illusions with some reasons. The types of illusion include line length, line direction, area size and so on. The interaction between different sensory organs can also produce illusions, such as the shape-weight illusion (it feels big and light when picked up) and the audio-visual illusion (it comes from the loudspeaker, but it is still considered to come from the podium). Sometimes it will bring negative effects, such as the pilot's illusion of flying backwards.
Seven, memory and memory process
1. Definition: It is the reaction of past experience in the mind. Past experience refers to the past perception of things, thinking about problems, emotional experience caused by things, and actions. Function: It is the root of wisdom and the cornerstone of psychological development.
2. Category (1) is divided into: ① image: image of perceived things ② scene: events with their own time, place, characters and plots ③ emotion: emotions and emotions they have experienced ④ semantics (words? Logic): all kinds of organized knowledge summarized in words ⑤ Action: the movement state and skills of the body (2) According to consciousness, No: ① Explicit (controlled by consciousness): Conscious influence of past experience on current homework ② Implicit (automatic and unconscious): Influence of past experience on current activities (3) According to whether it can be stated: ① Declarative: It can be taught in language, and it needs consciousness. (2) Procedural: How to do a thing, including knowledge, cognition and motor skills, needs to be acquired through repeated memory. (4) Time mode: ① Instantaneous (sensory memory or sensory registration 1 "): large capacity ② Short time (1ˊ): capacity 7? 2, also known as memory span (consistent with attention span). For language materials, sound is recorded, that is, auditory memory, while for non-language materials, images are recorded. (3) Duration: The capacity of types and quantities is infinite.
3. Process: ① memorization: it is a process of learning and acquiring knowledge and experience, while reading, listening and experiencing something ② keeping is a process of storing and consolidating knowledge and experience ③ The process of extracting knowledge and experience from the brain is called memory (reproduction). Although you can't recall the remembered material, when it reappears, you will have a sense of familiarity. This process of confirming that it is the material you have touched is called re-cognition. Memory is the intermediate link between memory and memory; Memory is the result of memory and retention, and it is also a test, which helps to consolidate the knowledge learned.
4. Forgetting and regularity: (1) Definition: Forgetting refers to the inability to recall or identify the memorized materials or identify the wrong memories. (2) Retention (forgetting) curve: Ebbinghaus is the founder of experimental research on memory and forgetting, taking meaningless syllables as memory materials, and calculating retention by preservation method (relearning method). Later generations drew a retention curve (forgetting curve: interval time as abscissa and storage amount as ordinate). The retention curve shows that the forgetting process accelerates negatively with the passage of time, and the forgetting process is fast first and then slow. Therefore, review in time can get twice the result with half the effort.
5. Forgetting causes and serial position effects: natural decline or interference. Interference can be divided into forward suppression and backward suppression. Proactive inhibition refers to the interference of previously learned materials on learned materials after memory and recall; Anti-repression is the opposite. Series position effect: refers to the influence of the position of memory materials in the series on the memory effect. The materials at the beginning and end of the series are easier to remember than the materials in the middle, which are called the first cause effect (the first effect) and the recency effect effect (the latest effect) respectively.