Section 1 Overview of System Planning
Overview of system planning mainly includes:
Connotation of system planning
Work content of information system planning
Characteristics of system planning
Organization of system planning
Risk of enterprise informatization construction
The risks in enterprise informatization construction are mainly manifested in the following aspects:
I didn't give necessary consideration to why my enterprise should adopt information technology and how to effectively apply it.
The application of information system only imitates manual business processes.
Focus on a single core application without considering the relationship between different application systems.
The new "IT black hole" brings new "data processing crisis".
First, the connotation of system planning
1, the definition of information system planning
Planning usually refers to a long-term plan about an organization's development direction, environmental conditions, long-term goals, major policies and strategies.
Information system planning is an information system scheme that integrates organizational goals, information necessary to support organizational goals, information systems that provide these necessary information and the implementation of these information systems. It is a system development plan oriented to the development prospect of information systems within the organization.
(solving four problems)
2, the significance of information system planning
System planning is a prerequisite for system development.
System planning is the procedure of system development.
System planning is the guarantee of successful system development.
System planning is the standard of system acceptance evaluation.
Second, the work content of information system planning
Figure 4. 1 Three-stage model of information system planning and its available methods
strategic plan
Make a master plan
Structural concept
Allocation of resources
Planning activities
Three stages of
Available methods
Strategic planning Committee
Make information system strategy according to organizational environment
Strategic information system planning method
Strategic choice mode
Business system planning
Strategic information planning
Key success factors
Strategic set transformation method
Compare costs/benefits
Application system combination
Internal pricing
PERT planning method
Gantt chart progress chart
1, formulate information system development strategy.
The planning of information system development strategy includes three important contents:
Goals and constraints of information systems.
2) Current competency status
3) Forecast the development of information technology that affects the plan.
2. Formulation of the overall scheme of the information system
Based on the investigation and analysis of enterprise information demand, this paper puts forward the overall structure scheme of information system, and determines the development sequence and time arrangement of system and application projects according to the development strategy and overall structure scheme.
3, make the information system construction resource allocation plan.
The demand and conditions of information system construction in various parts of the organization are unbalanced. It is the main task of project planning and resource allocation to rationally allocate limited development resources according to the sequence of these application projects.
Third, the characteristics of system planning
overall situation
High level (bit)
Influential; Giving guidance
The combination of management and technology
acclimation
Fourth, organizational system planning.
Planning leading group
personnel training
A prescribed timetable
The strategic role of information system in the second quarter
The main contents are:
Analytical basis
The strategic position and function of information system
Enterprise strategy and information system strategy
The strategic role of information system
In order to get the maximum benefit from the use of information systems and bring competitive advantages to organizations, two conditions must be met:
First of all, have a thorough understanding of the business problem to be solved or the business situation in which you want to have a competitive advantage.
The second is to have a deep understanding of available information technology and how to apply it.
I. Basis of analysis
The three frameworks proposed by Professor Porter include:
Five competitiveness models
Three basic strategies
value chain
1, five competitiveness models
Constructing five competitiveness models to judge the relative attractiveness of an industry shows that enterprises face many threats at the industry level.
2. Three basic strategies
cost leadership strategy
Product differentiation strategy
Market centralization strategy
3. Value chain model
Using the value chain model
3. Value chain model (continued)
Using the value chain model
Extended supply chain model
Supplier value chain
Company value chain
Distributor value chain
Buyer's value chain
Seller's value chain
Second, the strategic position and role of information systems
1, strategic role level of information system:
Reorganization of business scope
Business network reorganization
Business process reengineering
Internal integration application
Local application layer
small
small
big
big
Transformation stage
Evolutionary stage
Degree of business process change
1, the strategic role level of information system.
The first layer: local application layer
The second level: internal integrated application
The third level: business process reengineering.
The fourth level: the reorganization of business network.
The fifth level: the reorganization of business scope
2, different levels of information system strategy.
1) business layer information system strategy
(1) business layer policy
The problem that needs to be solved in the business layer strategy is: "How can enterprises compete effectively with competitors in a specific product/service market?"
1) business layer information system strategy
① Information system and product/service differentiation strategy
Enterprises can use information systems to produce new products or services that are different from competitors. The application of this information system can make enterprises no longer need to respond to competitors' price-based competition.
Applying information technology to realize product differentiation
Example: product differentiation system
In 77, Citibank developed the ATM.
In' 78, Merrill Lynch's cash management account
Dell's Direct Selling and Personalized Services
Levi's personal pants service system
"Intelligent Windows and Doors" of Anderson Window Industry Company
Objective: To provide products and services that are difficult to copy, or increase the cost of entering the market.
1) business layer information system strategy
② Information system and target aggregation strategy
The typical way of enterprise informatization is to use information technology to help enterprises determine the target market of products/services, and then get returns from the application of information systems.
The most commonly used information technology is data mining software tools.
Market Positioning: Application of Data Mining Technology
1) business layer information system strategy
③ Information system and cost leadership strategy
The application of information system in enterprises can improve productivity and reduce engineering, design and manufacturing costs. The application of information system that has the greatest impact on the cost is to effectively manage the transaction process by using information system technology.
Example: Cost-reducing system
Continuous supply system of Vuormaa special company
Guide system of Avis car rental company
American Airlines Revenue Management System (a subsystem of SABRE)
Information technology application and business layer strategy
enterprise
Supply chain management:
zero stock
Uninterrupted supply
On time delivery
Internal strategy:
Product differences (IT products)
Target Aggregation (Data Mining)
Low cost producer
Effective customer response:
POS system
data mining
provider
client
Figure 4.6 Information Technology Application and Business Layer Strategy
(2) Analysis of strategic application of information technology at the business level.
-Value chain model
Main activities of value chain
2) Enterprise information system strategy
An enterprise usually consists of a series of related strategic business units. Managers at the enterprise level are mainly concerned about "how to coordinate all strategic business units and maximize the profits of the whole enterprise". To solve this problem, the strategies that can be adopted are synergy strategy and core competence strategy.
3) Industry-level information system strategy
At the industry level, the key question that enterprises need to solve is: "When and how do enterprises compete or cooperate with enterprises in this industry or related industries?"
3) Industry-level information system strategy
Customers: increase new sales channels, reduce intermediate sales links, and lock consumers and consumer databases.
Supplier: the opportunity to choose, using information technology to lock suppliers (supplier system EDI, reducing supplier costs)
Substitutes: new opportunities
New entrants: cost reduction/increase
Traditional competitors: cost, quality, differentiation and market segmentation
Example: Keep close contact with customers and suppliers.
Walmart-Inventory Replenishment System
Federal Express Corporation
Baite medical care co., ltd
Goal: "trap" customers or suppliers
Examples: strategic alliances and information partnerships
American airlines and banks
Sears and six mail order companies
Objective: Two or more organizations share information and services on the basis of mutual benefit.
Third, enterprise strategy and information system strategy.
Figure 4.8 Relationship between enterprise strategy and information system strategy
Business strategy
It's strategy
It strategy, its
Enterprise:
Mission, vision and goals, market strategy,
Application of information and information technology
Information system (IS):
Application system and its dependencies
Information technology (IT):
Technology platform
1
2
four
three
Section 3 Models and Methods of Information System Planning
The commonly used models and methods of information system planning include Nolan's stage model, critical success factor method (CSF), strategic target set transformation method (SST) and business system planning method (BSP). The model describes the guiding mode in the process of information system planning, and the method describes the specific implementation steps of planning.
First of all, Nolan's stage model
Nolan's stage model holds that the development of enterprises and regional information systems has certain regularity, and it has to go through a stage development process from low to high, and each stage is gradual.
turning point
Growth stage
begin
Data processing expenditure
Fig. 4. 1 1 Nolan model curve
develop
control
complete
Data management
mature
Management focus
Information technology management
data resource management
1, the six stages of computer application development.
Start: Buy the first computer and initially develop the management application.
Expansion: the information system has expanded from a few departments to most departments.
Control: disorderly development, attracting the attention of leaders, and planning the information system construction of the whole enterprise as a whole.
Integration: Establish a centralized database and a system that can make full use of and manage all kinds of information.
Data management: centralized use of data to provide decision-making basis for management.
Maturity: It can meet the requirements of all levels of management, thus realizing the management of information resources.
2. Growth factors in the development of information system
Computer software and hardware resources: no external storage → distributed.
Application mode: batch processing → real-time online.
Planning control: short-term, random → long-term, strategic.
The position of MIS in the organization: subordinate to other departments → independent.
Leadership style: MIS department participates → * * to jointly decide the strategic plan.
User awareness: operation management → upper management
3. Application of Nolan Stage Model
The present stage of diagnostic information system: choosing the opportunity of information system development
Make arrangements for system planning: control the development direction of the system and make different development strategies for each subsystem at different stages.
Second, the key success factor method (CSF)
In the early1980s, Professor MIT introduced CSF into the strategic planning of information systems.
Through the analysis, the key factors affecting the success of the organization are found out.
Determine the organization's demand for information systems around key success factors
Information system planning according to the requirements of information system
1, the basic concept of critical success factor method
Key success factors refer to several factors that can determine whether an organization can win in the competition. They are also the most needed decision-making information for enterprises, and they are the active factors worthy of managers' attention.
The key success factors determine the key information set needed by the organization.
2. Steps of critical success factor method
Understand the goals of the organization
Identify all success factors.
Identify key success factors
Define performance indicators and evaluation criteria for each key success factor.
3, the key success factor method for example
country
boundary
one
flow
big
study
Teaching achievement
Scholarship level
quality of teaching
Curriculum level
Teaching environment
Scientific research strength
achievements in scientific research
3, the key success factor method for example
country
boundary
one
flow
big
study
Teaching achievement
Scholarship level
Improve the teaching environment
Improve the curriculum level
Improve teaching quality
Strengthen scientific research strength
More scientific research results
.
.
.
.
.
.
Organizational goals
target recognition
Key success factors
Performance index
4, the characteristics of the key success factor method
Target recognition highlights key points
Start planning from important requirements
Easy to ignore secondary issues
Restricted by the results of success factor analysis
Third, the strategic goal set transformation method (SST)
Utilize the existing strategic combination of the organization
The development direction of the organization
Organizational goals
Organizational strategy
Strategic attribute
Transform the strategic set of an organization into the strategy of an information system.
Third, the strategic goal set transformation method (SST)
delegation
target
Strategic vision
Other strategic organizational attributes
System goal
System environmental constraints
System strategic plan
Strategic formulation of management information system
Strategic setting of the organization
Strategic setting of management information system
Figure 4. 14 Management Information System Strategy Formulation Process
1, steps of strategic target set conversion method
Determine the strategic combination of the organization.
Describe all kinds of people.
–Identify the goals of each category of people.
–The corresponding tasks and strategies for each type of personal identification system.
Transforming organizational strategy set into information system strategy
Determine information system objectives according to organizational objectives
The elements of the corresponding organizational policy set determine the constraints of the corresponding information system policies.
According to the information system objectives and constraints, the information system strategy is put forward.
2, strategic goal setting transformation method, such as
2, strategic goal setting transformation method, such as
Interest cluster
Organizational strategy set
Information system strategy
Public utilities
Customer: customer
G: government
S: Shareholders.
Cr: creditor
staff
M: Manager.
Organizational goals
Organizational attribute
Organizational strategy
Missed the target
Strategic vision
restrain
Annual income growth
10%
(France, Czech Republic, Switzerland)
Senior management (m)
Improve cash flow (g, s, Cr)
O 1
Simplified credit link (O 1-O3)
Increase the checkout speed (S2)
Real-time response (MO7, C3)
Make a good model (A 1)
Add new products
(O 1，O6)
…
(copper)
…
…
…
(ozone, O4, ozone)
ozone
oxygen
O4
O5
S3
S2
S 1
A 1
A3
Aortic second sound
A4 size
A5
MO 1
D 1
C 1
MO2 …
MO3 …
MO4 …
MO5 …
C2 …
C3 …
C4 …
D2 …
D3 …
D4 …
D5 …
3. Characteristics of the transformation method of strategic target set.
Reflect the requirements of all kinds of people
Information system objectives derived from personnel requirements
The goal is more comprehensive
unclear
Fourth, business system planning method BSP
It was put forward by IBM in the early 1970s.
Based on the idea of supporting enterprise operation with information system
Top-down analysis of enterprise goals, identification of enterprise processes, identification of data types, and then bottom-up design and implementation of systems to support enterprise goals.
Information system planning according to process/data requirements
The process of business system planning method
1, steps of business system planning method.
Preparatory work/about to start work
preliminary survey
Define business processes
Business process reengineering
Define data classes
Define the overall structure of the information system
Determine the system development order
Approve information system planning
2. Analysis tool of BSP method 2-U/C matrix
Defining the overall structure of an information system, that is, dividing functional subsystems and corresponding data classes, is achieved through the establishment and analysis of the U/C matrix.
U/C matrix: function/data matrix
U for use, c for creation.
U/C matrix
2. Analysis tool of BSP method 2-U/C matrix
Functions of U/C matrix:
By checking the correctness of the U/C matrix, we found the omissions and mistakes in the research work.
The correctness and completeness of data are analyzed by checking the correctness of U/C matrix.
By solving the U/C matrix, the subsystem is divided.
Through the connection ("U") between subsystems, it can be determined that data is shared between subsystems.
2. Analysis tool of BSP method 2-U/C matrix
Work steps:
Establishment of U/C matrix
Correctness test of U/C matrix (integrity test, consistency test, no redundancy test)
Solving U/C matrix
Determination of system function division and data distribution
By solving the U/C matrix, the subsystem is finally divided.
Establishment of 1) U/C matrix
2) Correctness test
(1) completeness test: it means that a specific data item must have a producer (c) and at least one user (u).
If possible, (u or c) must be produced or used.
(2) Uniformity test: it means that a specific data item (c) must have one and only one producer.
(3) Non-redundant test: it means that there are no blank rows and columns in the U/C matrix.
3) the solution of u/c matrix
The solution process of (1)U/C matrix is the optimization process of system structure division.
(2) The process of solving U/C matrix is often completed by table operation. The specific operation method is to adjust the row variables or column variables in the table so that the "C" element is as close to the diagonal as possible, and then divide the subsystem based on the "C" element.
Move the workflow on the desktop
4) system function division and data distribution
(1) Division of logical functions of the system: draw blocks in the solved U/C matrix, and each block is a subsystem.
Attention should be paid to when dividing:
–Draw one by one diagonally, without overlapping or missing any data or function;
-The division of small squares is arbitrary, but all "c" elements must be contained in small squares.
Subsystem partition
4) system function division and data resource allocation
(2) Determine the relationship between subsystems: all data usage relationships are divided into two categories with small squares: one is inside the small squares; One is outside Little Square.
The data generated and used in Little Square will be mainly processed in this system in the future; The "U" outside the small square indicates the data connection between subsystems, and these data resources should be put on the network for each subsystem to enjoy or transmit data through the network in the future.
Data association
3. Characteristics of business system planning method.
Easy to understand and comprehensive in analysis.
Powerful data planning function
High implementation cost
Data analysis is difficult.
Section 4 Business Process Reengineering
The planning of information system should not only pay attention to technical projects such as computer application system and organization information platform, but also pay attention to the influence of these projects on enterprise organization and the organization and management foundation needed for potential information technology application.
First, information technology and organizational change.
The degree of organizational change is related to the depth of information technology application. There are four ways of organizational change: automation, rationalization, business process reengineering and foothold transfer. The risks and rewards of these ways are different.
automation
Rationalize
Process reengineering
Foothold transfer
Report return
low
low
high
high
The harm of wind
Figure 4. 17 ways of organizational change
First, information technology and organizational change.
Automation (automation)
Procedural rationalization (procedural rationalization)
Business process reengineering
Fundamental change
The ability of information technology and its influence on the process
Second, the concept of business process reengineering
Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is a fundamental rethinking and thorough redesign of business processes, in order to greatly improve the key performance indicators of enterprises, such as cost, quality, service and speed. This definition contains three key messages: basic, thorough and huge.
Second, the concept of business process reengineering
Basic thinking
"Fundamental" means that it is not trivial, not superficial, but essential, and it is a thorough suspicion of the existing system.
Completely redesigned.
Fundamentally redesign the business process or business process of the enterprise and create new working methods, instead of just making superficial changes or repairs.
Great achievement
The goal of business process reengineering is not to achieve small improvements, but to achieve great progress in performance.
The change of information technology to traditional process
Thirdly, the relationship between BPR and information system construction.
Business process reengineering is a management idea, a concept of business change, and information technology is a technology.
In the process of informatization, enterprises generally implement BPR first, and then use information technology to promote the realization of BPR. These two tasks can also be carried out at the same time and integrated with each other.
Fourth, the steps of business process reengineering
begin
Select the process to be redesigned.
Analyze and measure the performance of existing processes.
Identify opportunities for the application of information technology
Build a new prototype