(Land and Resources Natural Geological Information Center)
This paper briefly introduces the management policy of American physical geological data, introduces in detail the collection composition, service mode and management system of Denver Core Research Center and Bingxin Laboratory, discusses the reference significance, and puts forward some suggestions on promoting the management of physical geological data in China.
Keywords United States; Denver core research center; Bingxin Laboratory; Management; service
Western countries, especially some big mining countries, attach great importance to the management of physical geological data. The collection, management and service of physical geological data have a long history, a relatively perfect and advanced management system has been established, and it is also in a leading position in the world in the development of geological data informatization. The United States has its own characteristics in the management and service of physical geological data. It is of great significance to study and learn from the policies and technical methods of physical geological data management and service for promoting the management of physical geological data in China and comprehensively improving the management and service level of physical geological data centers.
First, the physical geological data management policy-geological and geophysical data preservation plan
The United States adopts a decentralized system of resource management, and the state and state governments are respectively responsible for the management of mining rights within their jurisdiction. Therefore, the management of physical geological data is also decentralized, and the federal government and provincial governments set up physical geological data management institutions respectively; In order to facilitate management and service, the United States government has formulated unified standards and unified regulations on the selection, storage, management and maintenance of national physical geological data and the publication of catalogue information. In 2005, the US Energy Policy Act passed a geological data preservation plan-National Geological and Geophysical Data Preservation Plan (NGGDPP), and allocated a special budget for all the work in this plan, and stipulated that this plan should be implemented by the US Geological Survey authorized by the Ministry of the Interior.
The implementation of this plan has provided a reliable guarantee for the management and service of related geological and geophysical data collected by many institutions in China for more than 50 years, especially the physical geological data that need to occupy a lot of manpower and material resources. Planning not only puts forward specific requirements for the preservation of physical geological data, but also requires the integration of physical objects with other related geological data. Among them, the specific contents related to the management and service of physical geological data are as follows:
1. Implementation steps
1) Determine which geological data and data should be retained, acquired, absorbed or abandoned in the draft.
2) Establish the physical samples, data and database of the system.
3) Provide appropriate storage space for these materials.
4) Let users know about these geoscience data and samples and the access methods provided.
5) Ensure the sustainable use of samples and the reliability of data.
2. Plan implementation members
Executive members include federal and state members.
Federal members are federal agencies within the Ministry of the Interior (DOI), and state members are mainly the State Geological Survey (or those state-related agencies similar to the State Geological Survey). Their function is to collect and maintain geological and geophysical data and samples that need to be archived. The goal is to properly file and preserve geological data and samples that are of great significance to American economic, social, environmental or scientific undertakings, so as to make full use of these geological data and samples.
3. Management and maintenance
According to the NGGDPP Act, the US Geological Survey will manage NGGDPP on behalf of the Ministry of the Interior. The International Geological Mapping Cooperation Program-Federal Advisory Committee (NCGMP-FAC) suggested that the US Geological Survey should plan and implement NGGDPP. Finally, NCGMP-FAC will set up various working groups to provide expert advice as needed.
The implementation purpose of NGGDPP is to establish a national unified data storage system. The specific measures are to upgrade some geological databases, establish earth science databases and establish a digital catalogue of national archives.
(1) Upgrade geological database
National geological data and objects are composed of integrated networks scattered in federal and state geological databases. These databases are managed by US Geological Survey, Mineral Management Service Center, Bureau of Land Management and other DOI institutions; The physical library is managed by the Federal Geological Survey and the State Geological Survey.
Upgrade some geological databases (including cores, cuttings, minerals, fossils, etc. ) to increase storage capacity and work efficiency.
1) Increase capacity: Many physical warehouses in the United States are close to saturation or supersaturation, and it is urgent to increase the storage capacity of physical samples by building better storage facilities.
2) Improve operation: The working group must follow the minimum preservation and maintenance standards and the best working methods when establishing all physical libraries.
3) Provide * * * enjoyment: record and archive samples to make them easy to find, improve the sample utilization system, provide sampling and existing analytical technical services, and improve the utilization level and value of samples.
(2) Establishing the earth science database
The national geoscience database is also composed of federal and state databases, with the purpose of preserving these data and providing services.
A working group of NCGMP-FAC is responsible for compiling the standard data catalogue guide according to national and international standards. The Standard Data Catalogue Guide is jointly completed by scientists, librarians, editors, cartographers, educators and information experts, and the metadata used by it follows the national standards.
In addition, a data conversion guide has been formulated to ensure that data will not be lost due to the degradation of recording media or the change of data recording format and program.
(3) establishing a national digital catalogue
The US Geological Survey is responsible for the operation and management of the national digital catalogue. The national digital catalogue includes: data and samples available in the data file system; Special geological data and collection in the system; Resource access mode. Its specific requirements are:
1) You can use this directory to query the data and samples available in the data document system, the thematic geological data and sample database in the system, and provide data collection methods.
2) In order to satisfy * * * to the greatest extent, the national digital catalogue contains the least metadata. At the same time, local governments are required to follow national standards.
3) Compile the data into a detailed catalogue and catalogue, and provide the metadata of relevant information in a simple and feasible digital format through the national digital catalogue, so that users can quickly find available information.
4) Provide a unified standard for the preservation, maintenance and enjoyment of all geological and geophysical data.
(4) set up a working group
According to the needs, working groups will be set up in each database to formulate procedures and protocols that meet national standards. At the same time, the Federal Advisory Committee of the International Cooperative Geological Mapping Program provided the following support:
1) provides suggestions on physical geological data, data storage type and expert selection.
2) Put forward suggestions on the correct preservation of physical geological data and digital data.
3) Training and technology transfer in drafting detailed catalogues and archives of physical geological data.
4) Ensure the successful and efficient implementation of the whole plan-including the regular completion of the development direction or objectives.
Second, the Denver core research center
Denver Core Research Center (CRC) is located in Building 8 10, Federal Center, Lakewood, southwest of Denver, Colorado. It belongs to the US Geological Survey and was established in 1974. Its function is to preserve and protect valuable physical and geological data, such as cores and cuttings. It has storage facilities for permanently preserving cores and equipment for testing and testing cores, and stores a variety of physical and geological data, including cores, core slices, cuttings, slices and related core images and analysis reports, which can provide convenient services for scientists and educators from government, industry and academia.
CRC is one of the largest and most visited public entity libraries in the United States, with users from all over the world. In the past 20 years, more than 2000 scientists, government officials, industry and scholars have visited the core library every year. In addition, CRC can also provide services for teachers and students in colleges and universities to meet various teaching needs.
1. Entity Library and its Collection
The physical library covers an area of 7432m2, and its collection includes full-diameter cores, core slices, cuttings and slices (Figure 1).
(1) core set
CRC has collected about 65438+700,000 feet of cores from oil exploration and development wells and some special drilling wells, mainly from the Rocky Mountain area. These cores were collected from 35 states, most of which came from private oil and gas drilling companies, some from mineral exploration industry, and 95% were donated by these companies. A small amount (about 5%) of cores come from specialized scientific drilling conducted by the US Geological Survey and other non-profit organizations.
CRC adopts a form of storage and management similar to a library, and puts the core on the core shelf, just like a book is encoded by a bibliography. About 50% of the cores in the library have been archived (Figure 2 to Figure 4), and there are about 40,000 file boxes containing more than 400,000 feet of cores from 4,500 wells. The steps of core archiving are as follows: ① cutting the core, cleaning and leveling the core surface to expose the detailed characteristics of the rock; (2) putting the core back into the box-shaped core box; 3 core photography; ④ Put the core on the shelf like a library book.
The remaining untreated cores, as well as cores that have not been filed due to temporary lack of data and failure to be put into storage as required, are stored in temporary storage areas; These cores are kept in the state when they are put into storage, stored in core boxes of different sizes and shapes, and stacked on pallets. These cores include full-bore (complete), thick plate, thin plate or fractured cores (Figures 5 and 6).
Figure 1 collection of core research centers
Figure 2 Core Library
Figure 3 Archive Core Storage Area
Figure 4 Archived Full Diameter Core Storage Area
Fig. 5 Unarchived Core on Temporary Shelf
Fig. 6 Plate-shaped core after cutting
(2) collection of cuttings
CRC preserved the drilling cuttings equivalent to 238 million feet, which came from 52,000 wells in 28 states, mostly from the Rocky Mountains. Cuttings are stored in 130000 boxes and on shelves 1785 feet long and 16 feet high. These chip collections are all donated by the company, and it needs more than 654.38+0 billion dollars to regain them.
Users can also obtain cores and cuttings from oil shale development, Eniwetok Atoll, box valley in California, Yellowstone National Park and offshore oil wells, which is of great significance for understanding the geological and mineral conditions of a region.
The filing and storage of cuttings are similar to that of cores. The cuttings are put into cuttings bags, put into cartons in depth order, coded, put into storage and put on shelves in turn (Figure 7 and Figure 8).
Fig. 7 cuttings storage area
Fig. 8 Coding of cuttings preservation and filing
(3) Paper collection
CRC collected more than 22,000 cores and chips, kept them in thin metal or paper boxes and placed them in special thin drawers. All the films have been photographed by microscope and scanning, and the images of the films can be viewed and downloaded on the website.
(4) data analysis
There are also paper geological data matching the above-mentioned physical geological data, which are the analysis reports and test results submitted by predecessors when using the physical objects in the library according to the technical requirements at that time. According to the current regulations, the new analysis report must be submitted in the form of an electronic file, and CRC is responsible for uploading it to the website of the US Geological Survey. In order to ensure the quality of service, the paper materials in the past were digitized and uploaded to the website.
(5) Paleontological fossils
CRC also retains the fossil collection, and the earliest fossil collection can be traced back to the establishment of 1879 Geological Survey. These fossils are valuable resources for geological surveys, federal agencies, industry and academia, and they are biostratigraphic signs for studying and locating major events in geological history. They are generally used as markers for dividing geological mapping time, and are also the basis for analyzing climate change, animal population diversity and extinction events.
The main collections of China Geological Research Center include: ① Early Paleozoic trilobites and graptolites; (2) Late Paleozoic brachiopods; ③ Late Cretaceous ammonites and ammonites; ; ④ Triassic and Jurassic ammonites; (5) Cenozoic non-marine mollusks; ⑥ Meso-Cenozoic vertebrates; ⑦ Mesozoic spindle.
In addition to these 6,543,800+2,000 fossils, there is also a large metadata collection, which consists of fossil unearthed places and classification cards, classification books, appraisal reports, field records, geological maps, etc. At present, CRC is converting these metadata into digital data, converting fossil positions into geographical coordinates, and establishing a searchable fossil collection database.
2. Internal services
CRC encourages people to use stored materials and facilities, and is responsible for ensuring the operation of observation and sampling equipment. In order to provide better service, CRC is equipped with a well-lit and spacious core testing room, equipped with binocular microscope, photographic equipment and testing reagents; Independent cuttings inspection room, equipped with inspection equipment such as microscope (Figure 9, Figure 10). In addition, CRC also has a conference room, a section examination room and a report room.
Fig. 9 Core camera in core testing room
Figure 10 Oedolgae Chip Testing Room
3. Online services
CRC's website (http://geology.cr.usgs.gov/crc/) is perfect, and all materials are listed in the directory database of the website and open to the public. Through online service, users can realize various needs such as catalog retrieval, data query and download, geological map download, physical geological data service request and so on. Its catalog retrieval function is powerful and diverse, and users can obtain almost all geological data managed by CRC. The main contents of directory retrieval are as follows:
1) Click on the state name on the map to view the list of all drilling holes in the state.
2) Enter the state name, town name, regional scope, stratum and profile to query the core database and cuttings database.
3) Check the database type and print geological data and maps.
4) Query and download core and slice images. In addition, users can download files to understand the physical and chemical analysis results of rocks, core descriptions, stratigraphic maps and various analysis data of predecessors. Click on the collection number in the drilling catalogue list to find links to these images and report files.
4. Service management system
In terms of service management, the US Geological Survey has not formulated relevant policies. China Tietong's service management system is designed for management and service requirements, which divides the responsibilities of institutions and users in detail and greatly improves the service efficiency. Its service management system is divided into four aspects.
(1) core and cuttings sampling regulations
1) All sampling must be approved by the staff, and it must be determined whether the cores and cuttings are enough for sampling. If there are few physical objects left, the staff will decide whether to allow users to sample or find alternatives to sample according to the rationality and importance of the sampling request.
2)CRC manages a large number of virtual and digital core data, which come from early sampling and analysis. Before sampling, users should consult the earlier analysis data to avoid repeated and unnecessary sampling. At the same time, Tietong is uploading all the information to Tietong's website to facilitate users' online inquiry.
3)CRC strictly limits the number and frequency of sampling. As far as core sampling is concerned, a single core sample is generally not allowed to exceed 1 cubic inch or one inch long. If a larger sample is needed, a scientific and appropriate application must be made, and the staff will decide whether to authorize large-scale sampling. The core is only allowed to be sampled once in a length of 6 feet, that is, continuous sampling must be separated by an appropriate distance; Sampling is only allowed in the direction perpendicular to the core axis. For cuttings sampling, each bag of cores can be sampled at most 5mL, and it is not allowed to select high-grade samples (select specific particles), which must represent the depth range of cuttings. At the same time, CRC manager has the right to verify the total sample size.
4) If users do not comply with the sampling terms, they must first correct those practices that violate the regulations and lose the right to sample in the future.
5) All samples are cut by the center staff; At the same time, users need to submit sampling results (including data, tables, etc. ) to CRC for safekeeping.
6) Short-term core borrowing: ① If users need professional testing of cores and CRC cannot provide relevant equipment, users can borrow cores from CRC for nondestructive testing, and research work must be carried out immediately after core borrowing, and the return period of cores should be determined according to actual conditions; (2) Cutting the core out of the museum requires the consent of CRC, and the user is responsible for the specific arrangements and expenses. The return period shall be determined according to the actual situation. After cutting, the core must be marked with depth interval and depth direction, and the core must be consistent with the drilling mark, and the integrity of the remaining cores must be ensured when splitting samples; ③ Core fragments (including tiny fragments) should be returned together in a file box and provided by CRC to the core cutting company. The file box shall indicate the name of the borehole, management position, operator (contractor/person) and depth, and the remaining cores after cutting shall be returned to the original core box; ④ After the core leaves CRC, sampling test is prohibited.
7) In addition to making arrangements with CRC staff in advance, any unused sample parts and sample labels shall be returned to CRC within 6 months.
8) Users need to fill in the user information form carefully, and can only take samples after being signed by both parties. The form includes the user's supervisor name, company or organization name, address, email, phone number and date. Students must provide the name and contact information of the first tutor.
9) Submit and publish generated data (analysis results, slices, etc.). ): ① All copies and/or slices of analysis results must be submitted to CRC within 6 months after sampling, and users are not allowed to query and sample other data before returning the analysis results and slices as scheduled. The analysis data must be filled in according to the prescribed format, and the slice must be clearly marked with CRC library number, operator (undertaker/person), drilling name and depth; (2) Even if the expenses for making materials are paid by individuals, they will be made public through the CRC website and become part of the public materials; ③ Physical samples and related materials (including research results based on CRC) appearing in any publication must indicate the source of the materials as CRC, and at the same time, it is encouraged to indicate detailed information, including library number, API number, borehole name, location and sampling depth, so as to facilitate later researchers to retrieve the materials.
(2) Data archiving regulations
1) All sections, analysis data and products collected by CRC during sampling must be submitted within 6 months after sampling. If it is not analyzed, the sample must also be returned. In addition, CRC staff have the right to limit and constrain sampling before the data is returned as planned.
2) All submitted materials are public and can be obtained from the CRC website. Any information obtained in CRC has no confidentiality.
3) Data return clause: This clause specifies the format of archived data in detail, including data format, font, data format, file format, picture format, description, etc. ① All materials must be submitted in electronic version, small files can be sent by email, and large files (larger than 5M) must be submitted to burn CD or DVD, and the font must be12 or larger; (2) If the data comes from multiple wells, the data must be put into the folder of each well, the numerical data must be submitted in the form of a table, the rows and columns of the table must be correctly marked, and each item of the table must contain the CRC library number and sampling depth; ③ Relevant explanations of all abbreviations shall be provided, and the analytical methods and instrument types used shall be disclosed; ④ Data files shall be submitted in "*" format. Xls format, each column should be CRC library number, operator, borehole name, depth and analysis result. If the attached text is provided, it must be ". Doc "format; ⑤ The chart must indicate CRC number, sampling depth and analysis method. The chart can be "*". Xls files, or different files in pdf, jpg and tif formats. Scanning electron microscope photos and micrographs must clearly indicate the CRC library number, depth and scale. These photos must be in pdf, jpg and tif formats; ⑥ Slice must be marked with CRC library number, operator, drilling name and sampling depth.
4) If merger and acquisition is involved, the new company (headquarters) shall submit information to CRC in an appropriate way. The company is also responsible for returning unused materials, materials and sheets of former employees after collecting samples. University professors should ensure that their students return all materials and forms. CRC reserves the right to restrict the re-examination and sampling of the enterprises and schools affiliated to the Company before the idle materials, bills and materials are returned or submitted.
(3) Provisions on borrowing documents
1) The borrowing form must be approved by the CRC manager. Before taking the form, the user needs to fill out a loan form and sign it for confirmation. Borrowing the table also needs to fill in the corresponding core depth of each sheet.
2) The wafer must be moved from the original storage to the wafer box provided by CRC staff, and the empty wafer storage must be left in the original position in the drawer.
3) The form must be returned within 30 days after lending. If users need an extension, they need to reapply for a 30-day loan period with the permission of CRC staff after the loan expires. If other users apply for borrowing within an additional 30 days, they must return the postponed form immediately.
4) If it is damaged during lending or loading and unloading, the user shall be responsible for repairing or replacing it. If the user needs to check whether there is any early damage to the paper, the damage may have been recorded in the paper lending form and signed by CRC staff.
5) Each person (group) can only borrow 100 at a time. CRC is not responsible for transporting plates. You can return the form in person or by mail. The freight shall be borne by the user, and the safety of the plate shall be ensured during transportation.
(4) Provisions on warehousing (donation) of ordinary collections
1)CRC personnel are responsible for evaluating and verifying the collection value of cores/cuttings.
2) Submit cores and cuttings: ① If the length of the missing core section exceeds 1 ft, the missing section must be recorded in the drilling information table when submitting. If too many cores are lost, even if the cores are typical, CRC will not accept the warehousing; ② All cuttings should be cleaned before submission, and each section of cuttings must be marked with depth and put into bags, and unwashed cuttings are not accepted for storage; (3) Each core box must be marked with the drilling name, operator, state name, county name and depth, and the depth must correspond to the actual depth of the core in the box.
3) When cores (cuttings) are put into storage, all contents in the drilling information table and donation agreement table must be filled in, which can be downloaded from CRC website. A well corresponds to a drilling information table.
4) Once the cores and cuttings are donated as common collections, they will be regarded as the assets of CRC and will not give the donors special rights. Before submitting cores and cuttings, CRC staff and donors must sign the complete agreement and drilling information sheet of each well for confirmation.
Third, the National Bingxin Laboratory and other physical libraries
The National Ice Core Laboratory is also located in Building 8 10 of Lakewood Federal Center in Denver. It belongs to the US Geological Survey and is responsible for the storage, management and research of polar ice cores. Provide scientists with inspection and measurement services for ice cores, and be responsible for the storage and maintenance of ice cores in the ice core warehouse (Figure 1 1, Figure 12).
Figure 1 1 ice core storage area
Figure 12 Ice Core Testing Room
Ice cores are stored in a warehouse at -35℃ in the National Ice Core Laboratory. These ice cores are mainly drilled from Antarctica, Greenland and North America. In order to ensure safety, the transportation of ice cores is coordinated by the National Science Foundation and other departments. The whole process needs long-term planning and implementation.
There are other physical collections in the United States, including the Menlo Park marine geological samples of the US Geological Survey and the Woods Hole Science Center sample files, which belong to the federal government. Attached to the state government and universities are the Texas Bigger Core Research Center of the Bureau of Economics and Geology of the University of Texas and the California Oil Well Sample Bank.
Four. Enlightenment and suggestions
1. Formulate management policies to realize unified management.
At present, although China has started the construction of provincial-level physical geological data institutions and established or is establishing provincial-level and enterprise physical geological databases, the country cannot grasp the specific information on the generation, storage and use of all physical geological data in the country, nor can it organically integrate these physical geological data to achieve barrier-free enjoyment by the whole society. In other words, the national physical geological data management and service platform in a broad sense has not been established.
Therefore, China needs to formulate a policy similar to NGGDPP, build a platform for the enjoyment and service of physical geological data resources facing the whole society and covering the whole country, and unify the management and service of physical geological data throughout the country; At the same time, an expert committee will be established to provide guidance and consultation for the screening of physical geological data, the construction of national physical geological data information base and catalogue database, the development of physical geological data service products, the management of physical geological data and the development direction of services.
2. Improve service policies and improve service quality.
After long-term development, some developed countries, such as the United States, have relatively improved the relevant regulations on the service of physical geological data, and the protection of the physical geological data by the service regulations even reaches the time limit for returning the physical objects and the requirements for consulting after leaving the library. At the same time, the responsibilities of collection agencies and users are clearly defined. In this way, collection institutions can improve service efficiency, and physical geological data can give full play to the dual benefits of their archives and geological information. It is suggested to study and establish a perfect product system and related system of physical geological data service as soon as possible, and actively promote the national physical geological data service.
3. Accelerate the process of clustering and launch quality service products.
The collection institutions in developed countries such as the United States shoulder the dual tasks of data management service and geological science research. They not only provide basic physical and geological data observation and sampling services, but also integrate the geological data they manage, use cutting-edge scientific and technological means to study geology and prospecting laws, and compile annual geological results. , and provide prospecting and investment consulting for the industry, and provide scientific research and teaching materials for geological colleges.
Collection agencies have the dual responsibilities of custody and service, and good service is the ultimate goal. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of professional and scientific research teams, integrate scientific research forces, speed up the clustering of physical geological data, and develop high-tech service products through cooperation with geological colleges and scientific research institutes.
4. Strengthen the construction of external service window and timely release physical geological data and information.
Through the external service window of the website, the American core research center uses information technology to publish the catalogue of physical geological data, related geological data and data, geological achievements, etc. Timely release to the public enables users to download data, obtain information and obtain services conveniently and quickly, which greatly improves the service efficiency of physical geological data.
The National Geological Archives should speed up the compilation and informatization of the detailed catalogue of physical geological data, and timely release the information of physical geological data; At the same time, the online reservation service of physical geological data and the query and download service of non-confidential information and data are launched; As soon as possible, the catalogue of physical geological data of provinces and entrusted storage units will be included in the management scope, and the information of physical geological data of provincial museums and geological exploration units will be published in time.
5. Simplify the warehousing process and promote the construction of provincial collection agencies.
The practice of American core research center in the storage and management of physical geological data is worth learning from provincial collection institutions in China. The warehousing procedure is relatively simple. At first, the donors select, arrange and transport the physical objects according to the requirements of donation management, and then the core warehouse staff only need to do warehousing acceptance, archiving and shelving, which greatly improves the efficiency of warehousing and archiving of the core and reduces the management cost.
Referring to this successful practice, provincial libraries can collect physical geological data without referring to the model of national library, and only need to establish complete storage management regulations and physical screening standards. Local exploration units and mining companies can organize and transport the physical geological data selected by provincial libraries according to the requirements of storage system construction in various provinces, saving special collection funds.