After death! Is the soul still there?

In fact, the soul exists, but it can't be seen directly. British scholars have recently completed the world's first scientific research on "near-death experience" and found that human consciousness, the so-called soul, continues to exist after the brain stops moving. The study found that the near-death experiences of the four patients who survived the death included feelings of calm and joy, the rapid passage of time, stronger sensory feelings, no longer being aware of the existence of the body, seeing a light, entering another world, meeting mysterious spirits, and reaching a place with no turning back. It is expected that this study will lead to a long-standing debate between the church and the scientific community: does "life after death" really exist? Many scholars who criticize near-death experience believe that near-death experience is the result of brain function collapse caused by hypoxia. However, Feiwick and Pania said that none of the four subjects who had near-death experience had experienced the state of brain hypoxia, so brain hypoxia should not be the cause of near-death experience. Another scholar believes that the near-death experience is the result of an unusual combination of drugs given by the doctor before the patient dies. However, Feiwick and Pania said that the recovery process of these patients in the hospital was exactly the same, so the factors affected by drugs were ruled out. But they still stressed that it is necessary for the scientific community to conduct more research on near-death experience in the future. Pania said that all four people had experienced experiences beyond medical expectations, and their brains should not have the ability to stay awake and form lasting memories at that time, so this study may provide answers to the following questions, that is, whether thinking and consciousness are the result of brain manufacturing, or whether the brain is just the medium of thinking, and thinking is something that exists independently outside the brain. Fewick pointed out that if the mind and the brain are two independent things, then consciousness may continue to exist after death, and the human soul may also exist. The universe may also be a meaningful and purposeful existence, rather than the result of random occurrence. In the study of whether a person has a soul, we can see many horror experiments in searching for a soul in various materials. For example, the soul, doctors personally do near-death experience to feel the soul out-of-body experience. An American famous doctor named Duncan McDull is said to have done a creepy experiment at 1907. He put six dying patients on the bed and recorded their weights before and after death with sensitive measuring instruments. At the moment of confirming the death of the patient, McDull recorded the change of the patient's weight. At the moment of the first patient's death, McDull recorded that the patient lost 2 1.3 grams, from which he thought it was the weight of the soul, because the soul left the body, so it lost weight. Thus, the soul can exist without the human body. Some scientists think McDull's experiment is obviously flawed. Is the weight of the soul 2 1.3g? Needless to say, the lost 2 1.3g must be the weight of the soul? Is it the weight of other parts of the body? Mcdull did not give a logical explanation about this. When McDull's experiment was severely challenged, other theories also attracted attention and seemed to be more favored by the scientific community. That's the experiment of Nobel Prize winner francis crick. In addition, there are countless rumors about out-of-body experiences. Some doctors even try to die and experience out-of-body experiences. Of course, there is a strong medical team to ensure that you will come back once around the gate of hell. It is nothing new to describe the nature of human consciousness, but Crick's research and his books have aggravated this controversial issue for decades. And his personal wish is to "bash the religions that hundreds of millions of people believe in today's world." After a series of arguments, Crick gave people a statement: the soul does not exist in religion, philosophy or psychology, it exists in nerve cells. He believes that the theory that the soul or consciousness can be separated from the brain and cannot be explained by science is an ancient myth. He believes that reviewing the history of human brain research is not only to describe how the brain receives stimulation, but also to "master the essence of human soul", whether it is metaphor or literature, but this is exactly what Crick wants to explore. 1962 because francis crick and other scientists discovered the double helix structure of DNA, after 1976, he began to turn his research direction to brain science and consciousness. Through his series of studies, he firmly believes that there is no soul (consciousness) independent of the body, and there is no soul without life. Crick's research is based on information transmission between synapses of brain neurons. In his book "Amazing Hypothesis: A Scientific Study of the Soul" published by 1994, he said: "Your happiness and your pain, your memory and your ambition, your personal identity and feelings of free will are just the group behaviors of a large group of nerve cells and their related molecules." In other words, the human soul (consciousness) is the activity of specific nerve cells in the brain. In fact, after World War II, Crick was thinking about some questions about human life and human consciousness. He began to adopt the method of "small talk experiment" in his life. His "small talk experiment" means that you should do something when you are talking or thinking about it. 1947, in his own thinking about life, he found that his life has many circles, and it seems that no circle can be explained by science. He once said: "What attracts me is the most mysterious thing-the mystery of life and the mystery of consciousness. I want to solve these mysterious things through science. " When he won the Nobel Prize for discovering the DNA double helix and entered Salk College, he started a new research direction and realized his dream 1947. It sounds strange to use science to prove the existence of human soul. It seems that the two concepts that were originally opposed are now linked to the mystery that people want to solve most. For a century, leading figures in science have been devoted to this research. Looking back at their research history, the focus of the debate is whether consciousness (soul) can exist independently from the body. In this research, two scientists must be mentioned, one is francis crick, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine, and the other is Christopher Cork, a professor at California Institute of Technology who is still continuing this research. He is the verifier and supporter of Crick's theory. Christopher Kirk, a professor in the Department of Computing and Neurology at California Institute of Technology, began to cooperate with Crick in the study of brain consciousness in the 1990s. In 2003, they took Crick's research one step further and published a paper in Nature in February of that year. They believe that the human soul is produced by specific cells of the brain, that is, human "soul cells", and the soul or consciousness is produced by these cells. Crick and others found that some neurons in the human brain produce and control the human soul. These nerve cells that produce and control the soul are located in a small area of the cerebral cortex from back to front. Therefore, when people die, there is no interaction between neurons, no neurotransmitters (many chemicals) produced and transmitted, and consciousness and soul are gone. Then, of course, there is no soul independent of the body. Crick believes that the soul can only exist in the living body. He believes that there are still many people who believe that the soul exists independently, just as people thought that the earth was flat 4000 years ago. Kirk uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radio wave detectors and trace adjusters to monitor the consciousness of the brain. Their subjects include mice, monkeys, healthy people and patients. Their vision and visual awareness are monitored, and the conditioned reflex process of humans and mice is also studied. On the one hand, they look for the characteristics of conscious neurons in normal people, on the other hand, they use radio wave detectors to monitor the radio wave activity of single neurons in patients and mice. Kirk and his team found that the anterior cingulate cortex is a key area in the study. If this area of the mouse brain is removed, the mouse can't produce trace regulation, so Kirk thinks this area is very important for the generation of consciousness. In addition, magnetic resonance imaging can make people see that in the process of "feeling", a certain part of the brain is active, such as seeing a painting or a face, a certain part of the brain will produce obvious activity. Nancy Canwell, a neurobiologist at MIT, also used magnetic resonance imaging to prove Crick and Kirk's new conclusion. There are specific areas in the brain to identify faces or specific objects. In other words, Crick's "soul neurons" (perceptual neurons) can be found and located in the brain. The statement that Crick's soul is a "soul cell" that is generated and controlled has also been ridiculed by some people. Sceptics believe that Crick has no really well-founded facts to prove that specific cells produce consciousness, and some neurobiologists don't think that only tens of thousands or even thousands of neurons in the human brain may produce conscious feelings or conscious actions. Now most scientists believe that consciousness (soul) may be just a comprehensive function of the brain, rather than the activity of a few neurons and the exchange and reaction of chemicals as Crick and Kirk thought. Soul (consciousness) exists, but only in living things, mainly in the brain. But they all agree that when life stops, the soul disappears, because the activities and metabolism of nerves stop like those of other tissues and organs. Although Crick has passed away, Kirk still inherits Crick's ideal and sticks to their research viewpoint. Of course, Kirk and his research team also admit that it is impossible to explain what consciousness (soul) is, or even quantify it. But they think it is possible to design an instrument like a consciousness measuring instrument to measure consciousness. Crick was once very interested in a print by the British painter william blake, which depicts the great scientist Newton sitting naked in a crack in the rock. Playing with his favorite compass in his hand, hoping to uncover the mystery of the universe. Blake was an English poet and painter in the18th century. He warned scientists that if they want to decipher the universe, they must believe that the soul is immortal. If Blake were still alive, Crick and Kirk's research would certainly anger him, because they completely overturned Blake's point of view. Kirk is still continuing his research with Crick. What conclusion will he draw? Wang Wenzhong, Associate Research Fellow, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences: The fact that science does not absolutely deny can be explained from the perspective of psychology and science, but it does not mean that ghosts do not exist. Psychology and science also have the possibility of misinterpretation. Science does not make absolute negation, but collects evidence with an open mind. Jin Yunrong, a famous psychologist in Taiwan Province: Ghosts are a kind of bondage to human beings. I personally believe in ghosts. Of course, there are many people who study ghosts with the mentality of learning science, but I personally think that ghosts are unknowable and have feelings. There are too many things in the world, or better yet, in the universe that people still can't understand. I think we humans know too little, so we must treat these things with humility and respect. Just because you don't know, you can't say that you can't completely deny it. Sometimes the existence of ghosts is not necessarily a bad thing, it can be used as a constraint on human beings. If a person believes that "there are gods three feet above his head", he will restrain himself when he does bad things-he doesn't have to do such bad things as killing and setting fire. For example, even if he finds his wallet and wants to keep it for himself, he will restrain himself and control himself out of respect for ghosts and gods. In my opinion, we should not blindly believe in the existence of ghosts, but take believing in the existence of ghosts as an attitude. Xiang Cheng, chief consultant of Sichuan Nandao Psychological Counseling Office: Ghosts are subjective reality. Ghost is a truth, a subjective truth about human spiritual world! Personally, I don't think the phenomenon of ghosts can only be explained from a scientific point of view. The narrow sense of science (empirical science) is not enough to reveal the complexity of human mind, but from the perspectives of anthropology, religion, philosophy, culturology and psychology, we can find a rational way to understand the phenomenon of ghosts and gods. Song Tian, Associate Professor of Beijing Normal University: Ghosts are abstract names of unexplained things. Song Tian has done some research on Naxi people, and he found that the myth of this primitive people initially contained the characteristics of some people telling ghost stories. "When I was in Lijiang, my friend and I had an accident: it was on a downhill slope, the slope was not big, our speed was not very fast, and there was no one on the road. In short, there is nothing unusual, except that our car turned upside down. After we mentioned this to the local people, the villagers were surprised and said,' You are so lucky to be back alive. "There is a ghost in that place!" Later, we discovered that there were really many inexplicable car accidents on that slope. "He recalled. Naxi people interpret this phenomenon as "ghost". What does this mean? Song Tian thinks that for Naxi people, posting warning signs of "many accidents ahead" or "ghosts ahead" near the slope has the same effect: reminding drivers not to approach. In other words, when primitive Naxi people can't explain some phenomena, they will use some abstract terms to explain them; And these statements are easy to attach to some concrete and false images, because concrete things often spread better, such as ghosts. In Naxi mythology, there are thousands of ghosts with names, and the "division of labor" between each ghost is very clear. For example, if a woman dies in childbirth, Naxi people will think that a ghost caused dystocia, and there is a special exorcism ceremony for this ghost; Naxi people have different exorcism rituals for another kind of ghost that causes postpartum wind death. Song Tian pointed out that dystocia and poor postpartum care are actually caused by women giving birth to children, which are quite close, but Naxi people gave them two ghosts with different names and two completely different rituals respectively. "This fact means that the primitive Naxi people have realized that the causes of these two kinds of deaths are different, and the ghost concept they formed contains elements of rational thinking, which is not as completely ignorant and backward as most people think," Song Tian said. "So, we can't look down on the ghost culture of primitive people, but should really understand them." Open?