Questions and answers about women's health knowledge
1. When is the best childbearing age?
A: Choosing the best time to conceive is to plan pregnancy from the perspective of eugenics. Too old to have children or too young to have children, too many pregnancies and short pregnancy intervals may be important reasons for neonatal malformation and death. Generally speaking, 20-30 years old is the peak of female fertility, and 24-28 years old is the best in terms of fertility. /kloc-Pregnancy before 0/8 years old or after 35 years old will increase the risk of mother and baby. /kloc-Before the age of 0/8, women are physically immature, and premature babies and low birth weight babies are prone to appear during childbirth, which increases the neonatal mortality rate and is harmful to the mother's own health. After the age of 35, the risk of pregnancy and childbirth for women increases again. With the increase of female age, the possibility of abnormal egg cells increases, and the rate of fetal malformation increases after pregnancy. Choosing the best birth time should also pay attention to people's physiological and psychological reactions to natural changes, so we should create a good pregnancy environment. For example, the weather, the place and the mood of both sides should be comfortable and harmonious. A good environment is always beneficial and harmless to conception.
2. How to avoid giving birth to deformed children?
A: Teratoma is related to two factors: heredity and environment. Among them, 20% is caused by environmental factors, 10% ~ 20% is caused by chromosomes or genes, and about 60% is caused by both environment and heredity. After the fertilized egg is formed, the embryonic development period is influenced by various external environmental factors. Common external factors include nutrition, viruses, toxic chemicals and drugs, radiation, smoking, alcoholism and so on. Therefore, choosing a good spouse is the first condition to avoid giving birth to deformed children; Secondly, premarital check-up, pre-pregnancy physical examination, prevention of diseases during pregnancy, careful medication (especially in early pregnancy 13 weeks), try to avoid going to crowded places and catching various infectious diseases (especially viral infections); Finally, it is appropriate to choose the pregnancy age within 25 ~ 30 years old.
3. What preparations should I make before pregnancy?
A: First, physical preparation: before pregnancy? Both husband and wife should pay attention to rest for 6 months to avoid excessive fatigue. Insist on moderate exercise and keep healthy, so as to increase the defense ability against external virus infection and reduce fetal malformation that may be caused by virus infection.
Second, strengthen nutrition: eat more nutritious foods before pregnancy, especially meat, fish and shrimp, milk and fresh fruits and vegetables. Ensure that both husband and wife are healthy and energetic. Storing a certain amount of energy and increasing the nutrients in the endometrium are beneficial to the implantation of pregnant eggs. At the same time, 0.4mg folic acid is supplemented every day to prevent neural tube malformation.
Third, psychological preparation: both husband and wife should have a good attitude and happy mood, care about each other, discuss things more, and make necessary economic preparations to avoid one kind or another of worry and anxiety after pregnancy.
Fourth, avoid contact with harmful substances: which substances have teratogenic effects? Organic solvents such as mercury and benzene; Avoid exposure to radiation and lead before pregnancy. For couples who smoke and drink heavily, they must try to quit or reduce to a minimum before pregnancy. Don't get pregnant after the house is renovated and before the test or before the test fails.
V. Treatment and control of chronic diseases: Before preparing for delivery, women of child-bearing age should go to the hospital for examination and treatment, choose the planned pregnancy time according to their illness, and determine the mode of delivery.
6. Pre-pregnancy check-up and consultation: Couples who are going to get pregnant can go to the hospital for pre-pregnancy check-up three months before pregnancy and consult doctors about pre-pregnancy and pregnancy health care knowledge.
4. Why should folic acid be supplemented before pregnancy?
A: Folic acid is a kind of vitamin, but it cannot be synthesized by human body, and it must be completely supplied by external sources. Folic acid mainly exists in green leafy vegetables and fruits. Many studies at home and abroad have found that folic acid in pregnant women is significantly lower than that in non-pregnant women. However, folic acid deficiency during pregnancy will increase the rate of spontaneous abortion, and cause fetal neural tube malformation, low birth weight infants and pregnancy anemia. Therefore, in order to prevent fetal neural tube malformation, pregnant women should take folic acid before pregnancy, so as to store a certain amount of folic acid in the body and lay a good nutritional foundation for future pregnancy. In addition, the primitive nervous system (neural tube) began to appear on 18 days after ovulation, and the neural tube began to close on 22-28 days of pregnancy. At that time, most women didn't know they were pregnant. Lack of folic acid can cause fetal malformation. Therefore, folic acid should generally be taken in the first three months of pregnancy for at least one month until the third month of pregnancy, with a dose of 0.4mg per day. Nowadays, many pregnant women contain folic acid in their nutrients. Everyone should pay attention to the content of folic acid when buying. The optimum daily intake is 0.4mg, and the folic acid content in the diet can meet the needs.
5. What diseases need to be treated and controlled before pregnancy?
A: Women of childbearing age who suffer from chronic diseases and sexually transmitted diseases in important organs or systems must go to the hospital for systematic examination and treatment before preparing for delivery. According to their condition, they will be pregnant and give birth under the supervision of doctors to ensure the safety of mother and baby. Diseases that need to be treated and controlled before pregnancy are:
(1), cardiovascular diseases: Because pregnancy and childbirth will increase the burden on the heart, women with various heart diseases should be examined and treated before pregnancy.
(2) Respiratory diseases: The enlarged uterus in the third trimester squeezes the diaphragm, which makes the diaphragm bulge, shortens the upper and lower boundaries of chest width, increases the respiratory frequency, and is prone to insufficient oxygen supply. Women with respiratory diseases will get worse during pregnancy, so the primary disease should be controlled before pregnancy.
(3) Liver disease: With the growth of the fetus, the burden of pregnant women's liver becomes heavier, which makes it unbearable for patients with viral hepatitis. Liver tissue necrosis and coagulation mechanism disorder are prone to occur during childbirth.
(4) Diseases of endocrine system: The function of endocrine system will change correspondingly during pregnancy. If the pregnant woman has the original endocrine system diseases, such as hyperthyroidism and diabetes, the condition may be stable or worse during pregnancy, so the disease should be controlled before pregnancy. Prevent bad consequences.
(5) Sexually transmitted diseases: For patients with syphilis and gonorrhea, it is best to carry out thorough treatment before pregnancy, so as not to transmit the disease to the fetus and cause congenital syphilis or gonococcal ophthalmia.
8. What factors determine the effect of radiation on the fetus?
A: First, gestational age: gestational age 10. The development of fetal organs is initially completed, but it is not perfect. Radiation exposure to pregnant women before 15 weeks of pregnancy can lead to fetal malformation, and after 15 weeks of pregnancy can also lead to fetal systemic and cranial nerve system development retardation.
9. How to prevent the fetus from being affected by radiation?
A: In order to prevent the fetus from being affected by radiation, we need to pay attention to the following points:
1) Women of childbearing age who have been exposed to the lower abdomen or pelvic cavity within 14 days of the menstrual cycle, in order to avoid the influence of radiation on the ovaries, it is best to use contraception for 1 ~ 2 months.
2) Women who are likely to get pregnant should avoid X-ray examination.
3) Except for the needs of diagnosis and treatment, pregnant women should avoid contact with X-rays and isotopes, and X-ray examination is prohibited before pregnancy 15 weeks. When pregnant women have to take chest X-rays, it is safer to take chest X-rays than X-rays.
4) When pregnant women must undergo radiation examination or treatment, if cancer occurs, the fetus should be considered in a secondary position.
5) Pregnant women who have received high-dose radiation should mobilize to terminate pregnancy.
10. What is not suitable for pregnancy?
A: In addition to being too old or too young to have children, it should also be noted that it is not suitable for pregnancy when suffering from certain diseases. One of the husband and wife suffers from acute infectious diseases (such as tuberculosis) and has abnormal heart, liver and kidney functions; Some diseases will affect the quality of sperm and eggs and the development of fertilized eggs. Special attention should be paid to the mother's illness. On the one hand, the mother's illness can be directly transmitted to the fetus, causing? Vertical infection? On the other hand, if the mother suffers from cardiac and renal insufficiency, it will cause fetal low weight, premature delivery, pulmonary insufficiency, and even fetal death in the womb. In addition, these diseases will make it difficult for mothers to bear the increased burden of pregnancy and childbirth, and it is difficult to treat (some drugs directly threaten the health of the fetus). In addition, it should be noted that couples who are being disturbed by unfavorable factors are not suitable for pregnancy. Couples who are taking barbital, hibernating spirit, antibiotics, hormones and other drugs, it is best not to get pregnant first. Couples who have been exposed to X-rays and toxic and harmful chemicals, it is best to temporarily leave the bad environment before considering pregnancy. Couples who smoke and drink should be pregnant after smoking and drinking. All these unfavorable factors will reduce the quality of fertilized eggs and increase the birth rate of stunted and deformed children.
1 1. What is early pregnancy reaction?
A: About half of pregnant women will have various symptoms such as loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, aversion to greasy food, partial eclipse, picky eaters, lethargy, fatigue, fear of cold, drooling and dizziness after 40 days to 3 months of menopause, which are collectively called early pregnancy reaction. The manifestations of early pregnancy reaction are different, and the severity of symptoms is also different. A few pregnant women will vomit frequently no matter what they eat or even drink water. In severe cases, bile can be vomited, vomit with blood, obvious weight loss, listlessness, dehydration, acidosis (urine with ketone bodies) and so on will obviously affect the health of pregnant women. What is this called? Hyperemesis gravidarum? It belongs to pathological pregnancy. It is generally believed that the cause of early pregnancy reaction is closely related to chorionic gonadotropin produced by early embryonic villi, and once pregnancy is terminated, the reaction can disappear; In addition, it is related to the mental state of pregnant women, and symptoms such as bad stimulation and excessive tension will aggravate the reaction.
12. Is frequent urination a disease in pregnant women?
A: Women tend to urinate frequently during pregnancy, especially in the first three months and the last 1 month. First of all, it needs to be clear that most of this phenomenon is a normal physiological change during pregnancy. The reason is that the bladder in the human body is located in front of the uterus. After pregnancy, the uterus gradually increases, which makes the bladder under pressure, so the urine storage in the bladder will be affected. You will urinate when you have less urine. Within three months of early pregnancy, the uterus gradually increases in the pelvic cavity, and the bladder is gradually compressed, so the symptoms of frequent urination will become more and more obvious. After three months of pregnancy, the uterus enlarged from the pelvic cavity and entered the abdominal cavity, reducing the pressure on the bladder, and then the phenomenon of frequent urination was alleviated. After 36 weeks of pregnancy, the exposed part of the fetus descends into the pelvis and compresses the bladder again, so the frequency of urination is obvious again, with an average of about 10 times every 24 hours. Pregnant women only have more frequent micturition, and each micturition is less than usual. There is no dysuria and urgency, which is different from urinary system infection and is not a disease.
13. Does the early pregnancy reaction affect the fetus?
A: Generally speaking, the early pregnancy reaction has little effect on pregnant women and fetuses, and no special treatment is needed. However, a few people who have serious early pregnancy reactions and last for a long time will still have a certain impact on pregnant women and fetuses. Because with the growth of the fetus, more and more nutrients are needed, and the amount of nutrients that pregnant women enter the body is greatly reduced because of nausea and vomiting, so the original nutrients stored in the body have to be used to ensure the development needs of pregnant women themselves and the fetus, which is not conducive to the health of pregnant women and the development of the fetus. In severe cases, dehydration and acidosis may endanger the lives of pregnant women and fetuses.
14 why does the breast hurt at the beginning of pregnancy?
A: Many pregnant women begin to feel breast pain, breast enlargement, nipple tenderness, nipple and areola blackening and enlargement about 40 days after menopause. The reason for these symptoms is that in the early pregnancy, the corpus luteum continuously secretes progesterone and estrogen, and then the placental villi secretes these two hormones in large quantities, which stimulates the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the mammary gland and mammary duct, and at the same time, fat deposits, blood vessels in the connective tissue of the breast are congested, and blue and full veins can be seen on the surface of the breast. Breast pain in early pregnancy is one of the signs of early pregnancy. Breast pain is a normal physiological change, which is to prepare for the further proliferation and lactation of postpartum breasts. Pregnant women need not be nervous.
15. How to detect fetal heart rate?
A: Fetal heart is the earliest functional organ in the whole body development. When the embryo develops to the third weekend (18 ~ 19 days, the fifth week from the first day of the last menstruation), it begins to beat after 3 ~ 4 weeks for blood transfusion. At first, the heartbeat was slow, 65 beats/minute; The heartbeat gradually accelerated, reaching about 180 beats/min after 8 weeks of pregnancy; After 14 weeks of pregnancy, the heart rate dropped to about 140 beats/min, and then remained at 120 ~ 160 beats/min. Early fetal heart beat is weak. At the 6th week of pregnancy, Shijing ultrasound can show fetal heart beat, and at the 2nd week of pregnancy 10 ~ 12, Doppler fetal heart detector can detect fetal heart sound. Fetal heart stethoscope can be used after 4 months of pregnancy. In the third trimester of pregnancy, the fetal heart can be heard directly from the abdominal wall with a medical stethoscope or ear. At present, listening to fetal heart rate has become one of the contents of family self-monitoring of fetus. Fetal heart monitor is a precise instrument to further understand the situation of fetus in uterus, which plays an important role in perinatal health care and can be used by hospital medical staff if necessary. At present, some hospitals also have a remote fetal heart monitoring system, that is, pregnant women take the probe to get the fetal heart home. In the monitoring center of the hospital, the fetal heart of each pregnant woman can be known at any time through the instruments in the monitoring center, so as to find abnormalities in time, which brings great convenience to pregnant women and their families and the work of the hospital.
17. How to reduce the abdominal burden in the third trimester?
A: In the third trimester of pregnancy, the uterus is enlarged, protruding forward, the center of gravity of the body moves forward, and the back has to lean back to maintain the balance of the body, which brings inconvenience to activities and walking; The heavy uterus also makes pregnant women feel uncomfortable when they fall to the ground. In this case, you can support the uterus with an abdominal belt (which can be bought in pregnant women's stores) to reduce the burden on the abdomen. The abdominal belt can completely wrap the buttocks, firmly support the abdominal wall, lift the uterus and relieve discomfort. Don't tie it too tightly or too loosely when using it. It is easier to fit the body when lying on your back.
18. What measures should be taken for pregnant women with lower extremity edema?
A: Pregnant women in the third trimester should take standing posture as little as possible, and they can sit down and raise their lower limbs or lie on their side for a while during work. When you fall asleep at night, you should take the left lateral position to reduce the pressure of the inferior vena cava, increase the blood flow and urine volume, so that the liquid retained in the lower limbs can be discharged through urine and edema can be reduced. Every prenatal examination should accurately measure the weight, so as to find hidden edema in time. When the weekly weight gain exceeds 0.5 kg in the third trimester, it will attract attention. There is no need to limit the intake of salt and water too much for mild edema, and diuretics should be used for severe edema.
19. Why didn't you take too many nutritional drugs during pregnancy?
A: Vitamins and minerals play an important role in regulating body metabolism. The increased demand for these nutrients during pregnancy can ensure the needs of fetal growth and maintain a good nutritional state of the mother. In the case of insufficient nutrition of pregnant women, some vitamins, iron, calcium minerals and other nutrients must be properly supplemented. But sometimes pregnant women blindly take two or more nutritional drugs at the same time in order to supplement the nutritional deficiency as soon as possible. However, different nutritional supplements often contain different contents of the same kind of nutrients, so that their intake of nutrients is superimposed on each other, and the nutritional supplement is excessive, which is beyond the tolerance limit of the body, which is counterproductive, not only unhelpful, but harmful. For example, all kinds of iron agents are potentially toxic, and excessive iron agents can cause iron poisoning; A large amount of vitamin A can cause fetal kidney and central nervous system abnormalities and skeletal abnormalities; Excessive vitamin D can cause maternal hypercalcemia, lead to fetal hypercalcemia and promote ossification. A large amount of vitamin C will also affect the metabolism of the fetus; Excessive vitamin K can cause neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and nuclear jaundice. Because the tolerance of pregnant women to glucose is reduced, a large amount of glucose input will cause hyperglycemia in pregnant women and fetuses. It can be seen that pregnant women should try to get nutrition from food, for example, by the so-called? Nutritional supplements? Drugs are quite dangerous.
20. What should pregnant women pay attention to with hypertension?
A: 1) Women with hypertension should consult a doctor to decide whether it is suitable for pregnancy. If medication is needed, drugs should be adjusted to reduce the adverse effects on the fetus.
2) Once pregnant, go to the hospital for perinatal care, dynamically measure blood pressure, determine the basic blood pressure, and then check it regularly, and handle it in time if it is abnormal.
3) Arrange the work and rest time and combine work and rest. Avoid overwork and mental trauma and keep a good mood.
4) When hypertension is complicated with pregnancy, the blood pressure drops in the second trimester, which is beneficial to the parturient, but it can affect placental perfusion, which is unfavorable to the fetus. Therefore, it is generally necessary to adjust the dosage of antihypertensive drugs to avoid hypotension; However, if the diastolic blood pressure continues to be above14.6 kpa (110 mmhg), appropriate treatment is needed.
5) Hypertensive pregnant women are prone to preeclampsia, and the incidence rate is about 30%. If you have symptoms such as proteinuria and edema, you should actively treat them to avoid complications. Once placental abruption, renal failure, intrauterine growth restriction, etc. The pregnancy should be terminated in time.
6) Strengthen the monitoring of fetal placental function and guide pregnant women to monitor themselves. Fetal movement counting is the simplest self-monitoring method, which instructs pregnant women to take the left lateral position when they are in bed, so as to increase placental perfusion.
7) Eat a low-salt diet according to the situation and give sedatives appropriately.